A Complete Practical Grammar Of the ... - Forgotten Books

A C OM PLETE

P RACTICAL GRAMMAR“

OF TH E ‘

H U NGARIAN LANGUAGE ,

W ITH

EXERC ISE S, SELECTIONS FROM THE BEST AUTHORS,AND VOCABULARIES .

TO WH ICH IS ADDE D A

Mammal 5mm!) of finngarian l iterature.

J . C S I N K,

FORM ERLY EL ECTED AS ORDINARY PROFESSOR OF TECH NICAL SCIENCESAT THE P ROTES TANT SCHOOL OF KESMARK.

L O N D O N

W I L L I AM S AN D N O R GATE,

HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN .

1853 .

Tutus et in tra

Spem ven ise can tus , vi tavi den ique culpam,

Non l audem merui .

Bora t . Epist . ad Pis .

When I resolved to sta rt from the shores of quotidian life tocross a sma ll bay of the va st litera ry ocean , a fa ir win d of

public Opin ion promised a prosperou s journ ey ; the n ovelty of

the objects which my ba rk carried gua ra n teed a cordial welcome

fr om those whose spy-gla sses were dir ected a fter some n ot yet

observed flag . I have rea ched the port , a n d discha rged mybark ! Viewin g my route from this side of the bay , I n ow fir st

perceive, tha t in my pa ssa ge over its dan gerou s sha llows, I ha veven tured on perilou s voya ge , being un a ssisted by the experien ceof a n y previou s n aviga tor .I ha ve en dea vour ed to meet the desires of those who a re in ter

ested in lin gui stic studies , either in in crea sin g their kn owledgeex t e n s e n s i v e l y , or in seekin g i n t e n s i v e a ugmen ta tion of the

cogn ition of tha t medium thr ough whi ch min ds commun ica te wi thmin ds , a n d hea rts lea rn to feel fr om hea r ts ; a n d I ha ve tr ied to

meet the wishes of those who felt in terested in the poli tica l lifeof the Hun ga ri a n n a tion

,by .

“

tr a cin g in a short sketch the pa stof the in tellectua l a n d men ta l developmen t of the n a tion .

As the book is a lso in ten ded for learn ers , I may be

a llowed to make a few expla n a tory rema rks .

TheDiv ision en titled ,,C om p o s i t i o n s“ is purely a pra ctica l

on e, in order to give the studen t some previous kn owledge, beforehe a ttempts the study of a Grammar ; therefore , repea tin g themore difficul t objects , a n d rega rdin g them from differen t poin tsof v iew , will n ot be thought pr olix. The words rela tin g to thi spa rt a re a ll collected in a Vocabul a ry a t the en d of the fir st par t.The Th e o r e t i c a l Divi sion con ta in s a short but complete Gram

IV

mar of the language. The a rra n gemen t of the ma teri a ls , per

ha ps , may a ppear a n ew on e , but it is , t h e r e fo r e , n ot to

be rejected. I chose a n d rejected terms a n d rea ssumed them a ga in ,when , I foun d n o better on es ; yet , I a lways ha d the a ltern a tive

before me either to force the la n gua ge in to the schola sti ca lforms , or to ven tur e a pa rtly n ew a rra n gemen t of Gr amma tica l

ma teria ls ; bein g fully con vin ced, tha t, in either a short or a lon gtime, Philosophy will give somethin g better tha n Wha t we n ow inherit from Don atus a n d others . In rega rd to Or thogr a phy,I preferred followin g the pr in ciples established by the Hun gar ia nAca demy , ra ther tha n to fluctu a te dr iven by the whims of s om e

a uthor s. I ha ve n ot given a n y or thogr a phica l ru les, for the wordsbein g wr itten a s they a re soun ded a n d a r ticu la ted, a little a tten

tion pai d to the spellin g of the words when pra ctica l exercisesa re don e, a n d a kn owledge of the Gramma tica l forms, will compen sa te for the absen ce of

‘

a Section on Orthogra phy.

The secon d pa rt con ta in s Selection s in prose a n d poetryfrom a uthor s whom the Aca demy a n d the n a tion ha ve crown ed

with reputa tion . As I wa s obliged to con sider the studen t, I couldn ot choose a n y lon ger or more difficult litera ry pr odu ction s . The

fir st Section of this pa rt will n ot be deemed in su fficien t by thosewho desire deta iled a rr a n gemen ts of the causes which in fluen cethe in tellectua l a n d men ta l developmen t of a n a tion , a n d of the

even ts produced by these ca u ses , if it be con sidered tha t , inthis work , the sketch ha d to be forced in to a very sma ll

fr ame ; n or will thi s S ection be thought superfluou s by thosewho seek a fter Gramma tica l studies, for the lea rn in g of the la n

guage of a n a tion itself excites the desire a fter some kn owledgeof its in tellectua l life.

L o n d o n 18 52 .

J . C s i n lc.

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST PART.

INTRODUCTION.

Or thophon y , Orthoepy .

Division of the soun ds a n d wordsAss imila tio n of soun ds a n d a r ticul a ti on sP r olon ga tion of the v owels

Co n tr a ctio n s

COMPOSITIONS .

Verbs . Activ e a n d Neu ter

P o ssessiv e forms of the Subst a n tiv e

Affixes r ela tiv e to pla ce a n d dir ection sE xp r essio n of the Verb

, ,to ha v e“

Attr ibu tes of Substa n tiv es

Tr a n sfo rm a tio n of the Verba l r oo t .

Irr egula r ities in Verba l forma tio n sP a r ticip les

The Verb Lyell to w a n t, to be obliged, mustFutur e

P r on oun s .

Co n jun ction sAdv erbs

VI

THEORY OF THE LANGUAGE .

P age

A. Gr amma tica l Forms 40 7 ~ —9 9 5.

I. Verbs.

4. Verba l r oots 407 .

9 . Con juga tion 448 .

3 . Der iv a tion a n d Comp osmon of Verbs 469 .

II . Nomin a l Forms 47 4.

4. Cha ra cteristic of the Objectiv e Ca se 47 9 .

9 . Cha r a cter istic of the P lur a l . 48 0 .

3 . P ossessiv es Affixes 489 .

11 . P a r a digm a of the differen t forms of a

Substa n tiv e 488 .

5 . Der iv a tion a n d Composition of Sub

sta n tiv es 49 9 .

III . Attri butes 9 O& .

4. Adjectiv es 9 05 .

9 . Adv erbs 9 43 .

IV. P ron oun s 946 .

4. P er son a l P r on oun s 9 46 .

9 . Rela tiv e a n d In terr oga tiv e Pr on ou n s 9 48 .

3 . Demon str a tive P ron oun s 9 49 .

4. Defin ite P r on oun s 9 9 0 .

5 . In defin ite P r on ou n s 9 9 0 .

V. P r epo sition s 9 9 0 .

VI. Con jun ction s 9 9 3 .

VII. In terj ection s 9 9 6.

B . Syn ta x 9 9 5 9 7 9 .

I. Of the combin a tion of the differen t P a rtsof Sp eech w ithou t the in termedia tion of

Gr amm a tica l forms 9 9 6 .

A. Of the Ar ticle (12 , a’a nd its Co n gr uen t 9 9 6 .

B . Of Adj ectiv es a n d Numer a ls with Substa n tiv es

C . Of the Subject a n d P redica te

D . Of other Congruen ces

VII

Of the combin a tion of P a rts of Speech bymea n s of Gr amma tica l form s

A. Of the Obj ectiv e C a se

B . Of the P o ssessiv e AffixesC . Of the P r eposition a l Affixes

D. Of the Adjectiv e termin a tion s : i , n yi ,

Of the use of the differ en t forms of the

Verb , a n d the differ en t P a r ts of Speech

fo r con n ectin g sen ten ces

A. Of the Fo rms of the Verb .

4. The Defin ite a n d In defin ite Formsof the Activ e Vo ice

9 . Moods a n d Ten ses of the Verb3 . P a r ti ciples4. The In fin itv e w i th Affixes

B . Of te rms of p er iodica l con struc tion. Of the r ela tiv e P r on oun s

9 . Of the Con jun ction sOf the Con sequen ce of P a r ts of Sp eech , o r

the a r r a n gemen t of words in a sen ten ce

READING EXERCISE S.

9 8 7 39 0 .

VOCABULARY TO THE COMPOSITIONS.

9 8 7 — 39 0 .

INTRODUCTION.

Or thophon y a n d Or thoepy.

Ar t i cula t i on s,Soun ds a n d Cha r a ct er s.

The Hun ga r ia n la n guage ha s 7 differen t soun ds,

which , being either lon g or shor t produce

14 differen t forms of cha r a cters , ca lled v o w e l s ;

a nd 24 differen t a rticula tion s , ma rked by a s ma ny

c o n s o n a n t a

The vowels a re a , e , i , o , o, u ,

u . If these

he the m a rks o f proira éted soun ds in speaking,they a re distingu ished by a n a cute a ccen t , a s . d , é,

o's 1 o f

i,

o'

, o,

u,

i t ,

”

in stead of the forms 0 ,u, the

sho r ter forms 6, ,

ha ve been in troduced recen tly.

As rega rds the u se of the words l o n g a n d s h o r t : bylon g is mea n t the protra ction or prolon ga tion , by short the con

tra cti on , or qui ck pron un cia tion of the same soun d ; thu s 0 a n d o'

,

the former short , the la tter lon g , difi'

er merely , the first bein gsoun ded in ha lf the time of the la tter . When a n E n glishma n ,men tion s a lon g i a n d a short i , we un dersta n d two di stin ct

soun ds ; hen ce , in m i l e , the i will be lon g , the syllable m i

ma y be protra cted or n ot. On the con trary , in the Hun ga ria nla n guage , the dura tion or the abbrevia ti on of the soun d wi ll

make the soun d lon g o r short .Csmk hun g Gram .

9

The 24 con son a n ts , 6 , es , oz , (1, f, g , gy ,

h,

j, If, 1, lg, m, n,ny, p , r , s

,327 , t

, ty, v,z , a s ,

o r B , Cs , Ca , 0 , F,G

,Gy , H, I

, If, L (Ly) ,M, N , Ny, P , B , S , S z, T, Ty, V, Z, Z S , a re

div ided in to 16 s i m p l e o n es : b, d, f; g, h, j, lo,I, m, n , p ,

r,s,t, v

,z , which ha ve the same a rti

cula tion a s the E n glish on es , excep t j equa l to the

E nglish y a s a con son a n t (in youn g) , 3 equa l to Sb,

9 a lways ha rd like g in gu ide , a n d r ha v in g a lways

a stron g trill ; a n d in to 8 c o m p o u n d on es : cs, oz

,

gy ,ly , my , os ,

ty ,a s . Fo r these there a re o n ly

three a rticula tion s in the E nglish la nguage exa ctlyin den tica l w i th the Hun ga r ia n on es , such a s ch (in

chapter) iden tica l w ith 0 8 , the sha rp s (in seven ,

six) iden tica l with sz,

a n d the a r ticula tion of 1 be

fore a lon g u (in seizure) iden tica l w ith a s .

Fo r the o ther con so n a n ts there a re n o a rticula tio n s in

the E n glish la n guage , a n d ther efore the co r rect

pron un cia tion must be a cquired by hea r ing speakers

who a re well a cqua in ted w ith the la nguage .

The con son a n t oz is a r ticula ted like ts in the

E nglish la n guage ,equa l to the Germa n z.

Approxima te a rticula tion s for the con son a n t gy

a re produced in the E nglish la n guage by the con

so n a n t d followed by a lon g u , a s in due , duce etc . ;

thus , in the Hun ga r ia n gyalm'

, to ca tch fire , is

so much like the E n glish dule , tha t foreign ers may

ea sily take them to be iden tica l. The con curren ce

of the con son a n t d a n d j have the a rticula tion o f

the E n glish con son a n ts d a n d y in tima tely combin ed.

3

The co n so n a n t [y is iden tica l with the Fren ch

i l , i l l e etc . preceded by a n o ther vowel , a s in t r a

v a i l , fe u i l l e etc . This iden tifica tion goes even

so fa r , tha t , a s in the Fren ch la n guage the l m o u

i l l é,which ha s the same a r ticula tion a s the E nglish

con son a n t y , ha s ga in ed groun d recen tly , the Hun

ga r ia n ly by ma ny excellen t speakers ha s been

a ssimila ted to the Fren ch I mouillé ; ev en by some

w r ite rs (i , which is n ea rly rela ted to ly ,h a s been

repla ced by jf (= yy) ; a s , v ai foa , in stea d of v a ly'

on .

The Ar ticula tio n of ny is like the Fren ch g n e

in c a m p a g n e , c h a m p a g n e etc ., a n d the E n glish

11 w ith a lo ng 11,o r the n in n ew .

Ty is the , sha rp a r ticula tion of gy, a n d very

n ea rly the a r ticula tion of the con son a n ts t a n d u,

a s in the word t u b e ; o n ly the Hunga r ia n is a n

in ter n a l combin a tio n of the two co n son a n ts , while

the E n glish rema in s a mere con curren ce.

Thus the most difficult a r ticula tion s a re those of

gy a n d ty ; the la tter being a sha rp a rticula tion of

the former , they a re in the same rela tion to ea ch

o ther a s the E n glish sylla bles du a n d tu , i n the

words due a n d tube .

To these may be a dded the combin a tion of dzs

in dzsz’

da ,which is equa l to the E n glish g in

g e n e r a L

The fourteen differen t ma rks for the sounds

may be a rra n ged in the following scheme .

a'

, iden tica l with the E n glish a in Fa ther .

1*

4

(1 , iden tica l with the Fren ch a in

e is like the E n glish a in fa te , if the a sson a n ce of

e be a vo ided.

e is iden tica l w ith the E n glish a in fa t. In mon o

syllables , a s to ,meg ,

etc . ,if e is n ot followed

by m or a sha rp con son a n t , the soun d of e is

soften ed , a n d the pron un cia tion of 3 like the

E n glish shor t e , is preferable ; the same in the

words ten n i , enm'

, meam'

, venm’

, a n d simila r on es.

i is equa l to the E n glish lon g e in dea r , deed etc.

i is the shor t soun d of the preceding on e , a s is

often the ca se w ith the sylla ble re in compoun d

E n glish words ; its soun d takes the medium between

the E n glish lon g e a n d shor t i , a n d is iden tica l

w ith the Fren ch i ‘

in fin e .

0' iden tica l w ith the E n glish lon g 0 in coa l , loa n etc .

0,the shor t soun d of the precedin g (like the Fren ch

shor t

o is like the Fren ch cu in jeudi . A verydeep a n d

u n clea r soun d of a sho r t e .

d o r 6’

is the pr otra cted soun d of the preceding,equa l to the Germa n 6 in ti d e , h o

' h e etc.

a ,iden tica l w ith the E n glish 11 in bull.

12,iden tica l wi th the lon g double 0 in the wo rd food.

ii , iden tica l w ith the Fren ch u in un e , (je) fus etc .

Although some tea cher s of the Hun ga ria n la n guage ha verecommen ded the short a to be soun ded like the E n glish a in

wa tch , wa s etc. , n evertheless good speaker s make n o otherdi stin ction tha n tha t whi ch i s the n a tura l con sequen ce of the a h

brevia tion of the same soun d.

the veil , faygyzi (fab - due) ta llow , fa l wa ll , ga zdag(gahz

- dahg) r ich, yaza

’a (gahz

- dah) husba n dma n ,

gb’

r - be crooked , yyz’

ilés meetin g, (a ssembly), gyer ty a

ca n dle , yyb'

ngy pea rl, yya'

v a cowa rd , gyd-

gy i- ta -

‘

m'

to cure, gya

- log on foot , hé - bo - r a w a r,lea d

ba ttle , ha - da - lroz -m’

to comba t , led - la tha nks,

hé - dol-m'

to do hom age , lzoz-m

’

, to br in g, Izaj ha i r ,hay la rd , lui -gom my you n ger sister , i - ga yoke ,

i -gaz true , i -ga—zz

’

r ea l,i -gen yes , fizzy ; to w a lk,

yo (yo) good , yam- ba r p i ous“ , jég (ya ig) ice , jel

m a rk , jel - szo’

apophthegm , pa role , jd -m‘

to come,

ka - to - n a soldier , Irel me w a res , [fell (to) n eed,

[any girl, til - la ir, lila c , 10' horse, moi—ma r in toxica tion ,

menm’

to go , me- r ész bold , me- r eg poison , n é - nye

the elder sister , n agy- n é - nye a un t , o- r a hou r ,

w a tch , fi- r eg old , {i he , okos pruden t , p o - r osz

pr ussia n , p a’

r - n a cushion , p énz mon ey , p é l- da

example , p a l- 10 3 sword , r osz bad , r ozs corn , r a

a asz cun n in g , r z’

t - Ira r a re , r ift - Iran r a rely , r d - a s’

a'

r ose , r en d order , r a né , r en - de - zé s a rr a n gemen t,

r en - del - lte - zés disposition ,direction , s ac eagle ,

s é ta a wa lk , s é - ta l -m’

to wa lk , se - lyem silk , s a - r a

a pa ir of slippers , s a'

n ez scon ce , en tren chmen t , saly

weight , szZ - lyoza-m

'

to weigh , sci - [yes w eighty, szosa

spir its (of w in e etc .) szel - lem min d ,szdz hun dred,

szék cha ir , sa a - ba d free , sze - lz’

a’tame , gen tle, szo

'

r

m’

to strew , ta - la'

n perha ps , tud -m’

to kn ow

(something) , ta r -ta -lom con ten ts , lei -gas wide , roomy,

ten -m'

to do , tz'

Zr -m'

to suffer ,tit- r e - de - lem

pa tien ce , tita - do - lrb‘

l -m’

to gleam ,tisa - ta clea r ,

pure , tel w in ter , to'

lake (la on s) , ud - va r cour t , ziz

m’

to pu rsue , iil-m'

to sit , u - r a l - kod -m’

to

domin eer , u - n a - lom tediousn ess , v a'

r -m’

to wa it,o a r -m

’

to sew, ver -m

’

(ver r - n y) to bea t , v ér (v a re)

blood ,ao- r ez -m

’

(va re - a s - n y) a n d v é r -ze - n i to

bleed , v é - yez-m

’

(vage-

ga z- n y) to fin ish , v é -ge

en d a o - n e (zan a) music , ze - n ész (za n - a se) mu sicia n ,

zé - log forfeit , zon -

go- r a (zohn -

gob- r ah) pia n o .

In o rder to fa cilita te the lea rn in g o f the pro

n u n cia tion of co n son a n ts a n d v owels which ha ve

the same a r ticula tion a n d soun ds a s the E n glish , the

follow ing shor t a r ra n gemen t of E n glish words spelt

in the Hunga r ia n Alphabet , is subjo in ed.

E nglish wo rds,

spelt in Englishz") spelt in Hungarian

Bull

Chamber

Deed

Did

Da n ger

E agle

Fa t

The on ly differ en ce between the E n glish lon g a a n d the

Hun ga ri a n 6,i s , tha t the E n gli sh a , ha s a term in a tiv e soun d

which somewha t a ppro a ches the E n glish shor t i , whilst theI

Hun ga ria n e is a clea r sou n d.

Fa te

Germa nLoa n L dn

La sting (a ccordin g to Wa lker) Ldsztin

Moon Man

Meek Mile

Newly Nydlz‘

(amon g a ll othersimila r pron un cia tion s, tha t of N ew l y is themost a pproa chin gthe Hun ga ri a n Nyt

’

i li, which shows the a rticula tion of the

con son an t Ny or n y .

9

2. Div i s ion of the s oun ds a n d

words.

In order to fa cilita te E tymologica l forma tion s, l

Gramma r ia n s have a ssumed the division o f v owels

in to h a r d a n d s o ft on es , un der the fo rmer bein gun derstood the full a n d deep soun ds of a ,

o,

i t,

either long or shor t ; un der the la tter , the closed

on es of e ,z'

,o, it , ei ther lon g or shor t. The lon g

i may be con sidered a s a medium soun d between

the two . Accordin g to this div ision of the vowels, the

words of the Hunga r ia n la n guage a re div ided i n to

two differen t cla sses : ha rd soundin g on es a n d soft

soun din g on es. The former con ta in in g such vowels

a s a , a'

,o,

u, 22, the la tter either of the vowels

e,é,i, b

’

, 6 ,22,12.

Thus the words ha’

bor d wa r ,ho ld moon , hom

lok forehea d , a'

r pr ice , a re ha rd or deep on es ; the

words édes sweet , 51 fa thom , levegd a ir ,in te m

’

to

admon ish , esm'

to fa ll,a re soft c ri es .

When the same word con ta in s vowels of the

two differen t cla sses , the ha rd v owels a re con sidered

a s the pr in cipa l on es , a n d the words belon g to the

cla ss of ha rd words .

As the vowel z'

is con sidered to be a media te

on e ,between the ha rd a n d soft v owels , m a ny words

in which the soun d 2'

predomin a tes or is the on ly

For the sake of a bbrevia tion the Terms h a r d , a n d s o f twords , will be u sed.

10

v owel occurr in g , belon g to the cla ss of soft Wo l‘ds ’

especia lly the w ords os ipm'

to pin ch , os ir iz pa ste ,os iz green fin ch , ozim firma , title , disz or n amen t,

fiv’

yy a llia n ce , fr iz fr isia n , yim fa llow deer , hi

mezm'

to embro ider , hir reputa tion ,repor t , lzia

fa ithful , iny gum , iv a sheet (of paper) a n a r c, iz

ta ste . miv mil’

. w ork, ny ir birch - tree , r im r ime, szin

colour,sziv hea rt

,tiz ten

, v iz w a ter .

All o thers in which i is the v owel of the r adi

ca l syllable belon g to the cla ss of ha rd words ; a s

szii , strap ; hid , br idge ; irm'

,to w r ite .

3. As s imi la t i o n of s oun ds a n d

a r t i cu la t i on s.

It is a gen era l rule , tha t a ll a f fixes jo in in gwo rds beca use of Gramma tica l forms a ssimila te

their vowels to those of the root of the word itself ;thu s , words which belon g to the cla ss of ha rd on es

hav e in their a ffixes , wha tever they may be , the

h a rd vowel a,0,or a ; on the con tra ry ,

o

wo rds be

l on ging to the secon d cla ss ha v e in their a ffixes‘a soft vowel , e

,b‘

, o r a .

The cor respon din g vowels a re a a n d e,

0 a n d

o,

u a n d it ; thus ,if the a f fix for on e cla ss of

w ords be kn own , the a ffix for the other cla ss w ill

be kn own by itself.

For in sta n ce :

In the wo rd v a'

rmik w e wa it , the Verba l roo t

is ndr , the a ffix w ith its cemen ting vowel is un lit,

11

if a ny Verba l r oo t w ith a soft-vowel , a s a ], to sit

be giv en , in o rder to form the first Person Plura l,the a ffix un it must be a dded

,a n d a liink (we sit) is

the form requ ired ; Iza'

zam my house ,ha s 772 a ffixed »

w ith the v owel a , the soft word szek cha ir , w ill thus

ha v e szé lrem (my cha i r) for the same Gramma tica lform a s Iza

'

zam.

As the v owels of Gr amma tica l a ffixes a re a ssimi

la ted to those of the root , so some con son a n ts

of a ffixes a n d r oo ts a re a ssimila ted to ea ch o ther .

E specia llv

The con son a n t j in the Conjuga tion of the Verb

is a ssimila ted

a ) to the con son a n t sz,if the v erba l roo t term i

n a tes w ith such a con son a n t ; a s, ma’

sz - szon he m a v

creep , in stea d of ma'

rz -jon ; vesz - szen he may be

lost , in stea d of v esz -jen .

b) to the con son a n t z,if the v erba l root term i

n a tes w ith this con son a n t ; a s , hoz -zon he m ay

br in g , in stead of hoz -jon .

c) to the con son a n t s .

1) if the v erba l r oot termin a tes w ith the

same con son a n t ; a s (is - son he may dig;

i n stea d of a'

s -jon .

9 ) if the v erba l root termin a tes w ith the con

son a n t t , preceded by a long vowel or bv

a n other con son a n t ; a s , ta n it - son he ma v

tea ch , in stead of ta n it —jon .

3) if the v erba l root termin a tes w ith the con

son a n t t, preceded by a short vowel ; in this

19

ca se the radica l l itself is cha nged in to s,

a s , fits - son he may run , in stead of fut - son ,a n d this in stead of fution ; p erson he may

sow , in stea d of vet -fen , etc .

When the Demon stra tive Pron oun az tha t, ez this ,jo in s the a ffixes , which a re used in stead of Preposition s , its con son a n t z is a ssimila ted to the in itia l

con son a n t of the a ffix : a s, a r - r o

’

l of tha t , in steado f az - r o

’

l ; eb out of this , in stead of ez - bd’

l,

ek-kép en in stead of ez - Ire'

p e n.

The a ffixes v a l , vel , which express the Prepo

s itiou w i t h , a n d mi, a o

'

, which mea n s i n t o , a ssimi

la te their in itia l con son a n t , v,to the fin a l con son a n t

of the word to which they a re jo in ed ; thus , Irez

zel w ith the ha n d , in stead of Irez - vel ; a z - za'

in to tha t , in stead of az -ou'

; fegyver - r el with a rms,

i n stead of [egyver -vel.

O b s . a vva l a n d azza l, w ith tha t, evvel a n d ezzel,

w ith this , a re both in u se , but the la tter forms a re

preferable .

4. Prolon ga t i on of the v owel s.

The short fin a l vowels a a n d e a re prolon ged

a s often a s the word a ssumes a ny a ffix . This pro

longa tion of the short fin a l a a n d e is common to

a ll words in a ll Gramma tica l forms .

r ulza a dress , r uhd-m my dress , m in i - t a

dress (objective ca se) , r a hd -za i to dress , m in i - v a l

with a dress ; eke plough , eké - n ek to a plough,

14

the la st syllable a n d the pen ultima ha ve the same

fin a l co n son a n t or con son a n ts the a rticula tion s of

which a re n ot rela ted in some way. The con so

n a n ts which ea sily combin e a re the liqu id 1, m,

n ,r,a n d the lin gua l cs , oz , sz ,

z,

either amo ng

themselves or w ith o ther con son a n ts , especia llypa la ta ls a n d den ta ls . For in sta n ce : doloy

- o t the

thin g ,con tra cted dolyot ; ja

’

r om - a t the yoke , ja'

rma t ;

taker - fit the mirror , tit/cr ii t ; hajo l am ,I stoop ,

Izajlom.

COMPOSITIONS.

I .

V e r b s . A c t i v e a n d N e u te r .

The Hun ga r ia n la n gu age , a s men tion ed a bove ,

expresses the differen t Gramma tica l fo rms (Declen

sion , Conjuga tion , Compa r ison ) by mea n s of a ffixes ,which a re jo in ed to the r oots of the words . The

root o f a Verb is ca lled tha t pa r t of it which re

ma in s a fter the term in a tion of the In fin itive , a i,

is taken away ; thus ,from v a

'

rm'

the root is v a'

r .

The Active Vo ice of Hun ga r ia n Tra n sitive Verbs

ha s two differen t forms , which hav e been styled by

Gr amma r ia n s the In defin ite a n d the Defin ite fo rms .

The former r ela tes to objects n ot str ictly determ in ed

by the speaker , a n d may be ca lled the Un iversa l

fo rm ; the la tter rela tes to objects determin ed by the

speaker either expressively or un derstood , to objec

tive ca ses r epresen tin g a n y determin ed object , a n d

ha s been ca lled the Defin i te form .

A . In d e fi n i t e fo r m o f t h e Ac t i v e V o i c e a n d

t h e N e u t er .

I n d i c a t i v e M o o d .

l . PRESENT TENSE .

Va'

r - olr I wa it , I am wa itin g ,I do wa it , v a

’

r -sz

thou wa itest , thou a rt wa itin g , thou dost wa it,va

'

r he wa its , he is wa iting , he does wa it ; var - un is

16

we wa it , we a re wa itin g , we do wa it , v a'

r - tok

you w a it , you a re wa itin g , you do wa it , va'

r

n ak they wa it , they a re wa iting , they do wa it.

El - e/r I live ,I am a live ,

é l - sz thou livest , thoua rt a live , é l he lives , he is a live ; é l - z

’

ink we live ,we a re a live ,

e'

l telc you live , you a re a liv e , é l - n ek

they live , they a re a live .

A’

fi22 v a'

r ; ember elc v a'

r n a lr . A’

fi22k im ak.

Ir olc. Ir a a k. Az a ty a ir ; fi22k jdm ak. Ja'

r unk. Az

ember ek s é ta'

ln ak. Az a'

lla t e'

l a'

lla tolr é ln e/c.

A ’

Ira ton a v iv . Ka ton dk vivn a lc. Vzvun lr . Viv tok.

The fa ther writes . The mo ther is wa iting. The

boys a re waitin g. I live . We live . They live . I

am wa lking. Boys a re w a lkin g. The mo ther takes

a wa lk. We ga ther . Men ga ther . The boy ga thers .

I am sittin g. An ima ls a re a live . The a n ima l is a live .

The fa ther is sittin g. We a re sittin g. (A) soldier is

figlhin g. Soldiers do fight. The boys a re fightin g.

FIRST PERFE CT TENSE (Imper fect).Va

’

r - ék I wa ited , vdr - a'

l thou wa itedst , va'

r

a he wa ited ; va'

r - dn lr we wa ited , vdr - a'

tok you

wa ited , va’

r - a'

n ak they wa ited. (Tl -elf I sa t , iZl - é l

thou sa test, ul - e he sa t ; il l-enk we sa t, u l - é telt you

sa t , ill - en ds they sa t. On the u se of this Ten se,see the Theoretica l par t.

3 . SECOND PERFE CT TENSE (preter itum).Va'r - tam I have wa ited , I wa s wa it

ing , did wa it , va'

r - ta'

l thou ha st wa ited,

See the Voca bul a ry.

17

wa st wa iting , didst wa it , va'

r - t he wa s wa iting, did

wa it ; v a'

r - tunk we were wa iting , did wa it , v a'

r

ta ta lr you were wa iting , did wa it , v a’

r - ta n ak a n d

v a'

r - ta lr they were wa iting , did wa it. ill - tom

I wa s sitting , did sit , il l - tel thou wa st sitting , didst

sit , ill - t he wa s sitting , did sit ; ill - tank we were

sitting , did sit,

z‘

i l - tetek you were sitting , did sit,

z‘

i l tek a n d ill - ten ch they were sittin g , did sit.

A’

fi22k szedtek. F222 a lt. L a'

ny va r t. Lednyolc

v a r ta lr. Az a nya vo'

r t. Ember ek szedtek. S é ta'

l

ta nk. Az u'

lla tok é ltelr. A’

[522ja'

r t. Fi22k ja'

r tak.

Ta n ultzmlr ; a’

fi221r ta n a lta lr. Az a tya ir t. Az Em

ber elr ta n a ltak. Ta n ulla tok. A’ Ka ton a viv -ott

(in stead of viv - t) . Ka ton a’

lr v iv tak.

The E n glish compoun d Perfect : I have wa ited,we have sa t , etc. is expressed by the same form of

the secon d Perfect ; thus , I have wa ited mea n s va'

r

tam they have lived , é ltelr.

Men were fighting. People did fight. The man

did fight. I ha ve fought. I ha ve sa t. You have

walked. The boy ha s wr itten . The fa ther did write.

Mother wa s wr iting. The daughter did sew. The

son did wr ite. We were wa lkin g. You were wa i

(A) soldier wa s fighting a n d (a) boy wa s

The Person a l Pron oun s , I , thou , he , we , you , they, areby n o mean s forms of Con juga tion in the Hun gar i a n la n guage.

The whole of the Con juga tion con sists in differen t a ffixes . ThesePron oun s ar e u sed before the Person a l forms of the Verb a s

often a s Empha sis requires them , or a s often a s they supplythe Subject of the Verb . In this respect the Hun garian lan guageagrees with the La tin en tirely, a s, amamus an d n os amamus etc.

Csink. hung. gram . 2

18

walking. We were sittin g. Thou wa st wr itin g. I

lea rn ; fa ther wr ites. The mother wa s sittin g ; the

girl did sew. An ima ls were a live . Men did live .

The boys have ga thered. I ga ther . We did ga ther .

You were ga ther ing.

4. COMPOUND FUTURE .

va'

r n i -fagak I sha ll wa it, v a'

r n i fogsz thou wilt wa it,v a

’

r n i fog he will wa it ; v a’

r n i fogunk we sha ll wa it,va

'

r n i fogtolr you will wa it , v a'

r n i fogn ak they will

wa it.

A’

ta n a ln i foyn a /r. A’Ira ton a

'

lc v ivn i fogn a lr. Szedm

'

fogunk. Ja'

r n i fogtolr. A’

lea'

ny va r n i

fog. Az a tya ir t. Az ember ti lt. Az a'

lla t elt.

Mi é ln i foyunk. Te ir n i foysz és d ta n n ln i fog.

A’

10 fa t. Az ole/lin t ja'

r .

Soldiers were fightin g. We a lso did fight. I

sha ll fight. The soldier will fight. People will run .

The boys will play , we a lso sha ll play. I sha ll

take a wa lk. The mother w ill sit, a n d the daughter

will wa lk. We did take a wa lk. We sha ll wr ite .

You w ill wr ite. They w ill sit. The boy is sittin ga n d wr itin g. The girls do wa lk a n d kn it. Girls

will wa lk , boys will run . We sha ll look. You w ill

see. Thou seest. We did see. You have seen .

They were lookin g.

B . D efi n i te F o r m o f t h e Ac t i v e V o i c e .

The Defin ite Form a lways rela tes to objects

spoken of which a re , in a ny way wha tever , deter

m in ed , thus if the Objective Case govern ed by the

19

Active Voice be left out , it is un derstood to be

r epresen ted by the Pron oun h im , h e r or i t , which

in foreign la n guages a re a lways added to the Verb .

Thus , in v a'

gom is un derstood , I cut i t , ir om,

I wr ite it (the letter , or sen ten ce men tion ed) .

In dica tive Mood.

l . PRE SENT TENSE .

Va'g - om I cu t , I am cu ttin g , v a'

g- od thou

cu test , v a'

y-ja he cuts ; v a

'

g-julc we out , we a re

cutting , v a'

g-jdtok you ou t , vdy

-jdlr they cut .

Ko'

t - o'

m I bin d , I am bin din g, Iro'

t -o'

d thou bin dest,ko

'

t - i he bin ds ; ko'

t -jiik we bin d , ko’

t - i tek you

bin d , loo'

t - ilc they bin d. Ker es - em I look for ,

[cor es - cd thou lookest for , [cor es - i he looks for ;

ker es - siilr*) we look for , [cor es - i tch you look for,

ker es - ilc they look for .

Fi22t leer eselc, a’

flat ker esem. Ember - t ldtok,

a z ember t ldtom. Ka ton d ver n ek , a’

ka ton dt

vem'

k. A’

lea'

ny r a /w'

t v a r , lea'

nyolc v a ryak a’

r a li a'

t.

A’

lea'

ny va rja a’r uli a

'

t. B 22za'

t Iro tn elr (they shea fcom ) , a

’

bz2za'

t Iro'

lilr (they shea f the com ) . A’

lednyok bokr e'

tdt Iro'

tn elr , lea'

nyok ko'

tik a’

bokr é ta'

t.

A’

19221: ta n n ifdk a’

leczké t. E n leoz/re'

t ton a lolr.

The cha ra cter istic of the Objective Ca se is t,

preceded by a vowel if the fin a l con son a n t of the

Substa n tive were n o t ea sily combin able with it.

The Plu ra l of Substa n tives is ma rked by the

Cha ra cter Ir , preceded by the same vowel tha t

on a ssimil a tion above 3 .

S ee on Prolon ga tion 4.

9 0

precedes the t of the Objective Ca se . In rega rd

to the vowels to be used , see 2 , 3 , a n d the

Theoretica l pa r t. The Objective Ca se of the Plura l

Number ha s the same cha ra cter istic a s the Objective

Ca se of the Sin gula r Number . This t is jo in ed to

the plura l form by mea n s of the vowels a for ha rd

words , a n d e for soft on es. Thus , ember,Plura l

ember i elt Objective Plura l ember - ek- et. The

same , lea ny ,Pl. lednyolr , Obj. Pl. lea

'

nyolca t.

The labourer will work , the soldier w ill fight.

The boys will lea rn , the girl w ill sew . We sha ll

take a wa lk ; the child w ill wa lk. Children play,the fa ther wr ites . The mother did read a n d we

a lso did rea d. I have spoken . We ha ve r ead (a)

book. You ha ve wr i tten the book. We did look

(a t) the horses. You ha ve seen the soldiers. I did

see the soldiers . We ha ve wr itten the letter . Thou

wa st wr itin g (a ) letter . I have r ea d the letters . Do

you see the soldiers ? Do you ga ther fru it ? We

bin d (make a ) n osegay , a n d you bin d (shea f the)cor n .

2 . PERFE CT TENSE AND FUTURE .

Olvas - tam I have read , did read , wa s reading (it),olva s - ta d thou ha st r ead etc. (it) , olv as - ta he ha s

read ; o lvas - tulr we have rea d etc. , o lv as - tdtok you

ha ve r ead , o lv as - ta'

le they ha ve read. Olva sn i

fogom I sha ll r ea d (it) , o lvasn i fogod thou w ilt

r ead , o lv asn i foyfa he v ill rea d , a lousa i foyiulc we

sha ll read , o lv asn i fow'

dto/r you will read , olvasn i

fow’

dk they will read.

22

cdr -ja n ak

v a’

r -ja'

k

The forms of the Impera tive Mood a re en tirelyexpressed by those of the Subjun ctive mood. The

secon d Person of the Singula r Number a dmits v a'

rja'

l

a n d v a'

rf (wa it) , the others suffer n o a ltera tion wha t

ever . Thus , he sha ll wa it , let him wa it , a re ex

pressed by : v a’

rjon ; so , let us wa it ! a n d sha ll

we wa i t? a re both v a'

m'

unk; etc. In r ega rd to a ssi

mila tion s of the cha ra cter istic j see 3.

Olva ssun /r. N ézzzl‘

n lc. Im'

zmk. Kossé l (in stea d

of Hazza'

l. Vivya'

l. E ben . A’

k duy v erjon .

Ja’

rj! Vdrjunk ? A’

fid vdrjon .

The boy sha ll wr ite , the soldier sha ll fight a nd

overcome the en emy. Let us r ead. Lea rn the les

son . Rea d the letter . Sha ll we lea rn ? Wr ite !

Wa it ! The boy sha ll play. Let us look for the

book. Let u s bin d (make a ) n osegay. He sha ll

bin d (make) it. Let us speak Hunga r ia n . Let him

speak E nglish . Speak Germa n .

tha t they may wa it.

I) . C o n d i t i o n a l .

1 . PRE SENT.

In def. form . o lv as -n ék

Def. form . olva s - n a'

m

o lv as - n dl

o lv a s - n dd

I would , should read , a n d

tha t I might read

thou wouldst read

Words tha t belon g to the cla ss of soft on es receive 8 ,

in stea d of a , in their termin a tion ; thus : ver -jem I may bea t,

z’

i l -j ek I may sit.

23

”lvas ' mfjhe would read ;

o lva s - n a

o l'vas - n a'

nk we would , should read ,

olv as - n o'

k tha t we might read

olv as - n a'

tok

o lvas - n a'

tok

olv as - n a'

n ak

o lv as - udh

jyou would read etc.

jthey would read etc.

Expressing a n a ction don e or n eglected because

of a con dition precedin g. This Ten se is a com

pound on e a n d in Gramma rs it is given a s the Plu

perfect of the Subjun ctive Mood , a s the former

Ten se is given a s the Imperfect Ten se of the same

Mood.

The forma tion of this Ten se is ea sy , it beingmerely a r epetion of the Perfect Ten se of the In

dica tive Mood w ith the a ddition of vo ln a (which

mea n s , it would be) to ea ch Person a l form .

In def. v a'

r - tam

lI should have wa ited,

voin aDef. v ar - tam (if) I had wa i ted

- t'

lv a r avoln a , thou woulds t have wa i ted etc .

v ar - ta dr

- tv a

’

r

voln a , he would ha ve wa i ted etc.

va r - ta

v a'

r - tzmkva lue , we would ha ve wa i ted

v a r - tuk

v a

'

r - ta'

tokvoln a , you would have wa ited

va r - ta tok

cdr - ta'

kvoln a , they would have wa i ted.

24

Words that belong to the cla ss of soft on es , have

6 in stead of a a n d o ; u in stead of u , a n d 6 in stead

of o'

, in their termin a tive syllable . Thus é l tem

voln a , I should have lived ; é l - té l vo ln a ; é l- t voln a ;é l—tz

’

ink voln a , é l—tetek v oln a , é ltek or é l-ten ek voln a .

Az a nydm (a nyd-m ,my mother) ir n a ; az

a tya'

m (my fa ther) ir i voln a . En ir n ék. Ti ir n d

tok. A’

fidk ta n uln a'

n ak. A’

lednyok (plura l) v a'

r

ta lc voln a . A’

gyermek Jam a . Mi s é ta'

ltunk voln a .

A’

Ica ton a'

lf gyfiztek voln a . Mi tz'

szteln é’

k a’hdst.

A’

Ka ton a'

lc ti s‘zteln é lc a’vezér elcet (objective ca se

plura l see B. Szer etn élc s é ta’

ln i . Szer etn énk

illn i . Szer etn é l Jam i . Szer ettem voln a le'

tn i . A’

fiuk szer emén ek jdtsza n i . A’

ta n ulo’

lc szer etn én elt

ir n i . Az a nya'

m se er etn e tam'

len i , én szer etn ék

ta n n ln i . A’

1712 szer etn e olv a sn i . A’

Ica ton a szer et

v ivn i . A’

hadvezér szer et gydzn i . Szer etn é l le'

tn i ?

Szer etn é telc ii ln i ? Mi szer etn énk s é ta'

ln i .

I should r ead , you would wr ite: My fa ther

would have wr itten . If the soldiers ga in the

ba ttle. The en emy will take to flight. We shouldovercome the en emy. You would see. The en emy

would have left the field of ba ttle. If the a rmy

ha d fought (a) ba ttle. I should like to lea rn . Ishould like to learn E nglish (put : E nglish to lea rn ) .

I should like to speak Hunga r ia n . Would you liketo read? I should like , if I kn ew (I should if Icould) . My mother likes the flowers . My fa therwould wr ite. We should have wr itten . I shouldlike to write. I should have liked to read.

2 5

E 0 Th fl V e r b ”to b e “. V a g y o k , I a m .

1 . PRESENT.

‘ Qfi—f ‘

Vagyok I am , v agy thou a rt , c a n a n d v agyon

he is , she is , it is ; vagyunk we a re , vagytok you

a re , v a n n ah or v aigy’

n ak they a re.

The third Person of this Ten se is missed in the

sen ten ce a s often a s it is a mere copula between

the Substa n tive a n d its Adjective or a ny other Sub

sta n tive used a s Predica te. Thus , the sen ten ce

,,the flower is bea utiful“ w ill be tra n sla ted in ,,the

flower bea utiful , “ a n d there w ill be : ,,a’

v ir a'

g

szép“, in stead of ,, a

’

v ir a'

g v a n szép .

“ The roses

a re beautiful flowers , will be : A’

r o'

zsdk szép v ir d

golf , in stead of saying : a’

r o’

zsa'

k v a n n a h szép

v ir a'

gok.

The Verb ,,to be“ , in a ll its forms , follows

the Adjective or Substa n tive u sed a s Predica te of

the sen ten ce ; thus , in stead of saying : ,,I am a

ma n , thou a rt diligen t , we say : ,,I (a ) ma n am ,

thou diligen t a rt . Subject , Predica te a n d Copula

agree in Number .

2 . PAST TENSE .

Voli am I wa s , I ha ve been , Volta'

l thou wa st,a n d ha st been , volt he wa s etc. ; vo ltzmlc we were,

volta tolc you were, v a ltak or volta n a lc they were etc.

A’

fiu szorga lma tos . A’

fidk szorga lma tosak

(n omin a tive plura l) v a ltak. Mi szorga lma tosak vol

tunk. A’ka ton a

'

k Msb‘

k (heroes). A’

csa ta v ér es

volt. A’

csa tamezd terjedelmes . A’

ta'

bor n agy .

26

A’

ba r cz hosszzi . A’

gyb‘

zedelem bizony ta la n . A’

munka v égketlen . A’

fdr a ds a'

g mér té lfen tzi li .

(The) Flowers a re pla n ts. The elepha n t is (a n )a n ima l. The tiger is cruel. The fox is cun n in g,Tyra n ts a n d tigers a re equa l. Foxes a n d politicia n s

a re a rtful . (The) Lyon s a re gen erous . Men a re

selfish . Nelson is ren own ed. E n gla n d is free.

Hunga r ia n s a re sla ves. Hunga ry wa s (a) kingdom .

The Hunga r ia n s were brave . We were r ich . You

a re poor , they were idle.

Va le'

k I wa s , v a ldl thou wa st , va la he wa s ;

va la'

nk we were , v a la'

tok you were , v a la'

n ak theywere

3 . CONDITIONAL .

Voln e'

k I should be , If I were ; voln a'

l thou

wouldst be , If thou were , voln a he would be ; v ol

n a'

nk we should be , voln a'

tok you would be ,vol

n dn ak they would be.

There a re n o more Ten ses of the Verb vagyok;

a ll the others , a s those of the Subjun ctive a n d In

fin itive Moods , the Pa rticiples , a re supplied by the

Verb lemi i , to become . The Presen t Ten se of the

Verb len n i , is used a s a Future of v agyolf .

L eszek I sha ll be a n d I become , leszesz a n d

leszcl thou wilt be , Iesz , less en he w ill be ; lesziin lc

we sha ll be , lesztel: you will be , leszn ek theyw ill be .

Ha gazdagok volndnk. Ha sza ba d voln é lc. Ax

ido”szép lesz. A’

ny a'

r meleg voln a . A5 dss hives

On the use of this ten se see the Theoretical part.

27

té l kideg. A’

ta vasz szép volt. A5 a nya'

m6

2 A ti a'

m bete voln a . E11'

0'

ess . z a 3/ y J

leszek. Te szorga lma tos c a ln a'

l. M i ta n ulo'

lc leszun lcx

We should be r ich . You w ill be diligen t. Theywould be n a ughty. Thou a r t n aughty. The boy

would be good. The girls a re good. We sha ll be

ready. The soldier is bra ve. The soldiers w ill be

bra ve . Nelson wa s (a ) soldier . E n gla n d is sma ll.

Br ita n ia is grea t. Amer ica is (a) republic. Repu

blics ar e ra re . (A) fr ien d is fa ithful.

l l .

P o s s e s s i v e fo r m s o f th e S u b s ta n ti v e .

A. T h e o bje c t p o s s e s s e d i s b u t o n e .

Ruhd-m my dress , 1 111112 6 thy dress , r uhd -J

'

a

his a n d her dress. B a hd 1111: our dress , r 12ha'

ta lc

your dress , r u/i a’

-

J'

ok their dress. In r ega rd to the

prolon ga tion of the a , see In trod. 4.

Mez6 -m my field , mez6 d thy field ,mesr e -Je

*)

his a n d her field ; mez6 71k our field , mez6 tb‘

k your

field , meze -jb’

k their field.

B a r a'

t- om my fr ien d, ba r a'

t 0 d thy fr ien d, bar a'

t

Ja his a n d her fr ien d ; ba r a'

t - a nk our fr ien d , ba r a'

t

a tolc your fr ien d , ba r a'

t -J'

ok their fr ien d.

The same al tera ti on of 6 i s to be observed in a ll the

mon osyllables a n d dissyllables , thus 716 wi fe , 716m my wi fe,n e -je hi s wi fe ; erde-je hi s wood. Words of more tha n two

syllables do n ot a dmit this a ltera tion ; thus , leveg6je from

28

Felelet - em my a n swer , felelet - ed thy a n swer ,

felelet - e his a n d her a n swer ; felelet - unk ,our a n s

wer ; felelet -etb‘

lc your a n swer , felelet -d’

le their

a n swer.

Con sider ing the a ffix Ja , Je , which mea n his,

her a n d its , a n d the a ffix Jok, Jolt , which mea n

their , the J is m issed if the Substa n tive term in a tes w ith on e of the con son a n ts cs , os , s

,sz ,

z,

Wig , lg , ty , gy , or if the fin a l syllable meets

with a n abbrev ia tion . In con sidera tion of the vowel,

which is to be used with these a ffi x e s o f p o s s e s

s i o n , it may he rema rked , tha t the same vowel

which forms the Plura l of the Substa n tives is used

in these a ffixes a s well ; thus , a szta l , Pl. aszta l - ok

tables , a szta l - om my table ; ma ddr ,Pl. ma da r - ak

b irds , ma da r - um my bird.

A’

K6nyvem J'

0’

(my book is good. See above

sub E) . A5 a ty a'

d cdr . Az Anya'

n lc ir . Anya'

nk

ir . B a r dtotolc hiltelen . A’

B a'

tya'

m ka ton a (is a

soldier) . A’

ha dser egilnk v ite'

z. Veze'

r itn lc 1igyes .

Ta'

bor zmk n agy . E llen ségd'

n lc Iciengesztelhetlen . A’

Ta'

bor n agyotok hir es . A’

kir a'

lyunk szer eti a s a r

sza’

got. A’

Irir a'

lg/ o tok gy12'

16‘

li a’

n e'

r et.

The Objective Ca se ,,my fr ien d ,

“ my book“etc,

is given in the Hun ga r ia n la n guage by ba r dtom - a t,

Iconyvem-et etc.

, a n d the Objective of a ny Substa n

tive , tha t may ha ve the possessive a ffixes , will be

given by a n a ffixed t, preceded by the vowel a or e.

The a ffix of the third Person ,termin a ting in a

or e , does n ot admit the vowel a or e before the t.

30

begin n ers may a lways form the Nomin a tive of the

Plura l Number of tha t Noun , to which they wish tojo in the required possessive a ffix ; if the Plura l beformed , then take away the Plura l k

, a n d jo in the

requ ired a ffix to it. For in sta n ce , I w ish to say

,,my n eighbour ;“

szomszéd ha s in the Plura l

szomszédok, takin g off If a n d jo in in g m, I ha ve

which is the word r equ ired. The

a ffix of the third person J'

a a n d J'

e join s the Nomi

n a tive of the Singula r n umber immedia tely , thus

,,his n eighbour“ is , szomszéq

'

ia .

B . T h e o bje c t s p o s s e s s e d a r e m o r e

t h a n o n e .

Ruhd - im my dresses , r ukd- id thy dresses,

m in i - i his dresses , r uli d- ink our dr esses , r ubri

i tok your dresses , m ild- i i: their dresses .

The cha r a cter istic of the Plura l is i, which

precedes the a tfixa l con son a n ts m , 6 , 71k, If a n d

the syllable tok.

When the Substa n tive to which the a ffixes a re

to be join ed termin a tes with a con son a n t , a s : ba r a'

t,

a szta l , the third Person of the Sin gula r Number of

a ,is taken a s the radica l, a n d the Plura l a ffixes a re

a dded to this radica l , thus ba r a'

tfa his fr ien d beingthe third Person of the Sin gula r , ba r dtfa - im w ill be

my fr ien ds , ba r dtJ’

a - id thy frien ds , ba r a'

tfa - i his

fr ien ds etc. L evele - im my letters , levele - id thy

letters , levele - i his letters , tevele - in lc our letters,

levele - i tek your letters , levele -ilc their letters.

3 1

As the a ffixes : im , id , i may ea sily be join ed

to the Substa n tives themselves , w ithout the a cces

s ion of a ny o ther vowel , we sha ll get a secon d’

Plura l form , which will be : ba r dt - im my fr ien ds,ba r a

'

t - id thy fr ien ds , ba r dt - i his fr ien ds , ba r dt - ink

our fr ien ds etc . The first form is preferable in

famili a r con versa tion .

Substa n tives termin a ting w ith 6 abbrev ia te this

vowel in the third person of the Sin gula r n umber

(see u n der A) , such Substa n tives , a s above men tion ed,therefore ha ve a double plur a l form , the first of

them is given in con sider ing a s their r a dica l the

lon g 6,the secon d , in con sider in g a s thei r radica l

the short e of the tird Pe rson ; thus the Substa n tive

mez6 forms mez6 - im a n d meze - im my fields etc. ,

both forms a re correct , but the la tter ha s received

the sa n ction of the people.

Szer essed a’

feleba r dtoda t. Szer esse'

tek ellen

se'

gei teket is . As a tg a'

m és a’

bdty a'

m is elutazott

(in stead of eluta zt , Perf. Ten se) . B a r a'

tim v a ltak.

Nem min den ba r dtink hivek (m issed v amzak , a re) .

E llens égeink gyillb'

ln ek. A’

Ka ton a'

ink megver te'

k a s

ellen séget. Az Anga lak (a re) ba r dtjoin lt . Or sza'

gok

(in stead or sza'

gfok) n agy , ker eskedésb’

k terjedelmes ,ha ta lmuk (in stead ha ta lom-

J'

ok) er 6s . A’

Ta'

bor n ok

szer eti a’

ka ton a'

it. A’

szz’

i l6 szer eti gyermelrei t.

Kb’

nyveim elvesztek. Kong/veidet la'

ti am, leveleidet

o lv as tam. A’

bdty a'

m o lvas ta a’

leveledet. A’

fi12

ta n ulia a’

leszkeJ'

é t ; a’

lea'

nyom a’

r a l'

a'

t va r ta .

En a’

n ényédet v a'

r tam.

32

Our soldiers hon our their leader . Your kingpays his soldiers . They do pay their debts. Our

soul is immorta l, but our body is mor ta l. Yourchildren (a re) idle ,

but his da ughter (is) diligen t .My fr ien ds (a re) in dustr ious . Your en em ies (a re)powerful. My dress is dea r . His time is va luable

(dea r) . We foun d your book. Cha rles foun d his

pen . Albert read .(the) his lesson . The tea cherha s seen our tra n sla tion . (The) Our fa ther ha s pra i

sed your brother , he ha s lea rn ed his lesson .

C . T h e P o s s e s s i v e C a s e . G e n i t i v e .

1.

The Hun ga r ia n la nguage expresses the Posses

s ive Ca se by mea n s of the p o s s e s s i v e a ffi x e s .

The Possessive Ca se a lways supposes two diffe

ren t n otion s , the on e tha t of the Subject possessing,the other tha t of the object possessed ; this la tter

r eceives the possessive a ffixes of the third Person

either Singula r or Plura l.

With the Substa n tive r ela tin g to the posses

sor there is used the a ffix n a k or n ek , which is

n ot expressed , but in dica ted by a n a postrophe, un less

the perspicu ity or Euphony would require its

pla in expression . Thus , the fa ther’

s house , we say

azt a tya’

ha’

za ; the schola r’

s books , a’

ta n ulo"kb

’

ny

vei ; the courage of the soldiers , a’ Ira ton a

'

k’

ba'

tor

sa'

guk; the pen s of the schola rs , a’

tanulé lr’

tolla ik;

33

or a’ta n ulo

’

k-nok tolla ilc , a’

ka ten afk-m k bdtor

sa'

guk etc.

This possessive form, resulting from the represen

ta tion of the Possessive Ca se , is to be con s idered

a s a n ew Nomin a l root the Objective a n d Possessive

ca ses of which will be formed regularly. Thus , the

r oof of our n eighbour’

s house , will be :~ a’

szomszé

dunk’

(szomszédunk-n ak) ha'

zdn ak a’

fedele ; I ha veseen thy brother

’

s book a’ba

'

tya'

d’

ko'

nyvé t lu'

ttom.

A5 ember elmek é letuk (is) ro’

v itl. Az ember ek’

szer eflcséjiik (is) va'

ltozo'

. A’szomszédunkn ak Iidza

szép . A ’szz

’

i leink’

(szul6i11k) v égii etetlen szer el

m12k (szer el-m ) . B a r a'

tjoink’

hils ége v iga szta lo'

.

A ’

lé lelmek telzetsége’

i felulmdlfdlc a’testn ek er eJ

’

é t

(in stead of eroj'

et) . As ember’

cselekedetén ek for r a'

sa

a’sziv . A’

vi la'

gn ak o’

t r e'

szei . Columbus felfedeztc

a’

v ila'

gn ak egg (on e) r e'

szé t. Amer ika'

n ak ter me

kenysége. Azs idn ak terme'

ng/ei . AK n ép ekn ek ter

E ngla n d exports (kiv iszi) its products. (The)E nglishmen sell their p roduction s. (The) My fa therreceived my mother

’

s letter . You ha ve wr itten

(the) your letter . I sha ll wr ite my letters . The

in stin ct of the a n ima ls . The rea son of men . The

destiny of huma nkin d. The fa te of people (n é

p ekn ek The wisdom a n d goodn ess of (the)God. The power of (the) kings . The desires of

(the) n a tion s. The commerce (Ico‘

zlelcedés) of n a

tion s en r iches the mind of the people a n d in crea sestheir wea lth . The commerce (ker es lcedés) of Amef

Csink hung. Gram 3

r ica in exten sive. The inven tion (felta ldlds) of (the)Typography. The in ven tion s of Wa tt.

The History of Fra n ce. The wa rs of the middle

ages.

2 .

Wh o s e It i s th a t o f. Is tha t o f? etc.

The in terr oga tive sen ten ce rela ting to possession ,which in other la nguages is expressed by the Pos

sessive Ca se , is given by the a ffix é in the Hun

ga r ia n la nguage ; thus ,,whose is . mea n s Ki é P— It

is tha t of the mercha n t , mea n s a’

ka lma'

r é , a n d

,,is this house that of our n eighbour ?“ mea n s a

’

ss omss edunké es a’

Iza'

s .

In con sidera tion of this la tter expression , the

in terroga tive e is often a n n exed to it, a n d in stead of

,, a’

ss omss édunke'

es a’

1111'

s,

“ we may say a’

ss om

ss é a’unké - e es a

’

ha'

s . The expression s 11dmy fa ther , n énye

'

d thy elder sister , etc. being con

sidered a s so ma ny n ew Nomin a tive Ca ses , the a ffix

6 will be a dded to them a s it is a dded to r adica ls

of Substa n tives ; thus , a s a tya'

mé tha t of my fa ther.The Defin ite Ar ticle a s or a

’

is n ever missed before

Substa n tives of this form ; the Demon stra tive es this,as tha t , precedes the Substa n tives represen ting the

Objects possessed.

As a tga'

m’

Iza'

s a . E s a’1111’s a s a tya

'

me'

. Eze

es a’ko

'

nyv ? A’ba r dtomé . E s a

’toll a

’

tam’

to'

é .

Kié es a’

Iter t ? A ’

n agyba'

tya'

mé . E s a’

J’

o'

ss a'

g

a’n agyn ényémé . E s a

’n agyn ényém

’

Kié

u as ir a'

s? As ca me (that of my younger

35

brother) Ldttuk a s a tya'

d’

Iza'

s a'

t de n em a'

n agg

ba'

ty a'

dé t. Kié es a’

Icocsi ? a s a ny time. Kze es 6’

1111 ? As eng/em. L a'

tta d a s o'

r a'

ma t ? E 11 la'

ttam

a’

ba'

ty a'

dé t. E s ek a’

lres ty ilk (pa ir of gloves) a s

a nydmé i . E s ek a’

tollak a’

ba'

ty a'

mé i . Kiéi a s o/r

(those) a’lov ak. A’

Her cs egé i , a’

gr o’

fe’

it 71cm

e'

smer em.

If we con sider the precedin g sen ten ses, we sha ll

fin d , tha t the expression is r ea lly a Nom i

n a tive Ca se of the Sin gula r , the Objective Ca se of

which is Kie'

t , the Plura l Kiei , the Objective Ca se

for the Plura l Number is Kie'

i t. The same of a s

a tya'

mé,the Objective Ca se w ill be a s a tya

'

mé t.

The Plura l Nomin a tive a s a ty a'

mez, the Plur . Obj.

a s a ty a'

me'

i t.

The copula tive Verbs ,, is“a n d ,, a re

“a re missed.

Whose is tha t ga rden , a n d whose a re ,those

houses. This ga rden is my father’s (tha t of my

fa ther) a n d those houses a re my un cle’

s. Whoseha t is this . It is tha t of my brother . My fa ther

’

s

is (a n ew on e) n ew . Do you like your fa ther’s

horses ? I like those of my a un t. (I tha t of my

a un t like .) Whose gloves a re these (whose a re

these gloves) . They a re those of my tea cher . Do

you kn ow (tudJ'

a - e) our tea cher’

s residen ce ? I do(I kn ow it). Whose is tha t book? My frien d’

s.

Is this book th'

y frien d’

s or n ot (Thy frien d’

s thisthe book , or n ot) ? Simila r sen ten ces a s : Is this

house our fa ther ’s? a re to be resolved in : Is thisthe house of our fa ther ? etc .

36

3.

M i n e, T h i n e etc . , o f m i n e ,

o f’

o u r s etc ., i t

b e l o n g s t o m e etc.

As often a s the possession is in dica ted by forms

simila r to the premised on es , which is the ca se

when the Per son a l Pron oun s a re used in stead of the

Substa n tive represen ting the possession (a s i n the

sen ten ce whose is tha t book? min e in stead of

it is my book) , the Hun ga r ia n la n guage makes use

o f a ffixes, which a re iden tica l wi th those given un der

II. A. B. (p2 6 , 29 ) These a ffixes a re jo in ed to the

Person a l Pron oun s : E11 I , te thou , 6 he , mi we ,

ti you , 611: they.

Their complete forms a re

1. The object possessed is but o n e engem

min e , tied thin e ,o

'

vé his , her , its ; mi en k ou rs ,

tie'

telc yours o'

v é lc theirs .

2 . The objects possessed a re more tha n on e

eny é im a n d eny im m in e , tié id thin e , o'

ve'

i his , hers ,its ; mie

'

ink ours , tié itek yours , 6vé ik theirs .

E s a’ko

'

nyv a s engem , a s a’

toll a’

ti ed,de

kié es a s ir a'

s ? A mien /c. Kie'

es a’

16 ? A ’

ti é d

Kié es a’

tollkés (to whom belon gs this penkn ife) ?

a s ové (it belongs to him) . Kie'

es a’

p ap ir os ? a’

mien h. A ’

tié telr es a’Iza

'

s ; a’

tzetek- e es a'

ha'

s (does this house belon g to you) ? n em , (n o) a’

ss omss é dunké (it belon gs to o ur n eighbour) . E s a’

kb’

nyv a s engem , a s a’

Ices ty il a’

ti éd. E s :

a’

se'

ta - bot a’

tie'

d volt. Kiei a s ok a’

r é tek? A ’

mié ink, de a s er d6 a’ ‘

tié tek.

38

a few cla ssified them a s Postposition s (utolya rOIc) .

In examin ing them closer we fin d , tha t they a re

merely a ffixes used like a ll other a ffixes to express

the difi'

eren t rela tion s of pla ce , direction s a n d com

bin a tion s of objects. Such a re

ba in to , rela tin g to movemen t , motion ,

ba n in , rela ti ng to qu ietude ,rol from , rela tive to direction s downwa rds ,tol from of, rela tive to remova l,

bo’

l out of,

hos to , exp ressing : by the side of, or n ext to ,

towa rds,

n ak to , which in the Germa n a n d La tin is ex

pressed by the Da t i v e C a s e ,n a

'

l by , a t,

va l w ith,er t for ,

n , with or w ithout a vowel o , a or e .

upon , a t ; a t the question where ?

r a on , upon (a t) ; a t the questio n where to ?

ér t for ,

ig till , un til],ke

’

p in the form in the shapeke

’

n t like , a s,

12l a s,

ml to , in to , expressing a tra n sforma tion .

The words of the Hungar ia n la nguage beingeither ha rd or soft , a ll the a ffixes a ssim ila te their

vowels to those of the word '

.to which ”

they are

added ; th is ,"we shall '

ha ve'

a s ma ny affixes of‘

the

30

same kind , having the vowels 6 in stead of 6 , a n d .

8 in stead of a , thus , be in stead of ba , ro'

l in stead

of rd! etc. The a ffix hos gives [16'

s a n d hes for

A ’temp lombo

'

l. A'

ssoba'

bdl. A ’

fa lhas , as

a ss ta lon . A’

Iconv en En a s ass talr a tettem (I

ha ve put it on the table). A’

temp lomba n volta nk.

As oskola'

ba megy ilnk (we go). A’

kb‘

nyvbe ir tam.

As a tya'

mn a'

l v oltam. En és a’

ba'

ty a'

m mi a’

n agg

ba'

ty a'

nk’ker tfében voltunk (we ha ve been in cdr

un cle’s ga rden) . A’

ba r a'

tombos megyelc (I go) .

En a s a tya'

mn ak a dtam. A’n ényémn ek a dom.

As a nya'

mto'

l kap tam. A’

bagom (my younger

s ister) a’

bar a'

tn éjdn ak Ico’

ayvet a dott (ha s given )ajcin dékba (for a presen t) . En es t a

’

Ico’

nyvet aJ’

a'

n

de'

lcba kap tam a s a nya'

mto'

l. A’

ker tb6l A’

ss oba'

ba megy iink. A’

hu’

s ba n v agyunk. As a ss ta l

r a tettem. A’

konyv as ass ta lon va n .

The Verb follows its Substa n tive.

We come from (out of) church . You

go (men tek) to (ba) school. We go in to the ga rden .

I ha ve been a t my fr ien d’

s . I lea rn w i th plea sure.

You write w i th (a) pen . He lea r n s out of (a) book.

I have received (a) book for a presen t from my fa ther .

My mother gave (a dott) (a ) book to her elder

s ister . I ha ve ca rr ied a letter to my un cle. We

have received flowers from our ga rden er . Our ga r

den er'

s son ha s given flowers to my younger sister .

40

He ha s put it (tette) on the table. The book is *)

on the table. The letter is a t my fa thers. My bro

ther wen t (mea t) for (some) flowers. I bought

(vottem) (a) horse (lova t) for two hun dred (ké t

s a'

s) guin ea s .

2 .

All the other terms , represen ting the Preposi

tion s of foreign la n guages , a re pla ced immedia telya fter the Substa n tive to which they belong , but theya re n ot join ed with the Substa n tives ; thus , ,,over

the table“ mea n s a s ass ta l felett. As (under II C, 3)

the Possessive Pron oun s min e , thin e ,his etc. were

expressed by mea n s of possessive a ffixes m , d , J'

a ,

etc. , the Preposi tion a l a ffixes likewise a re join ed

w ith the p o s s e s s i v e p e r s o n a l a ffi x e s. In stead

of join ing ben to the Pron oun 611 , a s én ben , in me,

the possessive a ffix m wi th the proper vowel is a d

ded to the Preposition a l a f fix ben ; thus , én ben

becomes ben n em , tebe a (in thee) becomes bemzed,a n d so on . There bein g some irregula r i ties in form

ing these expression s , therefore they a re subjoin ed

in the following scheme

ben n em in me , ben n ed in thee , bemio

gives , in him , in her , in it , benm’

ink in us,

bemi etelc in you , ben n b’

k in them .

(to the question where to ?) belém in me,

in belé cl in thee, belé or belejje in him, her , it,

belo'

uk in us, bele'

tek in you, belejbk in them.

ba n

ben

In simila r con struction s the ,,is“va n , must be expressed.

(1

r ea'

m (r a'

m) on me , r ead

on thee ,r ea

'

r ea’

nk

(1161111) on us , r a

'

tok ,r aJolt .

on (where to ?)

n on (where?) r aJ'

tam on me , r aJ'

ta d on thee, r aJ'

ta ,

r ajtzmk on us , r aJ’

ta tok,r aJ

'

tolr.

hos to (towa rds?) bos s a'

m , to me , bos s a'

d to thee,bos s a

’

, bos s q'

ja to him , her , it , hos

s a'

nk to us , bos s a’

tok, bos s aJ’

ok.

n ek to (to whom ?) v elt em to me , a sked to thee,n eki to him , her , it , n ekiiak to us,

n ektek mobile.

661 out of, bel6lem out of me , from me , bel6lea’

,

bel6le , bel6la'

11k out of us , from us,

bel6letek bel6lb'

k.

t6l from , t6lem from me , t6leal from thee , t6le

from him , her , it , t6la'

n lc from us,

t6letek from you , t6l1’

ik from them .

r o'

l of, from, (motion downwa rds) r o'

lam ofme , from

me , r o’

la d of a n d from thee , r o'

la of

a n d from him (her , it) , r o'

lzmlir, r o’

la

to/c, r o’

luk.

by , a t (rela tive to pla ce) , 11a'

lam a t my home,by me , w ith me , n a

'

la d , n a'

la ; n a'

la nk,

11a'

la tok, n dlok.

er t for , er tem for me (for my sake) é r ted , ér te ;

e'

r tz’

mk e'

r tetek ér tb‘

k.

vel with (in compa ny wi th) , velem w ith me , veled,

vele , velank with us , veletek, velo'

k.

42

As Isten igas sa'

gos bis s zmk (in stead of bisjunk,see 3) ben n e (let us trust in him) . As b

‘

csém

n a'

lam volt. Tegn ap n a'

lunk ven dégelc voltak. As

a tya'

m n ekem a dta a s o'

r aJ'

dt , én p odig (a n d I)a cked a dom. Neka nk ajdn de

'

kos ta'

k es t a’c

‘

nyvet

(this book) . En n ektek a dtam a’m in ima l . Mon d

meg (tell) n eki . As a nya'

m n eki a s t mon dta . Ent6led kap tam. A’

ker te'

ss a nk t6la'

nk kapja Ice

nyer é t. E s am all r aJ’

tam (this does n ot depen d

on me) . Ro'

lam ast mon clfa'

k (people say tha t of

me) . Ha s a’

nk t6lu’

nk ba'

la da tossa'

got kiva'

n , r aJ'

tunk

a'

ll kb’

telességunket telyesiten i . Ss z'

lleink min den t

tess n elc (do) ér ta‘

nk. A’

gyermekek 71cm less a ch

minden t ér tb’

k.

He told me (to me) tha t. My pa ren ts ga ve me

(to me) a very fin e book. 1 sha ll give you (to you)a pples , pea rs a n d Did you give him (to

him) grapes a n d figs. I make you a pr esen t of these

pictures (I pr esen t to you these pictures) . We ha ve

received from you (a ) book , (a ) pen a n d (a) Copybook. I ha ve been to your home. Our brother ha s

been with you . Will you go to him (to him w ill you

go) ? No , we ha ve r eceived (a ) letter from himf(fromhim we

'

ha ve received letter) . Did you say tha t of

him ? We have n ot spoken of him (of him n ot we

have spoken ) . If you speak of me, I sha ll speak of

you (If of me you speak , I of you sha ll speak).

The collective n oun s a re to be used in tho S in gula r Number .

43

E xp r e s s i o n o f th e V e r b ”T o h a v e“,

”to b e i n p o s s e s s i o n o f .

l .

Nekem v a n o’

r a'

m I ha ve a wa tch , n eked v a n

or a'

d thou ha st a wa tch , n éki v a n o'

r aJ’

a he ha s a

wa tch , n ekz’

lnk va n o'

r a'

n lc we have a wa tch , n ektek

v a n or a'

tok you have a wa tch , n ekik v a n o'

r aJ'

ok

they ha ve a wa tch .

The pa st Ten se is formed by using vo lt a n d

voltak ; thus :

I have had a wa tch n elcem volt o'

r a'

m,

thou

ha st had a wa tch n eked vo lt o'

r a'

d , etc.

The Fu ture : I sha ll ha ve a wa tch , n e/cem

less o'

r a'

m, thou w ilt have a wa tch n eked

less o'

r a'

d etc.

Thus the Verb ,,to ha ve“ is expressed by mea n s

of n ekem , n eked , n eki , n ekilnk , n elctek , n ekilc,the

third Person s of the Verb to be , throughout a ll its

Moods a n d Ten ses , a n d the object possessed w ith

its rela tive a ffixes of possession .

The littera l tra n sla tion of n ekem v a n o'

r a'

m is

,,to me is my wa tch ,

“ which is der ived from : ,,my

wa tch is belon ging to me“

. This expression rea lly is

a pleon a sm a n d this pleon a sm is the rea son why the

expression n ohom v a n o'

r a'

m is shorten ed in to v a n

o'

r a'

m ,in which the n ekem is n eglected en tirely.

Thus, the shorter expression s a re : wa tch,van ordm ,

thou ha st a

44

a n d she ha s a wa tch , v a n o'

r aJa etc. The same

way a ll the other Ten ses a re shor ten ed.

If in stead of the Person a l Pron oun : En ,to , 6,

I , thou , he , she etc . a ny o ther Substa n tive be used,

the a ffix n ak or n ek to must be jo in ed w ith the

Substa n tive u sed : A’

ta n ito'

n ak v a n o'

r aJ’

a,

the

tea cher ha s a wa tch .

As a tya'

mn ak va n bds a ; a’

n agyba'

tya'

mn ak

v a n her tje ; n ekn nk v a n kb'

nyvn nk. Va n - e mun

ka'

d ? Nelta nk v a n ker tn n ls. Va n - e bds a tolc ? Ne

kem v a n kedv em dolgos n i . Mi do lgod va n (wha t

ha ve you to do) ? Ne/rem v o'

lt ko'

nyvem a’

ba'

ty a'

m

n ak less p ap ir osa és to lla . Nekilnk less'

p en

s ank n ektek p edig less L ess - e id6d?

L ess - e n elctels id6tb‘

k? Ha vo ln a id6m. Ha id6m

voln a . Voln a id6m. L egyen n eki is a lmaJ’

a (let

him have apples a s well) . L oggen n eked o'

r a'

d (thou

mayst hav e a wa tch) .

I had (a ) book , you ha d mon ey , they had (a )dress . My fa ther had (a ) house ,

my a un t had a

ga rden . We may ha ve fru it . You had grapes , but

they had pea rs . My brother will ha ve (a ) wa tch ,let him ha ve (a) penkn ife . If I had a book . I

should learn . If my sister had a ma ster

she would learn Hunga r ia n (Hun ga r ian she would

The letter e is very o ften a dded to the Verb in in ter

roga tive sen ten ces ; if the Verb be missed it is a dded to the

Substa n tive , to which the question rela tes . Thus va n -e ma n’

kdd ? hafifl shou got work ; konyv-e v ogy ir a

'

s,

a bo ok or

46

v a n n ah loka sa i . A ha ton a'

n ah va n ba'

tm sa'

ga . A’

ha dves ér n eh v a n tehets ége (The leader of the a rmy

is a n able ma n ) . A'

n épn eh v a n ss a ba dsa'

ga . A’

ki r a'

lyohn a h v a n ha ta lmnh. Anglia'

n ah v a n ga s da g

s a'

ga . Br i ta n idn ak v a n hoJoser ege . A’

Magya r n ak

v a n hir e . Amer ica'

n ak v a n ss a ba ds a'

ga . A’

Br i ttek

n eh v a n E a r op a’

n ah v a n n ah s sa r n oha i .

Men have (a ) soul. An ima ls have (a n ) in stin ct.

The lion is stron g (tra n sla te : ha s strenght) . (The)

Birds have w in gs . (The) Pla n ts ha ve roots . Our

ga rden er ha s flowers. My a un t ha s (a) ga rden . We

ha ve trees in our ga rden . The trees ha v e fru it. We

ba d a pples , you had gr apes . My youn ger sister w ill

ha ve fin e (ss ép ) dresses . You w ill ha ve (a) fin e

pia n o . My fa ther ha s fin e horses . Our un cle ha s

la rge (n agy) houses . (The) kings hav e (the) power

over the people . The gen era ls ha ve so ldiers. E n g

la n d ha s brave a dmira ls . Nelson had bra ve soldiers.

(The) People sha ll ha ve their liberty. The righteou s

will have their rewa rd.

3 . I h a v e n o t.

Nega tion s a re expressed by n em. I have n ot,

w ill be n ehem n em v a n a n d n ehem n em v a n n ah. The

expression s n em v a n a n d n em va n n ah, a re con tra cted

in n in es,n in csen a n d n in csen eh. The Pa st Ten se i s z

n em volt , the Future : n em less . In the Subjun ctive

Mode the n em is cha nged in to n e ; thus , n e legyen ,mea n s may n ot have.

47

Nelsen: n in es br ains (I have n o watch). Neked

n inesen ruha'

d , n ehi n in es hb’

nyve. A’ta n iton ah

n in es idofe. As a tya'

mn ak n in esen lav a . Nehitn h

n in es ker ta'

nh. Nehtek n in esen eh tolla itoh. 6 n ekilc

n in esen eh kb’

nyveih. A’ta n ulo

'

n ah n em volt ten taJ’

a .

A’

fianah n em less hea’ve. Nohom n in esen Icedvem

(I am n ot in the humor for) . Nehteh n in esen hedvetek

ta n n ln i (you a re n ot in the humor for lea rn in g). A’

h12gomn ak n in es hedve J’

o'

ts a n i . Ne loggen n ehi

or aJ’

a . Ne legyen eh a’

finn ah hb’

nyvei . Nem less

n eh lov a i a s a tya'

dn ah. Nin esen eh - e n eked tolla id?

Nem volt - e a’

finn ak lecs keJ’

e ? As a nyddn ak n em

v olt - e kocs1J’

a ? As a nya'

mn ah v a n hocsiJ’

a do a’

n agyn e'

nyémn eh n in esen .

I do like (n ekem va n hedvem) to play. Mybrother likes to lea rn . I am in the humor for read

ing. We have got (a) house , you have n o ga rden .

Your paren ts have (a) fin e (ss ép) house a n d la rge

fields. Our soldiers have muskets a n d bayon ets .

Your soldiers ha ve swords . My brother ha s books,but my sister ha s n on e. Our fa ther ha s mon ey, butwe ha ve n on e. I had n o pocket-ha n dkerchief. You

have n o cra va t. I sha ll ha ve a n ew dress , but you

will have My brother ha s a fin e bird , a nd

my sister ha s a little (his) dog. Our a un t ha s fin e

jewels. I ha ve a diamon d , my sister a ruby , a n d

my brother a n emer a ld. The king ha s ma ny (sols)diamonds in his crown .

n ektek n em. less you will have n on e.

V . Attr i b u te s o f S u b s ta n t i v es

(Adjectives a n d Numera ls).

1.

Any a ttr ibutive term of a Substa n tive wha teverprecedes its Substa n tive immedia tely a n d is in va r iablebefore it ; if the Substa n tive is m issed, the Adjective

receives the a ffixes of the Substa n tive .

Jo'

ember . Jo'

ember’

tette (his a ction ) . A’

Jo fi12t ss er eti a’

len ito'

. A’

ta n ito’

a’

szorga lma tos

finn ah ho'

nyvet a dott. As é n *) n agy ko’

nyvemet

a s édes”) (dea r) a nya'

mto'

l h'

ap tam ajdn dékba . A’

J'

o'

Isten ben bis s unh 6 min den ha to’

e'

s

As é des a ty a'

m n ehem ss ép he'

p et odo ti (gave) . As

én hb’

ng/vemben va n n a h ss ép hép eh, de a’

te lsb'

nyved

ben n in esen eh' (a re n on e : see above) . A’

mi n agy

her tn’

n hben va n n ah magas fills , a’

his her ta’

nhben

n in esen eh fa'

k,de ss ép v ir dgoh. Va n n ehn nh n agy

r é tilnk, sols ss dn to’

fb’

ldn nh é s ss e'

p ha'

s n nh.

I have a fin e wa tch, a n d you ha ve (a ) beautiful

gold- cha in . My brother ha s received (a ) fin e picture

from his good un cle. Our dea r a un t ga ve us two (hé t)

books for a presen t. Our Queen ha s ‘

a la rge a rmy,

ma ny ca n n on s , a n d a grea t fleet. The commerce of

E n gla n d is exten sive , its fleet protects the fa r-sa ilin gships of the mercha n ts. The grea t ocea n sepa ra tes

the savages of Austra lia from the civ ilized n a tion s

o f E urope .

é n precedes the substa n tive konyvem my book , beca u se of

empha sis , see IV. 2 .

édes,sweet, is a common a ttn

‘

butc of person s beloved to us .

49

2 .

C o m p a r i s o n o f Adj e c t i v e s .

Magas high , magasa bb higher , leg-maga sa bb

highest ; r i tha r a re ,r i tka

'

bb ra rer , more sca rce ,leg

- r itha'

bb r a rest ; ver es red , ver esebb redder ,

leg- ver esebb reddest.

The Compa ra tive is fo rmed by mea n s of bb, which

is p receded by the vowel a or e , if the Adjective

termin a tes with a con son a n t.

O b s . Words en ding in 12, i , a n d s receive the

termin a tion of the Compa ra tive either w ith a precedingvowel , or w ithout it ; if the v owel a or e is m issed

a fter s , then on ly a sin gle b is used a s the termin a tion

of the Compa ra tive . Re’

gi a n cien t , r égibb a n d r égiebb

more a n cien t ; s 1’

inz2 den se , s 12’

r 12’

bb a n d s12’

r 12’

ebb more

den se ; v ila'

gos light, v ila'

gosa bb a n d v i la'

gosb lighter .

In compoun ds the la tter pa rt of which ha s a fin a l

12 or a”

,on ly the first pa r t of the coin position receives

the term in a tion of the Compa ra tive : n agy lelkd , n a

gyobblelhu”

.

As or oszla'

ny n agy a'

lla t a’v i s ila

'

n agyobb,

a s elefdn t legn agyobb, Seotidn ah v a n n ah magas

bér es ei . Ola ss or ss a’

gn ah a’

hegyei maga sa bbah , a’

sv aJ'

cs i heygeh legmaga s a bbah. A ’tigr is (va n)

hegyetlen , a’

hyen a (va n) hegg/ etlen ebb, de a’s sa r n ohoh

(v a n n ah) leghegyetlen ebbeh. A’

hegyetlen s sa r n oh

kifis i a’

jo'

ha s afit a’

ha s aJ’

dbo'

l. As es a’

st dr a'

ga ,

a s a r a ny dr a'

ga'

bb , a’

gyéma’

n t legdr a'

ga'

bb. Min den

ember n ek va n ess e , de n em min den ember hass n a'

ljaa s es set. A’

J'

o'

ma nka’

s ta dia hass n a'

ln i a’r oss

Csxnk hung. Gram. 4

50

ss er ss a'

mot is . Ra vass ember ha’

r osa bb min t a s a’

lla t.

As é let dr a'

ga'

bb min t as b’

ltb’

s et. En la'ttam magashogget , de a

’

ba'

tga'

m maga s a bba t la'

tott (he saw) . A ’

mi ha'

s a nh dr a'

ga , de m a ha'

s a itoh még dr dgd‘ba h.

Our room (is) light , but yours (is) lighter . His

coa t (is) dea rer tha n yours . Ou r lesson (is) difficult,

yours (is) more difficult (n ehes ebb) , theirs (is) the

most difficult. The pa tr iot loves his coun tryThe gen era l loves the bra ve soldiers , he pr a ises the

ga lla n t struggler . Nelson wa s a va lia n t a dmira l a n d

Napoleon a n excellen t m ili ta ry comma n der . Luther

wa s the grea t reformer of the declin in g church of

Chr ist. Mela n chthon wa s the sin cerest fr ien d of

Luther a n d the meekest of a ll (the) reformers .

Grea t men a re immor ta l , their n ames a re a s ma ny

mon umen ts in History. The wa r s of the middle ages

were more sa n guin a ry tha n the wa rs of recen t times .

3 .

Jo'

good , J’

obb better , ln’

obb best.

ss ép bea utiful , ss ebb more beautiful , legss ebb most

beautiful.

soh much , ma ny , tb’

bb more , legtobb most.

ho'

n ng il light , ea sy , hb‘

n ngebb lighter , ea sier , leghb

’

n ngebb lightest , ea siest.

hiesing , his little ,hisebb less , leghis ebb lea st.

Jobb egg ver e'

b a’hés ben , min t egg tn s oh

a’ha

'

s on . To‘

bbet a dn i n em v é teh. As ember eh

min de’

y te‘

bbet fivdn n ah. Kin eh soh va n (he who

ha s much) a s me'

g tb‘

bbet hiv a'

n . Kb‘

n ngebb mon dan i

5 1

min t sem ten n i . Ss ebb (more plea sa n t) a s é let a’

mesé ben min t a’

v a lo'

ba n . A ’

mi her tz’

tnhben va n n ah

ss ép v ir a'

goh , de a’tzetehben ss ebb v ir a

'

g va n .

Nohom v a n his ha tga'

m , de a’

n e'

ngémé me’

g hisebb.

A’

mi her tiln h hicsing ; a’

ti ha'

s a toh is hi‘csi ng .

A’

his her tben ss ebb v ir dg v a n min t a’n aggba n .

The da ughter of our n eighbou r is more bea utiful

tha n this gir l. We ha ve much mon ey , but o ur un cle

ha s (still) more . We ha ve seen a fin e horse ,but we ha ve (a ) fin er (on e). The little dog of my

s ister ha s a bla ck colour . Your dog is (a ) little (o n e) ,but tha t of my sister is (a sma ller on e) less . Ha ve

you much mon ey ? I had more tha n I ha ve n ow .

You had ma ny houses . We sha ll ha ve more ga rden s .

You will receive more letters . Our lesson is ea sier

(The) Wood is lighter tha n (the) meta l , a n d the

a ir is still lighter .

4.

Num e r a l s .

tis en egg 11 ha rmin es

tis en hett6 12 ha rmin cs egg

tis en ha'

r om 13

tis en n e'

gg 14 n eggven egg

etc . b'

iv en

h12ss 20 ha tv a n

hnss on egg 21 botven

huss onhett6 22 ngo les va n

huss on ha'

r om 23 hilen cs ven

etc . s s a'

s

es er 1000 , mi lliom million .

439

2

E ls6 first, tis en eggedih eleven th,ma

’

sodik second, etc .

ha rma dik thi rd, ha ss a dih twen tieth,n eggedih four th , ha ss on eggedih twen ty

-first ,

b’

to’

dih fifth , ha rmin es a dih thirtieth,ha todih sixth , etc.

hetedih seven th ss a'

s a dih hun dredth ,ngolcs a dih eighth , etc .

hi len cs edih n in th , es r edih thousa n dth ,tis cdih ten th, etc.

Ha'

ng a s o'

r a (wha t o’

clock is it) ? Ha'

r om

n egged n éggr e (a qua r ter to four) . Ha'

ng ember

v a n a’

ss oba'

ba n ? Tis en n égg . Men ng it a dta'

l a s

or da'

e'

r t ? Ha’

r om fon t s ter linget. Ha'

ng shi lling

va n egg fon t s ter lingben ? H12ss . Men ngit hiv a'

n

a’

ha ima'

r ? Ha t fon tot meg (a n d) he'

t shi llinget.

Ha nga dih v a n ma (wha t is the da te) ? A’

ha ss on

ha rma dih. E ls6 ,v agg ss en t Istva

'

n volt a s els6

magga r hir a'

lg , ha rma dik An dr és p odig a s a tolso.

Magga r or ss a'

gn ah volt o'

t mogga r fefedelme , é s

h12ss mogga r hir a'

lga . E ls6 L a'

ss lo'

volt a’

leg

hir esebb magga r hir a’

lg . E ls6 L ajos hir a'

lg a la tt

Magga r or ss a'

g legterJ'

edelmesebb v olt.

Wha t o’

clock is it ? It is ha lf pa st five (twoqua rters on six) . How much mon ey ha ve you ? We

ha ve six shillin gs a nd a few pen ce . How ma ny

pen ce a re (is) in a shilling? In a shilling there

a re twelve pen ce . A week ha s seven days , a n d a

yea r ha s 365 days . Sun day is the first day of the

54

A’

dolgos o'

n ah gga hr a n n in es J'

a ta lma he

who works ha s often n o rewa rd. A’

soha t v a'

r o'

gg ahr a n hev eset nger those who expect much ,

get often v ery li ttle .

A’

megver t E llen s éggel n agg lelhiien ba’

n n i di

cs6s éges ,it is glo r ious to trea t the v a n qu ished en emy

gen er ously. (l megnger te a s elves s ettn eh gon doli

csa ta'

t , he won the ba ttle , which he thought wa s lost .

These Adjectives , especia lly tha t of 6 , a re very

often used a s Substa n tives

Ss a bo’

ta ilor , from ss a bn i to cu t ; bes s é l6,

ss o'

lo'

speaker , from bess e'

ln i , ss o’

ln i to speak ; vet6

sower ,from v etn i to sow (semin a te) ; mesel6 the

sto ry teller ,from mesé ln i to n a rra te ; ir o

'

the wr iter,a uthor , from ir n i to wr ite ; a

’

megtébolgodott the

madma n ; etc .

V I .

T r a n s fo r m a ti o n o f th e V e r b a l r o o t .

A. P a s s i v e V o i c e .

1.

By the a ddition of the syllable a t , et , to the

r adica l of the Active Voice , there is formed a n ew

V e r b a l r o o t, the root of the Pa ssive Vo ice .

the r oot of va'

r n i , ha s a Pa ssive root in v a'

r a t,

Infin . v a'

r a tn i to he wa ited for , to be expected,ver n i to bea t , v er etn i to be bea ten .

Verbs which ha ve a fin a l t in their root,

preceded by a long vowel or a con son a n t , a n d

55

Verbs ha v ing two or more syllables in thei r Activeroot , receive the syllable ta t or let a s the termin a tionof the Radica l of the Pa ssive vo ice.

P r e s . Va’

r a tom I am expected , v a’

r a tol thoua r t expected , v a r a tih he is expected ; v a

'

r a tn n h we

a re expected , v a'

r a ttoh you a re expected , v a’

r a tn a h

they a re expected. Ver etem I am bea ten , v er et—é l

thou a r t bea ten, v er etih he is bea ten ; v er etitn h

we a re bea ten ver etteh you a re bea ten , ver etn eh theya re bea ten .

A ’

fi12 v er etih , mi is ver etiln h . A’

ta n n lo'

ta

n i tta tih. A’

v ir a'

goh gg itJ’

ttetn eh. As én hb’

ngveim

beho‘

tetn eh. A’ha

'

s a toh ma ela da tih. A’

ba'

iga'

m a s

o'

r aJ’

dt - ela dfa . As a tgdm ha'

s a t eldd (he sells) . As

ellens ég megver etih. S oh or ss a'

gohbdl hi ils etn eh a’

ss a ba ds a'

g’

ba r a’

tfa i . A’

ss er en esé tlen eh min dég ta la'

l

n ah men edéhhelget , ss ivesen Telve'

tet neh . X1

ss ivesen fielv ess , a s s s ivesen felv é tetih.

Hun ga r ia n cha ra cters a re wr itten like the E ng

lish bu t ma n y Hu n ga r ia n cha r a cters a re n ot pron oun

ced like the E n glish . My brother is liked by a ll his

fr ien ds . Children a re loved bv their pa ren ts . Men

a re educa ted by the circumsta n ces in which they live .

Sav ages a re guided by n a ture . Sa ilors a re ta ught to

ha za rd. Hun tsmen a re led to (r a) persevera n ce . In

times of w a r mu ch blood is shed , town s a re set

on fire , ca stles a re demolished , coun tr ies a re depo

pula ted , a n d the in habita n ts of them a re r uin ed.

When pea ce is restored , trade is ca rr ied on .

66

2 .

IMPERFE CT.

Va'r a t - a'm I wa s expected , v a'

r a t - a'

l , thou wa st

expected ,va

'

r a t - éh he wa s expected ; va'

r a t -dnh

we were expected , v a'

r a t a'

toh you were expected ,

v a'

r a t - a’

n ah they were expected.

PERFE CT.

Va'

r a t - tam I ha ve been expected , I wa s ex

pected , v a'

r a t - ta'

l , v a'

r a t - ott ; v a'

r a t - tun h we ha ve

been a n d we were expected , v a'

r a t - ta teh ,va

'

r a t tah.

FUTURE .

Va'r a tn i fogoh I sha ll be expected , va'

r a tn i

fogss thou wilt be expected , v a'

r a tn i fog he will be

expected ; v a'

r a tn i foga nh we sha ll be expected,va

'

r a tn i fogtoh ,v a

'

r n in i

A’

fi12 v er etn i fog ,v igga

'

s ott (Perfect) .

A’mi ha

'

s un h cl fog a er t mi idegen f'

b'

ldr e

a tas unh. Mi v a'

r a tta nh ebe'

dr e a’n aggba

’

tgdnhto'

l.

As édes a ngo'

m’

her tfében ma ss edetih a’

ggilmb'

les .

A ’vir a

'

goh bohr é ta'

ba hb’

tetteh a’h12gomto

’

l. E s ek

(these) a’

heg eh a’

leghir esebb fes t6t6l festetteh.

A’

ti ha'

s a toh a’

leguggesebb ép i téss t6l ép ittetett.

You w ill be expected a t supper by your aun t.

Cha r les ha s been taught to read a n d wr ite , yet he

does”) n ot wr ite well. The boy wa s bea ten , be

et fog a do ta i in stead of ela da tm’

fog , such diremption sof compoun d Verbs a re made becau se of the Empha sis ; in suchca ses the a ccen t is a lways on the first part of the composition .

The Verb ,,to do“ a s a n Auxili ary , is n ever u sed in the

Hun ga ria n lan guage,but the prin cipa l Verb receives the Con

juga tion of the Auxiliary ; thus ,

57

ca use be offended his tea cher . (The) Boys who

(hik) .a re in a tten tive a re pun ished. We ha ve n evbr

been pun ished , beca use we a lways did our duty.

All men (min de n ember) were bo rn with equa l r ights ,a n d pr iv ileges have been in troduced through the

injustice of tyra n ts . Men a re pun ished by their own

v ices . A la rge empire ha s been foun ded by Alexa n

der the Grea t (the grea t Alexa n der) , but it wa s

dismembered soon a fter the life of its foun der wa s

extinguished.

3 .

SUBJUNCTIVE .

Va'

r assem (in stead of v a'

r a tfam , see In tr . 3)

I may be expected , I sha ll be expected ,v a

'

r assa'

l

thou mayst a n d sha lt be expected , v a'

r a sséh ; v a'

r as

sn n h , v a'

r assa toh , v a'

r assa n ah.

CONDITIONALVa

'

r a tn a'

m I m ight a n d I should be expected

v a'

r a tn a’

l , v a'

r a tn éh ; v a'

r a tn a'

n h , v a r a tn a'

toh ; v a'

r a t

n dn a h.

Va'

r a ttam voln a I should a n d m ight ha ve been

expected , a n d if I had been expected , v a'

r a tta'

l v oln a ,

va'

r a toti voln a,

v a'

r a ttn nh vo ln a ,va

'

r a tta toh voln a ,

va'

r a ttah voln a .

As ohos ember 12gg in tes i el dolga it (makes

such a rra ngemen t) hogg n e v a'

r asséh. Ip a rhodom

n ehogg v a'

r a ssem. A’

1212 megver etn e'

h ha n em enge

delmeshedn éh. Ha mi n em ta n itta tndn h ,n em is

tadn a'

n h semmi tsem. Ne hér esse'

l (be n ot asked , do

n ot let you a sk) a r r a , hOgg mdssa l J’

o'

t teggé l.

58

En mon dtam hogg a’

hongvem her estesséh. As

a tga'

n h megp a r a n csolta , hogg a’

tollah megss a'

mi t

ta ssa n a h. Ugg bess é lj hogg mege'

r tessé l. Idegen eh

meg n em ér tetn eh ha saJ’

a'

t ngelva hb‘

n bess é ln eh.

If the letters had been wr itten , you wouldn o t ha ve been blamed by the tea cher . The tyra n t

comma n ded , tha t the citizen should be flogged.

The en em ies were bea ten by our a rmy , but the fa ct

ha s been den ied by them . An exten sive trade is

ca rr ied on between E ngla n d a n d its colon ies . The

trade would be more exten ded , if such in ten tion sw ere n ot prev en ted by en vy. My fa ther ha s disposed,tha t our house a t Pa r is m ight be sold. Our r ich

n eighbour ha s ordered , tha t his ten a n ts be dr ivenou t of his house . The Fren ch were dr iven from

(ou t of) E a st In dia .

B . F a c t i t i v e V e r b a l r o o t s .

The mea n ing of a ll Active Verbs may be repre

sen ted in such a con dition a s to express by them the

subjec t m a d e a c t i v e by a cause which lies withoutthe sphere of the subject . Such represen ta tion s in

the moder n la nguages a re expressed by mea n s of the

Verbs t o l e t , t o m a ke , t o c a u s e , t o h a v e , etc .

The Hun ga r ia n la n guage forms a n ew Verba l

root fo r these represen ta tion s , by the addition of the

syllable ta t or tet to the root of the Ac t i v e vo ice.

Va'r n i to wa it , forms v a'

r - ta t -n i to let wa it for , a n d

to ca use a ny on e to wa it.

59

O b s . 1. The Pa ssive root is very often usedin the mea n in g of Fa ctitive Verbs , a n d the root ofFa ctitives must often be tra n sla ted by the Pa ss ive

v o ice of our moder n la n guages ; thus , horma'

ngos n i

to gover n ,forms horma

'

ngos ta tn i to be govern ed,

hor on a'

s n i to crown , hor on a’

s ta tn i to be crown ed , etc.

O b s . 2 . The Fa ctitives have both , the defin ite

a n d in defin ite ,forms of Conjuga tion ; Fa ctitive roots,

used a s Pa ssive on es , ha ve o n ly the forms of the

Pa ssive vo ice .

A’

B a'

tg a'

m soha zg v a'

r ta t (My brother lets me

wa it a lon g time) . As a tga'

m ss ép hb’

ngvet foghb

‘

ttetn i . Mi esin a'

lta ta n h (we have made) 12J’

ha ba'

tot . a’

tollhésedet ha a s t a ha r od

hogg va'

gjon . As Atga'

m ss a'

mo lta tfa a’

ho'

ngvei t a’

ba'

tga'

mma l (My fa ther makes my bro ther coun t his

books) . A’

ta n ito'

v elem ir a g’

a . a’

levelehet (the

tea cher , lets me w r i te the letters) . As e'

des a ngo'

m

a’

h12gomma l olv as ta tja es t a’

ho'

ngv et. Ha n ehem

pen s em voln a r a ha’

t cs in a'

lta tn éh. Min den ba r a'

tim

velem fis ettetih a do'

ssdga iha t. Ss a'

mi ttasd fel a’

p én s t hogg ta djuk me nngi v a n . M i ha'

s a t ép ittetunh,

ti p edig ha'

s té lgt.

We ha ve our dresses made a t our ta ilor’s , bu t

our fr ien d ha s his m ade a t your ta ilor’

s . Let your

brother read his lesson . We had a fin e house built.

The termi n a tion of the secon d P er son of the Subjun ctiveJ

’

a d a n d flat,is o ften con tra cted in to (1 ; thu s , ,,

sa d“ a n d,,sed“

becomes d a s well ; a n d in stea d of v a’ry’

a d wa it , we ha ve vdr d,

in stea d of ho’

ssor ii ltessed,we have hess bm’

i ltecd .

0

Our fa ther causes u s to read every n ight (min de n

es tve) . I sha ll let you wr ite a letter for my fr ien d.

We sha ll have our sa loon lighted up by forty-five

lamps . Do m ake your brother fin ish his wr itings

(do make fin ish : v éges tesd) . If you ha ve a n ew

coa t made , give it to our ta ilor . We ha ve our

boo ts made a t Mr . B’

. s . I do n ot like to go out

w ith Cha rles , because he keeps me wa iting for him

a very lon g time . Our tea cher lets us coun t everyday. After we ha ve fin ished our school -work , our

mother lets us play on the pia n o . Our music ma ster

lets us sin g a s well.

C . P o t e n t i a l r o o ts .

The possibility of a ny a ction represen ted in the

Verb , a s well a s the n otion of ,,b e i n g a b l e“ to

p erform the a ction , is expressed by the syllables

ha t , bet , whi ch a re a dded to the root of the Verb,Active , Pa ssive , or Fa ctitive ; thus is or igin a ted a

n ew root , to which the Conjuga tion a l termin a tion sa re join ed a s to a Pr imitive Verba l r oot. Va

'

r n i to

wa it for , va'

r a tn i to he wa ited for , v a'

r ta tn i to let

(make a ny on e) wa it , have a s ma ny roots of

possibility in v a'

r ha t , v a'

r a tha t a n d vdr ta tka t , a n d

va'

r lza tok, mea n s : I may, I ca n , I am able to wa it ;v a

'

r a tha tom , I ca n he wa ited for , it is possibletha t I am wa ited for ;

v a'

r ta tlza tok I am able to make on e wa it , or

I can let a uv on e wa it.

6 2

the people is able to govern itself , it w ill throw off

the gua rdia n ship of mon a r chs .

A’

bb‘

nyveim be n em bb’

tetbetn eb‘ (ca n n ot be

boun d) e’bé ten (this week) . E s ele a’ [ea ch ]: n em

ir a tba tn a le ma . Bes t ta n a lo lc n em dics ér tetbetn ek.

Idegen fa’

ldb'

n n ebes en ta ldlta tba tik a s on ss iv esség

melly (which) minket (us) tulajdon tit’

s belyeinkn e'

l

a'

p olga t . Messs e fe’

ldon ker es tetbetik a’bz

’

i ba r a'

t,

ba ben n a nk biis ég n in esen . Nem min dny aja n ta n it

ta tba ta nk egg mester s égr e Amba’r v a'

r ta tba tn a'

m

(I wa s able to let wa it) a’

flat, me’

g is inka'

bb s iette

tem. En elbess e'

ltetbetn e'

m vele a s eyess iigyet , a’e

a n a lma s a s t ba llga tn i .

I ca n n ot be expected a t my un cle’

s . You could

be r eceived better (you possibly m ight be received

better) if you ma de him a presen t. It is u n cer ta in

whether (ba) the ba ttle could ha ve been won . The

en emies might have been va n qu ished , if the soldiers

had ha d capable leaders . Gutta - percha ca n be usedfor (r a ) fa n cy works ; of it ca n be made ba skets,

pla tes , spoon s ,inksta n ds , picture a n d lookin g-gla ss

frames . I could n ot let you wa it a ny lon ger . If Iwere a ble to ha ve my coa t made a t your ta ilor

’

s ,

I should ga in in (72) its pr ice a n d in the bea uty of

its shape .

D 0 M e d i u m .

Ma ny Verbs whi ch r ea lly have a n a ctive or

reflexiv e mea n ing a re u sed a s Neuter , a n d a s such

they r eceive Person a l termin a tion s of Conjuga tion

6 3

like those of the Pa ssive Vo ice . L akn i to in habit,mea n s in its media l form to live , to dwell.

P r e s . lakom I live ,I dwell , lakol thou livest,

labile he lives ; la ba nk , laktolt , lakn ak.

P a s t. la lttam I have lived , I have dwelt,la bta

'

l

thou ha st lived, la ba tt he ha s lived ; la btun lc,la kta tok ,

laktak,

F u t. lubn i fogok I sha ll live , lakn i fogss thou

w ilt live , la bn i fog he w ill live ; lakn i

foga nk we sha ll live , lakn i fogtok vou w ill

live , lak ni fogn a b ,they w ill live .

SUBJUNCTIVE .

L akjam tha t I m ay live , lakja'

l , lakjek ; lak

ja nk , lakja tok , lakja n a lc.

L akn a'

m I would live , labn a'

l, l a kn é lc ; la /ma'

nk,

lakn a'

tob , lakn a'

n ab' .

L on don ba n tb‘

bb min t ke’

t milliom ember laki lr’k

) .

En igen ss ép tafion lakom, ba n em te n em la be l a lly

ss ép v idéken . S ob bajia l biis dik a s ember mig e’

v ila'

go t lakja (in habi ts) . Mi tetss ilc n eked ja bba n ,a

’

v er es v agg a’

s b’

ld ss in . Nakem zigy la'

tss ilc

bogy n in es iga s a d. Min dey iga s a t ss o'

lfa nk ba'

r

n e is ma'

s okn ak A’

n ap for ogn i

lcitss ik a’

fol d [cor al Ha Jot tess iink (we do)

n e bogy b’

n s ésbdl tettiik (we did) .

S in gu la r a fter the Numera ls .

Tessiin lr in stea d of teta sjitn lc we may plea se.

M r

) Ia'

tsza ss ék,in stea d of ldtss a tjék ,

it sha ll a ppea r .

64

Ango lor ss dg a’

v ila'

gn a lr min den r e'

ss eivel her es

Icedib . A’

n agylcer eskea’é'

n em ker eskedilc kicsinyben

(in reta il) . Ker eskecljé l bogy nyerjé l va lamit , mer t

nyer ésbdl e'

lss .

We live in Oxford street , a n d you live in Hol

born , but he lives in Ken tish Town . If he would

live a t my un cle’

s , he da ily could take a wa lk in

the pa rk. If E ngla n d traded to Russia , it would

ga in a grea t dea l. He trades (w ith) in drapery.

My brother works a t (in ) the ca rpen ter’s trade , a n d

I work a t the pr in ting tra de . Men who do n ot work

a re a burden (ter bé r e) to society. Men sin aga in st

the law of the n a ture , when they oppress their fellow

crea tures. Tyra n ts sin aga in st society by ruling(when they rule) others aga in st their w ill . The

Kin g domin eers over his people in stead of govern ingit (in stead tha t he m ight govern it) .

V I I .

l r r egu l a r i ti e s i n V e r b a l fo r

m a t i o n s .

A. V e r b a l r o o t s i n

Verbs the root of which is n ot a mon osyllabica l

o n e , a n d term in a ting with d , preceded by a vowel , a re

liable to con tra ction in the Presen t Ten se of the

Verbs of this kin d a re Medium s , but in regard to a ludn i,

the people a n d Gramma ria n s do n ot yet a gree ; the former ,though erron eously , u sin g it a s a Neu ter a n d Medium . The

orms in whi ch it commonly occur s a re subjoin ed , its Medial

form ha s the same termin a tion s a s la lmi . See p . 155 .

65

Indica tive Mood ; the whole syllable a d , a d , 5 d,

it'

d , e d is m issed , a n d the con son a n t as is put in

stead. Thus , fekiidn i, to lie , ha s febssmn I lie ; a ludn i,to sleep , ha s a lss om I sleep .

O b s e r v . If the pen ultima of the Verba l root

ha s more tha n on e con son a n t , such con tra ction s a re

n ot made , but d is cha nged in to ss : a s , a lkudn i to

bid , a lka ss om I bid.

1.

INDICATIVE .

P r e s. a lss om I sleep , a lss ol thou sleepest , a lss ik

he sleeps , a lss a nk we sleep , a lss otolc you

sleep , a lss a n a lc they sleep . Febss em I lie ,

fekss el thou liest , febss ik he lies ; fekss i mk

we lie , fekss etek you lie , fekss en elc they lie.

P a s t t e n s e . a la dtam I did sleep , Lwa s sleeping,I have slept , a la dta

'

l, a la dott a n d a ludt ; a la d

tun /r , a ludta tob, a ludta lc a n d a la dta n ak.

F u t. a ludn i fogok I sha ll sleep , etc., regula r .

Ha s udn i , to tell a lie , a n d Verbs in which the

syllable of con tra ction is pr eceded by s or ss , a re

n o t abbrev ia ted , bu t the primitive roo t is used ; thus ,ba s a dom in stea d of ba s ss om.

As ocs ém min dey ba r agss ib' ba va la bi a

’

tolldt

elv ess i (tak esaway) . A’

ta n ita'

megba r aga dott a s on ,

bogy a’

fizt n em tudta a’

lecs kejé t. En n em ba r ag

ss om r a'

cl (r ead : w i th you) , mer t te n em tebetss

r o'

la (you ca n n ot help it) . A’

ba'

ty a'

m soba'

ig a lss ik.

Ti még 10 o'

r a lcor a s a'

gyba n febss etek, te is addigCsnnk hung. Cram 5

66

(till then a s lon g) fekss el. Mi lefebss iink tis dr akor , és a lss un lc bet o

'

r a ig r eggel. En minde’

y a lka

ss om ba v a lamit vess ek (buy) . A’

ba'

tya'

m soba sem

a lka ss ik,és a s e

'

r t dr a'

ga'

n fis et. En a lkua’tam. Ti

n em a lkudta tolc. A’ki ba s a dik bi telt n em er demel.

We do n ot go to bed before 11 o’

clock. Mybrother is a lways in bed a t 10 o

’

clock. Do you

sleep lon g (lon g you sleep) ? We sleep for seven

hours (till seven hours) , but our frien d sleeps on ly

for five hours . I do n ot go to bed ea rly. My bro

ther is offen ded , because I did n ot len d him my

book. You a re a lways a ngry when you go to school.

(The) Men tha t have on ce told a lie ha ve n o credit.

He often tells a lie to defen d his w ickedn ess. Our

tea cher wa s offen ded yesterday , because on e of his

pupils (his on e pupil) told a lie. I am n ever angry

with you.

2 .

SUBJUNCTIVE .

a ludiam (common ly a la a’

iak) sha ll I sleep ,tha t I may sleep , a la clfa

'

l, a la clfé lc; a la clja nk

tha t we may sleep , sha ll we sleep , a lad

ja tok, a luclfa n ak.

P r e s. a ludn a'

m (common ly a ludn éb) I would sleep ,if I slept, a lua

’n a

'

l,a ludn élt (common ly a lud

7i a) , a la dn a'

nb , a ludn a'

tok, a ludn a'

n ak.

P a s t. a ludtam voln a I would have slept , if I hadslept , a ladta

'

l voln a , a ludt voln a,

a ludtun lc

voln a , a la dta tok voln a , a la dtak voln a .

67

The Imperative is the same a s the Subjun ctive

Mood ; in the secon d person of the Impera tive Mood"

the termin a tion cil , é l , is often missed.

Ne a la alya l solsa zg ,mer t bosss zt a

'

lom ar t a s

egéss se'

gn ek. Alualf. Ala alfa n b (let us sleep) . Ne

ba r agua’

fa tok a s akr a , kik (who) aka r a tla n zll megba'

n

ta n ak. Ha megba r agudn a'

tols mi n em men n énk N

bes . A’ba

'

tya'

m tova'

bbig a ladn e'

k ba n em [sellen e

(were n ot obliged) oskola’

ba men n i . Res t ember els

min dey a lba tn a b. En n app a l n em a lba tom de

Ka'

r olg/ min dey a lba tik. L efekadbetiink (ca n we go

to sleep) ? Ne fekiiclietelc me'

g le , mer t me'

g n in es 9

o'

r a . Ha mi r ayta (abou t it , in stead of a s on) megba r agudta nk voln a , n em jb

’

tta'

nk voln a ide. Ke'

r em

meg n e ba r agua'

i a n ak bogy v isss a n em bos tam a’

kb'

nyvaket. B a'

r ba r aga clfék is é n n elci n em a dom.

Go to bed. Let us go to bed (febuclfunk le) .

Do n ot tell lies , for you sin aga in st yourself a n d

aga in st others . If he should tell a lie , he would be

pun ished by his tea cher . I should ha ve told you

a lie, if I had sa id it wa s n ot true. Never be a n gry

w ith your n eighbours. Be n ot offen ded a t trifles.

You would have been offen ded , if I had gon e away

w ithout taking lea ve. Would you be offen ded , if Itold you the truth ? We a re reposing ; you have

been reposing. Na ture is in repose , a n d the a irs of

the birds do n o t soun d (the birds their a irs n ot soun d).

The sun ha s set. The sun sets. As soon a s the

sun sets the n octurn al birds leave their lurking places.

68

B . Ve r b a l r o o t s i n

3.

Ven n i to buy , to take.

In d i c a t. P r e s . v ess els I buy , vess el , vess en

a n d vess ; vess a'

n ls we buy , vess

telc, vess n elc.

Im p . vev é ls I bought , vevé l , veve ; ve

v én ls we bought, veve'

telc, vev én elc.

P e r f. vettem I have bought , I bought,I wa s buyin g , vettel , v ett ; vettiink,

vettetels , vetten els.

Fu t. ven n i [ago/c l sha ll buy , ven n i fogss ,ven n i fog , etc.

S u bj u n c t. vegyelc tha t I may buy , sha ll I buy,vegyé l , v egyen ; vegy ii n ls , vegyetelc

vegyen elc.

C o n d i t. 1. ven n e'

ls I would buy , if I bought,ven n e

'

l , ven n e ; v en n én ls , ven n é tek,

v en n e'

n eb' .

2 . vettem voln a I would or should ha ve

bought, vetté l voln a , vett voln a ; vetta’

n lt

voln a ,v ettetelc voln a ,

vettek voln a .

E n n i to ea t in n i to dr ink, len n i to become,

bin n i to believe , v in n i to ca rry , to take , ten n i to do ,

a lthough vess ess is the proper form , yet v ess el is

common ly u sed.

E n n i a n d in n i (which takes the per son a l a ffixes withha rd vowels) a re u sed in the Media l form ; thu s , css em I ea t,ess el thou ea test , ess ik he ea ts , etc. , a n d iss om

,iszo l, iss ik, etc.

7 0

No ; he wen t for a foot - soldier . The more we

recede from the sta te of n a ture , the more difficult itbecomes to be happy.

In d i c. P r e s . meggels I go , meggss thou goest,megg , men he goes ; meggiin lc we

go , man tele, men n elf .

Imp . men élc I wen t , men é l , men e ; men e'

nk

we wen t , men é telc, men én elc.

P e r f. me ntem I wa s go ing , I wen t ; Ihave gon e , men tel , men t ;

men tz'

in lc we have gon e , we were

going , we wen t , men tetelc, mentekor men ten ek.

F u t. men n i fogolc I sha ll go , men n i fogss ,thou wi lt go , menn i fog he will go ;men n i foga n lc, etc.

S ubj . menjelc, sha ll I go , tha t I may go ,

menjel , menjen ;menjitnb , menjetels , menjen elc.

C o n d. 1. men n éb I would go , menn é l , menn e, etc.

2 . men tem voln a I would have gon e , if

I would have gon e , men té l voln a , men t

voln a ,

men'

tz'

in lt voln a , etc .

Ha a s i515 ss ép less sé tciln i megya n lc. As

a ny tim a s t ma n ata , bogy ki n a meagelc. Ha ki

7 1

mennek as a tga'

m ba r agadn é ls r dm. Ki mon dta

bogg N. a rbos menjetelc. Menjilnk (let us go)ba s a mer t lse

'

sb. Ha elmenn é l , s a'

r d (in stead of

drg'

ad) be a’ss oba ajto

'

t. E n Pa r isba meggelc a s

b’

csém p edig Br itsselbe megg . Ke’

r em n e vegge

r oss neven (do n ot take it ill) ba n em men n é lc

ba nd (wi th you) . Mi elmegy ilnk, n em men tcle ti

is ? Mi n em mebeta n lc mer t as a nga'

n ls n em engedi .

I should go to Pa r is , if my mother took (would

take) me with her . Will you go for a wa lk (to walk)this a ftern oon (ma dé luta

'

n ) ? No ; we sha ll n ot go for

a walk. Ca n you ca rry this book? I sha ll take

(ca rry) this book to the bookbin der . Do n ot take

tha t boot to the shoemaker . The boy took his

books a n d his wr itin gs to the school. Have you

don e your work? We did our work yesterday , a n d

you w ill do yours to -morrow . He n ever does his

work. Believe Wha t I told you . I believe i t,

beca use your frien d told me of it before he

wen t to Pa r is. I should believe it , if he n ever

had told a lie.

Kib ele Icin ek (to every body) ott ba s aya , a bol

ga l megy do lga (he does well) . Nem megg a s

min dég zigg a bogg a s ember maga'

ba n feltess i .

Tess em fel (suppose) bogg ebn en n ék, mit fog b

a s uta'

n csina'

ln i . Ki v itte at a s én lcb'

ngvemet ? A'

ba'

tga'

d a s t maga'

va l v itte. As t soba sem bittem

voln a hogg b elmenjen . Ne hidd (biclfed) n eki mer t

7 2

p a'

p ista . En hiss em , mer t magam’

ss emével

(my own eye) la'

ttam. Hiss ed - e a s t bogg té len

men ngdb’

r b’

g ? Hiss em , mer t magam is ba llottam.

Boldogols leile n em la'

tn a ls e'

s meg is biss n ek.

Take this n ewspaper up sta irs . My brother

took his coa t to your ta ilor , for he had bought it

of him . Never buy things w ithou t seein g them . Ishould like (ss er etn é lc) to buy a horse , if I hadmon ey. The brother of your un cle sudden ly became

ill. I become ill if I ea t fruit. Did you ea t a ll

the fruit which my mother ha s bought for you ? We

took some of it to your fr ien d Cha rles , a n d some

(n émit) we a te in compa ny w ith our fr ien d Fra n cis .

Take these’ pea rs to your fa ther ; my brother ha s

bought them for him ; I believe they a re good

(on es) . Do you (think) believe (tha t) we sha ll have

some r a in ? Take this book ba ck to the bookseller ,

a n d tell him (tha t) I sha ll n ot buy it.

C . V e r b a l r o o t s i n

In d i e. P r e s . Ib’

vb’

lc I come , jb’

ss thou comest , jb'

(ib’

n) he comes , Jov ilnk we come,

J'

b’

n ek

ja’

veh I came , jb'

ve'

l , jb'

ve ;

jb‘

v é nls , jb'

vé tels , jb'

vén els.

Proverb , mea n in g to be cau tious .

7 3

P e r f. jbtem I came , I did come , I wascomin g ,

I have come, jbté l , jbt,

jo"tiZnk, jbtetels, jb

'

telc.

F u t. jbn i (a n d jb'

n n i ) fogok I sha ll

come , will come , jb'

n i (jb'

n n i)

fogss , jb’

n i fog ,

j0”n i foga n ls, jbn i fogtols , jbn i

fogn a le.

S u bj jb’

jels (a n d jbfiek) sha ll I come , tha t Im ay come , jbjé l (jbfié l a n d jer ) jbfib

’

n

jbjzin ls tha t we m ay come , sha ll we come ,

j0”

jetelr (fb’

fietek) jbjen els (jejjen 8b?)C o n d. 1. jbn e

'

lc (a n d fe’

n n els) I would come , if Icame , jbn é l , jbn e ;

jbn én lc, jbn é telc, jbn é n els.

2 . jbtem voln a I would ha ve come,

je”tel vo ln a , jb

'

tt voln a ,“

jc’

lta'

n lf voln a , jbtetels voln a , jetek

voln a .

Alike to the Verb je’

n i to come , a re formed

Mn i to shoo t, ss b’

n i to weave , bin i to ca ll , ss in i

to dr aw , to smoke (toba cco) , a n d simila r on es,

a n d their compoun ds.

O b s . 1. Verbs of this kin d a re con tra cted from

their pr im itive roots jb’

v, lb

‘

v,

ss b'

v, hiv , ss iv ; this

r oot is restored in a ll forma tion s in which the a ffix

begin s with a vowel ; on the con trary , if the a ffix

begin s with a con son an t , the r adical v is thrown off

7 4

an d the radica l vowel protracted : thus lb-tem in steadof lb

'

v - tem , .bi -t am in stead of biv - tam , etc.

2 . The Verb jbn i , forms its Ten ses regula rly a s

Well as by mea n s of a ssimila tion of the con son a n t v ,

w ith the in itia l con son a n t of the person a l a ffixes ; thus,we form jbn i an d jb

'

n n i , jdjele a n d jbfiele.

This ha s m islea d some Gramma r ia n s to a dopt this

a ssimila tion in the Conjuga tion of a ll other Verbs ,but they forgot tha t jb

‘

n n i reta in s its short vowel

when the v is assimila ted , a n d prolongs it when the

v is thr own off. This is n ot the ca se w ith the other

Verbs , for their vowel a lways rema in s a long on e, when

the a ffix begin s wi th a con son a n t. This is the rea son

why some a uthors wr ite bittam, lbttem, bin i, bin é le, etc.

Ha ti beln ap eb'

b’

ttb‘

le bos s a'

n le (to us) ma la tosm

fogan le. En elfb’

ttem ebln a ban em sole mun ira'

m mia tt

lei n em mebettem. i etele el ma , mer t beln ap n em

less iln le (sha ll be) o ttbon Mi el fogun le jba i .

Ba r a'

tom n e jbj; (Impera tive) bos s a'

m, mer t n em

a dba tom a s t a’

mit leér te'

l. Jbfietele vela n le s é ta'

ln i.

Mi n em jb’

viln le sé ta'

ln i min tbogg dolga n le va n . Ha s a

- e ma'

r a’

n aggba'

tga'

d ? Még n em jb’

tt ba s ch‘

(és) n em is va'

rja le esa le ba’

r om n ap mulva . Hos s a'

tole

jb'

n n ék de fe'

lele bogg dolgotole less . Ne jb‘

z'

i ma

ba n em beln ap , a lekor jdtss ba tun le. Ha tegn ap jbtetele

voln a még la'

tba tta'

tole voln a a’

lee'

p et mit a s a tgam

Br ilsselbe killdb’

tt. A‘

,lei n em jb

’

n . ann a le menn i

n em leell .

7 5

My brother came from the play (thea tre) last

n ight (yesterday even ing) a t 11 o’

clock. We came

from the coun try (fa la ) in to (be) the town . Did

you come from Lon don ? No ; we came from Ba th .

Did you n ot go to‘

Lon don when you came from

Par is ? Yes. My fr ien d came from Fra n ce to see a ll

the cur iosities of Lon don . We sha ll come to you

to -n ight, when we ha ve don e our work.

Do n ot come to day ,for we sha ll be out (we n ot

sha ll be a t home) . If you would come to -morrow

morn ing we should go in the coun try. Sha ll I comethis a ftern oon (ma dé la ta

'

n ) ? No , you had better

(in lea'

bb) come a fter to -morrow (beln ap uta'

n ) . Sha ll

we come to see (la'

toga tn i) you n ext (jb’

vb) week?

En tegn ap va ddss n i voltam de n em le’

tem semmit.

A’

v a da'

ss ole gga ler a n n em lbn elef Ss er etn é le lbn i .

Ki bive tt (bit) . gon dolem begg a s b’

ese'

d bit

te'

ged (thee) . Hifdtole el a s t a s ember t. Ka'

r oly

leibz'

mer t va lami t a lea r mon da n i . Nem aka r ss egg

p ip a doba'

ngt ss in i (to smoke) ? En n em ss oletam

ss in i (I am n ot used to smokin g) . As a tga'

n lemin de'

y

ss zva r t ss i . A’

ta ledes ss b'

v i (defin ite form of s sbn i)

a’

v a'

ss n a t , a s a br ess olea t e'

s a s a ss ta l - leen a’bleet.

A’Poss to

'

s ss b'

veti (lets weave) a’

p oss td- leelmé t.

Angolor ss a'

gba n ge'

ppel ss b’

v etile a’

p oss to'

t és a’

vdss n a t , Magga r or ss a'

gba n tb‘

bbngir e lee'

s s el.

When we were hun ting we shot ma ny ha resand par tr idges. Can you shoot (do you kn ow to

7 6

shoot) ? No , I ca n n o t shoo t ; but my brother shoots

very well (very well shoots) . I shot two deers

yesterday. We ha ve shot some w ild ducks . Do n ot

shoo t when people a re pa ssing before you (elbttetele) .

If you should shoot you would kill them . Did you

ca ll your brother ? Ca ll your youn ger brother a s well.

Your fr ien d ha s ca lled you , he wa n ts to speak to

you . Sha ll I ca ll this gen tlema n . Ca ll him. You

n ever should ca ll me when I am a t work. Wha t

do you smoke , ciga rs or a pipe (toba cco)? I prefersmoking a pipe (toba cco) . Did you ever smoke

Ha va n a sega rs ? I did smoke them formerly ,but n ow

I prefer smoking Virgin ia n toba cco .

l ) . V e r b a l r o o t s o f ,,z , s z“ .

6 .

Verba l roots termin a ting in ss ,s , preceded by a

vowel, common ly receive 0 1, el, bl in the secon d Person

Sin gula r Number in stea d of ss ; the con son a n t j, is

a ssimila ted to the radica l ss,s . In the third Person

Sing. of the Perfect Ten se the t is redoubled a n d pre

ceded by a short vowel , which a ccordin g to the Verba l

root is either 0 or b’

a n d e : thus , bos o tt he brought,in stead of bes t , fbs b

’

tt he co oked , etc .

O b s . 1) If the verba l r oot en ding in s be of

two or more syllables the ultima is con tra cted

a ccordin g to 5 . In trod. Thus , from ss er es n i to pur

cha se , we form : ss er s ele, ss er s el , ss er es , ss er s iin le,

ss er es tele, ss er es n ele. Verbs the roots of which are

7 8

Verbs hav ing a vowel before the termin ation of the In fin itive a i , a n d such a s have a

fin a l t in their root preceded by a shor t vowel (a svet , fa t , receive a short vowel (o ,

b‘

, e ,)before the Cha ra cter istic of the Perfect Ten se,which in this ca se is reduplica ted. For in sta n ceba lla n i to hea r , forms ba ll- o - ttam I have hea rd ;leiey

’

ten i to pron oun ce, kiejt- e - ttem I have pron oun ced ;leils den i to struggle, leils d-b ttem I have struggled, etc.

Naggen solea t ba llettun le bess e'

ln i a’

r egiele’

v ités ségzller bl ; ba llotta d bogy mit mon dott. A’

Tolvaj n em v a llott meg semmi .t O elr ejtette a s t a’

mit ma'

sole lap ta le. Hov a’

fa tottcil a milter bita la le

(ca lled thee) . Te engemet ir n i ta n itotta'

l a’ba

’

tga'

m

p edig téged r ajs oln i ta n itott. Ti a da'ig ba la ss totta

'

tole

mig leesa volt. En n em ba lass tottam voln a ba n em

a s b‘

esém leér t begy n e s iessele. Mit vetettetele a bba

(in tha t) a’

ker tbe . Mi v ir a'

got meg s b’

lds éget

v etettiln le. Ki z’

ltb’

tt meg ? A’

fia megiltb’

tte a’

lap da'

v a l. O megss er i totta a’

lees emet e'

s cltun t.

Naggen ss or i totta le min leet a’

n aggss omba ti esa ta

uta'

n . A’

Magya r ole megbo'

ditotta'

le P a n n dn ia'

t 894

évben . En megss o'

litottam a s a tes a'

n ba n em b’

n em

ba llga tott r a’

m. Ka'

r olg leiey’

tette jo'

l es eleet a’

ss a v a lea t. Ha llo tt ad - e begga n mon dta lei 6 ? Ha

jo'

l leiejtetted v oln a a s t a’

ss o'

t , a’ta n ite

'

n em

iga s itott volna . Mzer t (why) n em iga s itottad ba

7 9

la'

ttad bogy biba'

s ott. Mileor gea s t bos eti én oda

ngujtottam a’

lees emet bogg tb’

le a'

tvegg/em.

He ha s hidden himself, for he fea red the

pun ishmen t. He stretched out his ha n d , when he

hea rd (person s) speaking of fruit. Did you listen to

(tha t) wha t he ha s sa id? I ha ve n ot listen ed. Mytea cher ha s corrected me a lways, when I ha ve madea mistake (biba

'

t ejten i, to make a m istake) . I ha vefo rgotten to lea rn my lesson . Cha rles ha s forgotten

to take his books wi th him . William the Con queror

ha s con quered this isla n d. The E nglish n a tion

delayed its a ssista n ce to foreign n a tion s till it wa s

too late . The clock struck on e. We have sown

seeds of flowers in our ga rden ; our un cle ha s sown

seeds of v egetables in his ga rden . The thief ha s

run away. My brother ha s spoiled my blue ink.

I have pa in ted a fin e picture.

8 .

Dissyllabica l Verbs w ith a fin a l t in their root,

a nd Verbs the roots of which term in a te w i th d , g,

k, r eceive the shor t vowel (o , b’

, e , before the t

of the Perfect in the third person Sing. Ss er et - n i

to love , ss er etett he loved , a dn i to give , a dott he

ha s given .

O b s . 1. Dissyllables in d ha ve , in the third

per son Perfect, ei ther a single t or tt preceded by a

short v owel ; thus , ss a lead a i to tea r , will be ss a le

edt a n d ss a lea do tt it tore, r ep ed a i to cr ack, r ep edt

a nd r ep edett it cracked.

80

2 . Le'

tn i , to see ,forms la

'

ttam I have seen ,

la'

tta'

l thou ha st seen , la'

to tt he ha s seen .

As e ese'

m ba s a sietett ; 6 n em ss er etett voln a

teva'

bb v a'

r n i . Solea t fis etett a s a tga'

m a’

bds a ér t.

Is tva'

n min ap fa r leas t leergetett . Ha b mega lea dott

voln a én segitettem v oln a r ajta (on him ; him) . Ki

segitett midbn es t es in a'

lta d. A’

bdtga'

m segi tett,

mer t én btet segitettem mileor o"delgos ott. A

’

flu

ss a la a'ott , én is elss a la dtam. .lll egss a lea dt a’

ss ive

a’

ba s afin a le ba s aj'

dn a le As e'

r a la'

n es

elss a leodott’

s a s ér t a s ar e n em megg . As a tgam

L ondon ba n la leo tt , de en min dég fa la n la letam. As

a ng a'

m n eleem a lmat a dott , é s e'

n es t a’

ba r a'

tomn a le

a dl am.

I have pa id you a ll tha t I owed to you , but

my debtor did n o t pay me . My brother pa id 50 1. for

his pia n o . I should ha ve pa id him , if he would

h a ve given me a r eceipt for it. My fr ien d ha sten ed

away. Did be r un ? He cut his fin ger when he wa s

cuttin g mea t. The tea cher expelled tha t boy from

his school , because he wa s disobedien t. Did you

ever see a lio n ? No , but our fr ien d ha s seen a lion .

He r a n away beca use he wa s a fra id of pun ishmen t.

I loved you when you were obedien t a nd behaved

yourself well. I did n ot like (ss er etn i) the boy

beca use of his in solen ce.

9 .

The Hunga r ia n la nguage ha s the peculia rjéy of

expressing the Objective ca se of the Person a l Prongoun

8 1

of the secon d person , govern ed by a ny Active

Verb , by mea n s of a n a ffix added to the Verbal

root. This peculia r form is used ~on ly when the

speaker himself is represen ted a s Active . The a ffixused is [a le a n d lele. Thus , I wa it for thee or Iexpect thee , w ill be expressed by v a

'

r - la le , in stead

of v a'

r om tégedet ; I bea t you , wi ll be ver -lele in stead

of ver em titeleet ; la'

t - la le (la'

tn i to see) I see you

a n d I see thee.

Whether the form la'

tla le mea n s ,,I see you

“or

,,I see thee“ will be un derstood by the sen ten ce in

which such a form is used. The same a ffix maybe a dded to the root of the Perfect a n d Future,in a ll the Ten ses of the Con dition a l , a n d the

Ten ses of the Poten tia l a n d Fa ctitive Verba l forms,a n d thus be formed : va

'

r ta la le I wa ited for thee,va

'

r n i fogla le I sha ll wa i t for thee , vdrja la le tha t

I may wa it for thee , v a'

r n a'

la le I should wa it for

thee , v a'

r ba tla le I ca n wa it for thee , v a'

r ta tba tla le

I ca n let thee wa it.

Ha min elfa'

r t eyess még megva'

r la le. En m eg

la'

toga tta la le voln a tegn ap de n aggen esett a s esa,

a s ér t esa le a’

fe‘

eb’

bé ten fogla le la'

tega tn i . Ta la'

n

n agya n solea'

ig va'

r ta tla le (I let you wa it) . Ma lt

be’

tfbn bos s a'

m biva tta la le. E n v édtelele (I havedefen ded thee) a

’

tolvajole ellen , leile tegn ap meg

ta'

ma dta le. E n n em ss er etlele, mer t n em a lea r ss

engedelmesleedn i ; ss er ettelelemig szorga lma tos vo lta'

l.

En majd ba s a ves etlele (take you home) mer tn em esme

'

m'

tele a s uta tolea t (your way). Vigga'

s s

Csink. bung. gr am. 6

82

bagg meg n e fisselele. Vdey’

a la le? En tabbé n em

va'

r ba tla le, mer t fé l o'

r a ma lva osleola'

ba leell

men n i . Megver lele ba n em baggss bé leé t (keep the

pea ce) . Add (a clja d) ide a’

lees edet hogg a’

v is bbl

lei bels s a la le. Hogg v a n a s bogg a’

ss in bas ba n n em

la'

t ba tla le. Te leillb’

n ben min dég oda ss oleta'

l jcir n i .

En n em ba llba tla le ba ollg ba llelea l bess e'

ltele.

I ca n n ot rea ch you ,for you sta n d very fa r

from me. I sha ll bea t you . if you spoil my book.

I should love you if you were diligen t. If I shouldhav e seen you , I would have wa ited for you . Ica n n ot bea t you , a lthough you deserved it. I could

offen d thee , but I shall show to thee , tha t I esteem

thee higher (tb‘

bbr e) tha n my pr iva te in terest.

Could I n o t see you ? I would v isit you ,if you were

a t home to -morrow . Did I hurt thee? I did n ot see

you . If I could have recogn ised you , I should have

spoken to you (addressed you) . I ha ve sen t for you

la st n ight. Did I ca ll you ? No , I ca lled you n ot .

If he would have left you in the field , you would

have lost your way. I do n ot kn ow you , for In ever ha ve seen you before . Did I n ot dr aw you

out of the pon d. I appea sed you when you were in

grea t emotion about (mia tt) the loss of your fortun e .

VII I . P a r ti c i p l e s .

The Verb of the Hun ga r ia n la nguage forms its

Pa r ticiples by mea n s of termin a tion s a dded to the

Verba l root , Active , Pa ssive , Fa ctitive Poten tial,Medium etc. .

83

Such termin a tion s a re : v a , v a'

n ; thus , va'

r va

wa ited (wa iting, having expected, being expected) . va'

r

v a'

n wa itin g ; va'

r a tva hav in g been wa ited for , va'

r a tva'

n

being wa ited for ; va'

r ba tva '

, va'

r ba tva'

n being able to

wa it for ; v a'

r ta tva , v a'

r ta tva'

n lea v ing on e wa iting ; va'

r

ta tba tva , va'

r ta tba tv a'

n being able to let on e wa it.

The Pa rticiple of v a is often used in stead of a n

Adverb w ith a ny other person a l form of the same

Verb ; for in sta n ce : vdr va va'

r ta n le we wa ited

wa itingly. Su ch forms of con struction a re on ly used

to give the person a l Verb a stron ger expression .

Eggn eba'

ng ss o'

t a s ajto’

r a ir va'

n leiss a ladt.

Ka'

r olg n em men t isleola'

ba a s t mon dv a'

n bogg a‘

lees leéjé t n em ta dja . En ela dtam a’

ba'

s ama t n em

ta doa'

n bon n a n p én s t ss er es n i . Nem ss er es betv én

(n ot bein g able to procure) p én s t , én leén telen

voltam a’

ba'

s ama t ela dn i . 0”

leén ss er itv e ja'

r osleo

la'

ba . Ss er etve ss er etett ss ii lein leet el leellett bagg

n a n le (we were obliged to leave) . Ha n iba l elon

s égeitdl a’

ldb’

s ve , As sia'

ba ss b‘

bb’

tt. Ga ss ta'

v Adolp h

v ite'

s iesen ba r es olva elesett . A’

lei leén ss er i tve

ta nul n em nagg elo’

men telt tess . Ja'

tss va ton a l a’

ggermele. Allea ir n i , z’

llve en n i . S ietve ja'

r t

mileor bt ldttam. Nem mebetvén leer ess till , v i s‘

ss a

tér tz'

tn le. Hir telen megba lt , n em esin a'

lba tva'

n v égr en

deletet.

You were expected a t your a un t’s . We were

forced to seek refuge in foreign coun trie s , expelledfrom our own . Not bein g able to pay wha t he

6*

84

owed his property wa s sold. Louis Philippe, lulled in

security , wa s surprised by the Fren ch people. He

left the room ,n ot sayi n g whether he would return

soon . As we a re n ot able (n ot being able) to speakcorrectly , we do n ot like to Speak a word. Ha n n ibal,leav ing Ita ly, deserted the pa th of for tun e. Bein g leftto myself (magamr a) , I wa s n ot able to fin ish the

work. He wrote the letter sta nding. By keepingsilen ce he a ckn owledged his fault. Hav ing return ed,he left this message for you . Having a rr ived a t my

home , I wrote to you a letter directly.

IX .

T h e V e r b h e l l , to w a n t , to b e

o b l ig e d , m u s t .

1.

The (imperson a l) Verb leell is used in con n ection

with Person a l Pron oun s in their forms : n eleem to

me n eleed to thee n eki to him , to her , to it , n eleiln le

to us , n eletele to you , n eleile to them , thr oughout a ll

the Ten ses , of which the Verb leell ha s on ly the

third person . Thus

In d. P r e s . n eleem leell I wa n t , I must , n eleed

leell thou wa n test , n elei leell he

wa n ts , etc.

P a s t. b eleem leellett I wa n ted, I wa s obliged,a n d I must , n eleed leellet , etc.

Fu t . n eleem bellen i fog I sha ll wa n t etc.

S u bj. P r e s. n eleem leellj’

en tha t I may wan t ,

tha t I may be obliged , etc.

86

Ha nebteb feggver bell , majd dd a’

borma'

ng . A’

n ép n eb bit ves ér bell , bogg a’

s sa rn obob’

eselss b'

v é

nyein ggb’

s edelmesbedje n.

No objective ca se is used with the Verb bell.

I do wa n t pen s a n d ink ,for I have bought

paper on ly. Do you wa n t fin e poin ted or common

pen s ? I do n ot wa n t the fin e poin ted (on es) . Did

you wa n t (a ny) mon ey? Yes , I did wa n t (some) ,

but n ow I do n o t wa n t (a ny) . Sha ll you wa n t this

book? Not to -day , but I shall wa n t it to -morrow . If

you should wa n t it , I would sen d it home to you . We

wa n ted a fr ien d , who (bi) could (would be able)

len d us (some) mon ey. Such frien ds a re often wa n ted.

I wa n ted a book , thou dost wa n t ink,

a n d he

wa n ts paper . You a lways wa n t something. I dowa n t him. Do you wa n t your mother ? No , we

wa n t our a un t. Well , do you wa n t n o tea (don’

t

you wa n t . Yes , we do wa n t (some) . Does

Charles wa n t (a ny) bread a n d butter ? No , but he

wa n ts some prun es a n d grapes . You do n ot wa n t

(a ny) apples , do you (wa n t you) ? Yes ,“

a n d (some)

pea rs a s well.

The Pa ssive vo ice of bell is formed regula rly ;

thus , I am wa n ted belletem , tha t I may he wan tedbd essem , I should he wa n ted belletn ém, etc.

If the Objective , in Hun ga r ia n Nomin a tive,ca se , govern ed by the Verb ,,to wa n t“ , should be

replaced by a ny In fin itive wha tever , in the Hunga r ia n

8 7

la nguage the l nfin itive is used with the Possessive

a ffixes . Thus , I wa n t to read is : olv asn om (in stead

of o lvasn i - em) bell , a n d n ebem bell olv a sn - em; thou

wa n test to wr ite, n ebed ir n od (ir n i 0 d) bell he wa n ts

to go n ebi men n ie bell we wa n t to wa it , n eba‘

n b v a'

r

n a n b bell (vdrn i - a nb) they wa n t to speak , n ebib be

ss é ln io’

b bell. In the same way a ll other Ten ses of

the Verb ,,wa n t , w ith a ny Infin i tive wha tever , may

be formed.

As the Verb ,,to wa n t ,“ when mea n ing n eces

sity , is r epla ced by ,,to be obliged“

a n d must ,“

a ll such forms , a s : I am obliged or I must go , a re

expressed by n ebem men n em bell , etc.

The person a l distin ction represen ted in n ebem,

n ebed , n ebi etc . bein g expressed pla in ly en ough bythe a ffixes added to the In fin itive , the Pron oun s

b ebem,n ebed etc. become superfluous a n d a re merely

used empha tically.

The Verb ,,must“ (but n ot the Verb to be obli

ged) is often expressed simply by the In fin itive a dded

to the Verb bell. Thus , n ebem bell olvasn i , I must

read , but olvasn om bell , I am obliged to read.

A’

ba'

ty a'

mn ab fr a n es iazll bell olv asn i , n ebem

p edig n e'

metit’

l. Ma el fog bellen i men n eteb (you will

be obliged to go to -day) . Ha v isss a tér nz’

tnb bell esab

ba r dda l a’

bés ben térz‘

lnb visss a . Nebteb n em bellott

voln a elmen n eto‘

b. Ss omoml bin eb (who) bas ajdt el

bell baggn ia . As ajsdgot olvasn om bell mer t bil

88

lon ben n em ta dn a'

m mi v a n ben n e. Ha'

t bellett - e

elmen n i , v agg a bor ta'

l elmen n i . A’

ba'

tya'

mr a bell

v a’

r n om , a ba'

r a ba r ak a ba'

r n em. Kin eb fog bellen i

men n ie ? Nebem n em bell , n ebem sem (n either

Ha n em bell most ela ta s n otob (uta s n i) n o menjeteb

a in ab (go on a journ ey) most , mer t r oss a s idd.

Ir n om bell a s a tya'

mn ab. Ir n i bell a s a tga'

mn ab.

Nebteb bellet o lv asn otob a s osbola'

ba n, n ebib p odig

ott bellett ma r a dn iob mer t n em ta dta'

b a’

lees

béj’

b’

bet. Ta n uln a nb bell , billo'

n ben megbiin tet a’

ta n ito'

nb.

You a re obliged to work , while your brother

takes a wa lk. We a re obliged to wa lk , while you

a re playing. I must read , you mu st wr ite. I am

obliged to read , thou a rt obliged to work. If Iwere obliged to go home , I should go by (on ) the

steam -boa t. You would be very sorry (Igen sajn a

'

ln a'

tob) if you were obliged to return this pre

sen t. They a re obliged to leave E n gla n d ,beca use

they can get n o employmen t. My brother wa s obli

ged to go to Fra n ce , because his fr ien d wa n ted

him. Were you obliged to leave your coun try?

Were your fr ien ds obliged to leave you ? I wa sn ot obliged to do tha t , but I did it from my own

will. People (men ) a re obliged to give way , when

they exper ien ce con stan t urgen cy. My fa ther wa s

obliged to sell his horse , for it wa s very wild. He

must sell his esta tes if he wishes to pay his debts.

Soldiers a re obliged to learn the differen t movemen ts

9 0

The Ten ses of v a'

r a nd , from var n i , a re

In d. P r e s . v a'

r a n dob I sha ll or w ill wa it,v a

'

r a n dss , v a'

r a n d ; v a'

r a n da nb we

w ill wa it , v a'

r a n dtob,v a

'

r a n dn ab.

P a s t. v a'

r a n do ttam I sha ll or w ill have

wa ited, v a'

r a n do tt a'

l , vdr a n dott ;

v a'

r a n do tta n b we w ill have wa ited,v a

'

r a n dotta tob , v a'

r a n da ttab .

F u t. v a'

r a n dn i (va'

r a n da n i) fogob I sha ll

be wa itin g (for the future) , etc.

S ubj . Pres . v a'

r a n dja b sha ll I be wa iting (for

the future) , a n d tha t I may be

wa itin g (for the fu ture) , var a n dya'

l,

v a'

r a n djon ;°

vdr a n d7’

a nb , v a'

r a n dja tob,v a

'

r a n dfa n a b.

C o n d. 1. v a'

r a n dn éb I should bewa iting (for thefuture), v a

'

r a ndn a’

l,va

'

r a n dn a ; va'

r a nd

n a’

nb ,va

'

r a n dn a'

tob , va'

r a n dn dn ab.

v a'

r a n do ttam voln a I should have

been wa itin g (for the future) , va'

r a n

do tta'

l voln a , v a'

r a n dott voln a,

va'

r a n dotta nb voln a , va'

r a n dotta tob

voln a , v a'

r a ndottab voln a ,etc.

The preceding scheme shews , how difficult it

is to express these Verba l forms of the Hunga r ian

la nguage ; even , the modern languages have n o ex

pression s wha tever to represen t the true mea n ing of

many of these forms ; a n d a s the Hunga r ian la nguage

ha s been cultiva ted by men , who received their edu

9 1

ca tion in foreign coun tr ies a nd foreign la nguages,such forms a re less in use in wr itin g , a n d

I

en tirely

lost in familia r con versation .

Verba l Adjectives formed by 0'

a n d o tt , in

va'

r a n do’

a n d v a'

r a n do tt , correspon d w ith the La tin

future Pa r ticiple of the Pa ssive voice in da s , a n d

va'

r a n do’

expresses a future n ecessity ; thus , es a’

somma beln ap bifis eten db mea n s : this sum must be

pa id to -morrow.

A’

n aggba’

tga'

n b boln ap utdn elyoven d , bogg

minbet la'

togasson . As t mon dta , bogg n ebem aja'

n dé

bos a n dia a s t a’

bép et. Nem biss em , bogg p én s t

a da n d. Reméng len dd bogg fa bbr a fordal sor s a n b.

As ember ma n em ta dfa mit les s teen db be ln ap .

Min den ember ba la ndo’

. A’ba r a

'

tod elmen en d

mielo'

tt téged la'

togasson . Ki mit bb‘

lesb’

n b’

s a s t

visss a tém'

ten dfe. A’

fb'

ld mivelen do’

,bogg bass n ot

bajtson . Addig ba’

mos a n do’

a’

bo'

r sfa mig ba'

mlib

(prov . hammer the iron while it is hot) . B a’

r sob a’

te

lgesitendo'

bb’

telességilnb , mégis minden ib bielégiten db.

XI . P r o n o u n s .

A. P e r s o n a l .

1.

En I , to thou , 6 he , she , it ; mi a n d minb

we , ti a n d tib you , 6b they. E ngem a nd engemet

me , téged a n d tégedet thee , btet him ,her , it ;

minbet us , titebet you , o"bet them ; in stead of

minbet , ti tebet a re often used : ben n ilnbet a n d

benn eteleet.

9 2

The Person a l Pron oun s a re n ever used beforethe Verb , except when empha sis or the con struction

of the sen ten ce requ ires it (when they a re Subjectsof the sen ten ce) .

The Person a l Pron oun s often precede a Noun

with its possessive a ffixes empha tica lly : a s , a s ea

ba’

tya'

m my brother , in opposition to a’

te ba’

tga'

d

thy brother , etc.

The y o u of a ddressing Person s is in the Hun

gar ian la n guage either t o thou , amon g familia rs a n d

in tima te fr ien ds , or (i n (his person , he) , common ly

maga (he himself) , among stra ngers ; thus , either

the Secon d or Third Person of the Singula r Number ;bond is used by the pea sa n try.

Besides these forms there ha s been in troduced

begged , the shorten ed form of beggelmed , which

la tter is used by the pea san try in addressingtheir super iors.

Te n em la'

tta'

l minbet ba n em mi la'

tta nb te'

gedet.

Ki (who) bos ta es t a’

bb‘

ngvet ? Te , vagg a’ ba

'

tga'

d.

Ba r a'

tom én beln ap eluta s om,

’

s a s ér t jbtem bos s dd

bogg tbled elbzleszls s am. E lmeggilnb osbola'

ba , jo'

t

tb’

b ti is ? A’ta n i te ss idott ben etebet mer t n em

tudta'

tob a’lees bé tebet. Va llfon (used in question

ing if we eagerly wish to kn ow something , like

the E nglish : I should like to kn ow) bi volt tegn ap

én n a'

lam ? Te n a'

la d is volt va labi . Titebet meg

biin tetett a‘mester eteb mer t n em esin a

'

lta'

tob jo’

l a'

ma nba'

toba t. 6 i s elfo‘

tt és a’ ba

'

tya is , banem 6b

4

En a s t b‘

n tbl n em vdr tam voln a soba . Hova aba r

o‘

n a ta s n i Ne'

metor ss a'

gba- e e agy Magga r or ss a

’

gba .

En a s b’

n ter vel n em belgeselem ; mas ta n deso t

a dn éb on n eb. Mit gon dol (you , is m issed) less - e

osbak, v agg sem. Kibes (to whom) for dzllt ?

Y o u r , is expressed by mea n s of the Possessivea ffix of the third person . Your book a

' ba'

ngve ;

Yours mea n s o’n n e'

.

You n ever tell me when it is time to go to

school. Did you see your brother to - n ight ? Whoseis tha t book? Yours . Is it yours or m in e ? I think

it is yours. I kn ow it is n ot his . You have n ot

been in Germa ny ,n or in Switzerla n d. With

whom sha ll I sen d this to you ? I have sen t for

you , but you did n ot come. Have you ever read

the beautiful poems of Vorosmarty ? Yes , but do

you n ot prefer Berzseny ? Did you ever see the

capita l of Fra n ce ? Do you think it is a s . la rge a s

Lon don ? You ca n n ot imagin e wha t a n impression

Lon don makes on the m in ds of foreign ers . How can

you expect him doin g tha t (tha t he w ill do tha t) ?

B . R e l a t i v e p r o n o u n s .

Their Declen sion is like that of the Substa n tives.

1.

Ki who , molly which , mi wha t. These a re

preceded by the Defin ite : a rticle a’

, when they begin

9 5

the per iod , or when they refer to a certa in deter

min ed Substa n tive.

A’

bi ma’

sn ab vermet (ver em) as ,maga esib

belé . A’

bi n em a ba r dolgos n i , a s n e is eggen .

As a s ember , a’bi tegn ap i tt vo lt , ma ela ta s ott.

Ember eb ,bib min de nubet etvess itettéb , n em o llg (so)

ss er en esé tlen eb min d a s eb , bibn eb semmi sem siber ill.

As t a’be

'

p et , a’

mellget ma ma ta ttam , egg bir es

fes to’

tdl bap tam. As on n b’

véngeb ,mellgeb dr nge

'

b

ba n n dn eb ,min dég ba la vdng ab. A ’

mellg or ss dg’

nep e n em mivelt , a n n a b n in es ss a ba dsa'

ga . Csab

as on ember eb bib , er bo’

lesi leg mivelteb , va lo'

ba n

ss a ba d ember eb. Kin eb lelbe testi tunyasa'

g a la tt

vess , as eleven en bolt.

Men who a re v irtuous a re sa trsfied with their

own lot. Those who a lways fin d fault w i th others

a re gen erally faulty themselves . The horses which

you have seen belon g to my un cle. The ga rden

which we have bought is 148 feet long , a n d 34 feet

wide . Tha t house , in which you live , is la rger

tha n tha t in which we do live. Did you kn ow

tha t before, wha t I have told you n ow ? This is

the ma n whom you did look for . People , who lose

their,moral power , lost their extern a l liberty. You

do n ot kn ow what I think of. Wha t you think

of I do n ot kn ow , but I kn ow tha t , wha t you have

told me .

9 6

2 .

Milly ,millyen wha t , wha t sor t , how , i llgen ,

i lly

such , so ; olly such a’min d a s

,min d wha t sort,

wha t olly a n , o lly such ; mi wha t , a s tha t.

Milly ,mi llyen , min d a re used in the a n teceden t ,

i lly ,i llyen ,

olly , o llya n in the con sequen t.

The a r ticle a s a n d a’ precedes them if they

refer to a ny determin ed Subject. A’millyen

o llya n , a n d mi llyen o lly a n often may be“

tra n s

la ted by like like ; a s , a’millyen a

’mes ter o llyan

a’ss er ss a

'

m like ma sters like tools.

Illyen eb a s ember eb (such a re men ) . As i llgen

ember eb v a lodi ter beb (such men a re rea l burden s) .

Milly n agy begyebet [at a s ember ba a’Sv ajes ba n

a tazik. A’

min d a’munba , ollya n a

’

fis ete'

s .

Illgen r i tbasa’

got csab L on don ba n la'

tba tn i . A’

millyen a’

ga s do a lly a n a’ss olga . Olly ss ép

s enet , min bt még soba sem ba llottam. Olly a n a s

ember n eb a’siber e a

’min d a s ilgyessége. Nem

ss er etn e'

b olly ma nbo’

t v éges n i a’min bt sob bés i

ma nbdsn ab v éges n ie bell.

He promised to pay such a large sum , a s will

be difficult to get up (a s to make up difficult w ill

be) . Such men , a s live in Born eo , could n ot subsist

ga sda husban dman (ma ster) used in stead of mester

ma ster , because the prin cipal occupa tion of the Hunga rians is

agriculture.

9 8

Min eb (for wha t purpose , why , wha t for) udtad

n ebi es t a’ bb

’

nyvet ? Kibet la'

tta'

l a’ss inba

'

s ba n ?

Whom do you expect? What do you say? Wha t

sort of birds have you shot ? Wha t colour a re

their fea thers ? Wha t book have you lost ? Wha t

dress have you bought ? To whom did you give your

mon ey? From whom did you receive the picture?

Wha t do you ca ll (min eb bifdb) in Hunga r ia n

win dow , table , door , room , house , street , town a n d

ca pita l ? Which is the ca pita l of E ngla n d ? Which

town is the la rger , Lon don or Pa r is ? In which room

sha ll I fin d him ? Wha t sort of furn iture ha ve you

in your rooms? Which is the best hotel in Lon don ?

Who gave you the book? My bro ther . Who ? Mybrother . With whom ha ve you been in E ngla n d?

Wha t did you do it with (with wha t)?

D em o n s t r a t i v e a n d d efi n i t i v e P r o n o u n s .

(va r iable like n oun s.)

As tha t , es this , amas tha t , emes this

here ; magam myself, maged thyself, maga himself ,herself , itself; maga nb ourselves , maga tob yourselves.

magob themselves ; bibi every body , ea ch (used of

person s) , as on (in va r iable) tha t , often in the mea n ingof: a ; a s , a s on doloy melly a thing which .

As a‘bonyv a s enge

'

m , es a’ti e

'

d. As eb a’

bonyveb a’mie

'

in b , es eb p odig a’

n agybdty a'

n b - é i .

Ama s oba t eladn i fogiub , emes ebet p odig ma vettz'

lb.

9 9

An n ab a s a'

lla tn ab n in esen la'

ba , ca n ek f edig

ss a'

r ny a i va n n ab ? Millyen tulajdonsdga va n a n n ab

a’

fa'

n ok. As t a s embor t tegn ap la'

ttam. Magam

n em mebeteb ,ma

'

s t p odig n em lez'

tldbeteb. En

magam sem (n either) ten n ém. Te moya d mon dtad,

bogy lev elet bap ta'

l. Hiss b maga sem ta dfa

bogya n bellfen es t csin a'

ln i . Va llfon maga el fog-e

men n i v ogy csab a’ss olgay

’

a'

t billden di (w ill sen d) .

Mi maga nb megtudj’

a b es t csin a'

ln i , n em bell

a’

ti segitségteb. Min dég jobb less ba maga

tob ss o’

ltob v ele. Kin eb bin eb ott v a n bas a’ja

a bol jo’

l v a n dolga (where he is do ing well).

Kibi tadj’

a mi llyen n ebe’

s er ényt gyaba r oln i . As on

esetben , ba el n em jo'

n n e , n ebi ir n i fogob. As on

ember , bi soba é leté ben jo'

t n em tett , soba b’

r b‘

met

n em o'

r s ett.

Tha t house , which you have seen yesterday,

belon gs to our un cle . Did you buy this book , or

ha ve you received it for a presen t? This is the ma n

tha t in quired a fter you yesterday. Ha ve you seen

him yourselves ? We w ill go to buy the book our

selves , for if you wen t they might deceive you .

Ha ve you spoken to himself? Thou shalt love

(ss er essed) thy n eighbour a s thyself. Men gen era llylove themselves more tha n their n eighbours (fellowmen ) . We ourselves a dmon ished him a lways

to be ca utious. If I had been there myself, that

see In troduction in stead of a s - n a b .

10 0

n ever would have happen ed. E very body (bibi)kn ows best his own wa n ts. E a ch (of them) ha s

rebeived his sha re himself.

XI I . C o n ju n et i o n s .

Correla tive on es a re : miér t why , mer t because,for ; a

'

mba'

r,ba

’

r a lthough , mégis n evertheless,

yet ; miker when , abbor then ; min t a s ,

zlyy a s , so ; va lamin t like , a s , ss in tzlgy (ss in tén

zlyy) so , the same ; men nyir e , amen nyir e so fa r ,

a n ny ir a , a s ; sem , before con son a n ts se n either ,— sem, se n or ; is a s well, — is a s, (a n d — a n d) ; the

Adverb r éss in t pa r tly , when used a s a Conjun ction

in the a n teceden t , is repea ted in the con sequen t.

Mzer t hoggto el a’ba

'

tya'

d Lon don t ? Mer t

levelet bap ot bogy ss iilei ss z'

lbséglib (wa n t him).

Amba'r n ebi n agyon n ebes en esett a’

ss e'

p v a'

r os i

elbagyn i , mégis a’

ss illei er a'

n ti ss er etett r a'

bir ta dt.

Miker a’

ss ii‘

leinb ben n a nbet elbagytab , akber a s

b‘

esém sir va fa ba dt. Ki (a ny on e) min t ayya'

t veti

(makes his bed) , zlgy a ludn i fog well a n d

have it Sem eu ,sem a s a tga

'

m n em

fog a’

va'

r osba men n i . Se lova t , se p e'

n s t n em

bos eti . As a'

lla tob se n em bess é ln eb ,se n em

gon do lbos n ab zlgy min t a s ember eb. Mibor

Ha n n iba l As sza ba érbes ett a bbor Ca r tbago nga ba t

bajtott (submitted) a’r o

’

ma i iga a la'

. Ca r tbago is,

Ro’

ma is elesel t.

10 2

ta dem , bogy ma'

s boa n a n Jon min t Angolor ss a'

gbol.

Ha beln ap jdtbb e'

n n ebteb oda a dba tom a’

bb’

nyvet.

Most menjmin dfa'

r t. En ma n em mebeteb a s osbola'

ba .

Csab egy p illa n a tig vdrja'

l, d a s on n a l i tt less . Ta la'

n

inba'

bb ss er etn e ba s a men n i . Igen gya br a n esik a s esd

Angolor ss a'

gba n . Olass or ss a'

gba n min de'

g ss ép idd

va n . Iga s a'

n mon dv a (in truth) 6 se n em bb'

lto’

, se

n em ss o'

n ob. Hiss en (en clitica l , ha s n o mea n in g in E nglish) e

'

n n ebi v ila'

gosa n mon dtam, bogy ma Jofl on el.

A’

ba r a'

tom bis onyosa n meg ma el fogjbn i . Men n é l

n agyobb a’

bogy , a n n a’

l n ebes ebb a r r a fel men n i .

Men n é l tb’

bbet o lva s a s ember , a n n a'

l tb’

bbet ta n a l.

Men ny ivel tova'

bb a lss unb , a n nyiva l r b’

v idebb ideig

é lilnb , mer t é leta'

nb min den o’

r aj’

a v ess tesség , a’

melly ibben a lss unb.

(The) Kings a ct unjustly , when they make wa r

aga in st their own people . If you tell it on ce to me

(If on ce I sha ll kn ow it a n other time . The

more you speak , the less they will un dersta n d. He

kn ows it perhaps himself (wha t) how he ought to

a ct (how he must a ct) . My brother left Lon don

yesterday a n d a rr ived a t Pa r is to -day. (The boys

wen t to school a lready (The boys a lready to

school wen t) . Thy fr ien d ha s left Fra n ce long

ago . Formerly people were un der the governmen tofPa tr ia rchs. The steam -engin e ha s been in ven ted

recen tly. Amer ica ha s been discovered more tha n 350

yea rs ago (350 ess ten dbvel es eldtt) . Formerly men

kn ew on ly three pa rts of the ea rth . The more men

10 3

kn ow , the more wa n ts they have. The soon er you

fin ish your lesson s , the soon er you sha ll play? How

do you kn ow, whether my brother ha s a rr ived, or n ot.

We often ha ve been in the king’

s ga rden s , but a s

often a s we go we find n ew plea sure . When ce do

you come? I come from Brussels a t this momen t

(e’

p illa n a tba n ) .

A. GRAMMATICAL FORMS.

ETIMOLflGI.

The E tymologica l forma tion s , a s well a s the

Syn tax , of the Hun ga r ia n la nguage a re con formable

to the cha ra cter of Or ien ta l la n guages.

The la nguage ha s sca rcely a ny Declen sion for

objective terms (Substa n tives a n d Adjectives) , n o pr i

mitive possessive Pron oun s , is poor in Preposition s

str ictly taken , but seems to be in exha ustible in Ver

ba l forma tion s. These la tter may be exten ded

to such a n immen se n umber of va rious Verba l

r oots , tha t a ll other Europea n la nguages a re but

poor a n d in complete represen ta tives of Verba l forms

in compa r ison w ith it.

As these a re the prin cipal on es in the la nguage,they may be premised , a lthough ma ny Gramma ria n sprefer to begin w ith the Noun s .

I o V e r b s .

l . V e r b a l r o o t s .

A. Primitive roots.

In other Europea n la nguages we a re in the habit

of expressing the Verbs in the In fin itive , a s their

simple form , in the Hunga ria n la n guage we must

in quire a fter the root of the Verb. The In fin itive

10 8

of a ny Verb°

en ds w ith the syllable n i, preceded by a vowel or a con son a n t. The root of

Verbs a lways ha s a fin a l con son a n t ; thus , if the ter

m in a tion of the In fin itive be taken off , a n d the

rema in der of the verb ha s a fin a l vowel , this vowel

must be omitted a s well , a nd then the rema in der

w ill be the r oot of the Verb.

The Verb il ln i , to sit , ha s its roo t in u l ;

va lla n i , to con fess ,ha s it in va ll. Such Verba l

roots ar e ca lled pr imitive Verba l roots , a n d a re for

the grea test pa r t mon osyllabica l on es , a t lea st in a ll

pr im itively Hunga r ia n Verbs . They a re either

r e gu l a r on es , when the Verba l roots rema in en tirelyun cha nged wha tever termin a tion may be jo in ed tothem , or i r r e gu l a r on es , when they a re liable to

differen t tr a n sforma tion s a s often a s some termin a tion s

a re a dded to them in order to form the differen t

Ten ses of the Verb. Irr egular ities a re produced : bya c o n t r a c t i o n of the Verba l root ; by i n s e r t i n g a

c o n s o n a n t between the vowel of the root a n d tha t

of the person a l termin a tion of the Verb , which is

then a ssimila ted to tha t of the person a l term in a tion

a s often a s this begin s w ith a con son a n t ; o r by

e x c h a n g e o f c o n s o n a n t s , especia lly of the con

son a n ts d ,ss

,v .

a ) C o n t r a c t i o n s .

C o n t r a c t i o n s a re produced by the o m i s s i o n

of a vowel or of a c o n s o n a n t in the la st syllable

of the verba l root.

110

3. If the la st syllable is formed by the con

son a n ts l , m , n , r , or if the con son a n ts ss, s , s s,

es , should meet with them ; a s, bin os - n i to plague , to

trouble ; con tra cted , bin s ,bin s om I plague ;

p or os- n i to dust , p ors om I dust ; er demel - n z

to deserve , ér deml , ér demleb I deserv e .

4. The den ta ls d, t , followed by r, a dmit the

same abbrev ia tion . Sedor - n i to fling to twist ; sodr ,sodr om I fling ; gyb

’

r tb’

r - n i to trouble , gyo‘

tr b'

m

I do trouble .

O b s e r v . These abbrev ia tion s very often recur

in the In fin itive Mood , but in such in sta n ces

the v owel is repla ced when the root is used by

itself: a s , in the third person of the Presen t Ten se

in the Singula r Number in the Active ; or the root

is n ot used by itself a n d the third person receives

the termin a tion ib, a s, in the Medium. Sodr a n i in stead

of sodor n i , gyb'

tr en i in stead of gyo‘

to'

r n i ; ba bs a nz

in stead of babos n i , of which is , ba bs i b it foams.

Om i s s i o n o f C o n s o n a n t s .

There a re on ly a few Verbs which a dmit such

a con tra ction , a n d these a re the Verbs : ss b’

n i to sew

(with a n eedle) , ldn i to shoot , r in i to cry , n bnz

to grow , jbn i to come , sinn i to cry , to yell ,

r o'

n i to tally (to ma rk) , bin i to ca ll , ss in i to

suck , v in i to con test , to fight a duel , ban i to hide,to con cea l on e

’

s self, filn i to blow ; which a re

formed by con tra ction of the radica ls : ss b'

v

lb'

v , r iv , a b’

v , jo'

v , etc. the con son a n t v beingleft out a nd the radica l vowel prolonged.

111

O b s e r v . 1. If the Person al termin a tion s begin

with a vowel , the pr imitive roots (en ding with the

con son an t v) a re used ; thus we have : n b’

vb’

b I

gr ow , n btem I have grown .

O b s e r v . 2 . The Verbal roots bi , ss i , v i , bzi,

[ii ha ve , besides their precedin g roots , the respective

roots , hiv , ss iv , v iv , bzij, faj , equa lly used in fa

milia r con versa tion a s well a s in wr iting.

fl. In s e r t i o n s a n d a s s im i l a t i o n s o f

C o n s o n a n t s

A few mon osyllabica l Verba l roots dev ia te

in their r adica l forma tion s so fa r a s to shew a n ew

r oot for n ea rly ea ch Ten se . The on ly a n a logy

n oticed in their tra n sforma tion is , tha t they r e

d o u b l e the con son a n t of the person a l termin a tion

of those Ten ses whi ch have a n in itia l con son a n t. Such

are : the Perfect Ten se (t) , the Con dition a l a n d In

fin itive Moods (n) . The following Verbs a re of this

kind : bin n i to believe , the root of which is bi,

v in n i to ca rry , v i ; v en n i to buy , v e ; en n i to ea t,

e in n i to dr ink , i , to which may be a dded 7728 72722

the root of which is men , its Presen t in the

Indica tive Mood is formed by the root megy .

In rega rd to these , I refer to the first pa r t

Numb . VII : Irregula r Verbs.

7 . C h a n g i n g o f C o n s o n a n t s a n d om i s s i o n

o f V ow e l s .

Verba l roots termin a ting w ith the syllables ed,

0 d , 6d , ud , it'

d , especially when preceded by the

112

pa latels g ,b , or the liquids r

,l, sufi

’

er a doublea ltera tion of their pr imitive root. Firstly the

‘

vowel

e , o ,a , a , or u is om itted ; secon dly the den ta l

d is cha nged in to ss for the Presen t , in to v for the

Imperfect Ten se , of the In dica tive Mood. In the

o ther Ten ses the pr imitive root is restored. Ala d-a i

to sleep , cha nges its r oot, ,a lud“ in to a n d

I sleep mea n s a lss om (in stead of a la dom) ;diesebed - n i to glory , to ha ve a pr ide (in ) , forms

diesebss em,I glory ; men ebed

- n i to take refuge , to

sa ve on e’

s self, forms men ebss em ; ga s dagod n i to

grow r ich , forms ga s dagss om. In the Imperfect

Ten se they form : a lv a'

m , I slept (in stead of a la da'

m) ;diesebve

'

m,in stead of diesebédém , etc.

O b s e r v . 1. Verbs in which g precedes the fin a l

syllable of the root a re preferably used a s regula rs

in the Imperfect Ten se ; thus , megeléged - ém is

preferable to megele'

gv-em ,

I wa s sa tisfied ; megbetegedém I became ill , is better tha n megbetegv ém.

O b s e r v . 2 . If the pen ultima of the root be

preceded by a double con son a n t n o con tra ction will

take pla ce ,but the cha nge of d in to ss a n d v ,

is

effected. Alba d - n i to bid (in the pr ice) , a lbass om

I bid , a n d a lba va'

m I bade , etc.

All the pr imi tive Verba l roots a re div ided in to

three cla sses : Ac t i v e , Ne u te r a n d Med i a l Verbal

roots . Active Verba l roots a re of a Tra n sitive , the

Neuter on es of a n In tra n sitive mea n in g ; Media l

roots a re of a n In tra n sitive a n d Reflexive mea n ing ,

which in most of the Europea n la nguages a re con

114

(3) O f F a c t i t i v e a n d P e rm i s s i v eE x p r e s s i o n s.

Such Expr ession s , in the E nglish la nguage , a re

formed by mea n s of the Verbs : to m a ke , to c a u s e,to h a v e , to l e t , a s , I ca use him to wr ite , I let

him read , I ha ve my coa t m ade , etc. The Hun ga

r ia n la n guage a dmi ts the forma tion of Fa ctitive a n d

Permiss ive roots from a ny Active Verb or such Neu

ters a s a re u sed w i th the Objective ca se , by the a ddition

of the syllable ta t,tet to the pr imitive Verba l root.

Vdr n i to wa it , va'

r ta t - n i to let a ny on e wa it ; bes -a i

to ta r ry , béstet - n i to ca use delay.

O b s. 1. E n n i , bin n i , in n i , ven n i form : etet

n i to feed , bitet - n i to ca use to believe , ebi et - n i

to ca use to buy.

O b s . 2 . In some in sta n ces the Fa ctitive r oot is

used in stead of the.

Pa ssive on e , ,a s in polysyllabica l

Verbs , a n d the Pa ssive root in stead of a Fa ctitive

a n d Permissive on e , a s in mon osyllabica l Verbs. Ir a t~

n i , to be wr itten , to let wr ite , a n d to ca use to be

wr i tten ; olvas ta t - a i to be read , a n d to make on e

read.

O f F r e qu e n t a t i v um s .

These a re used when a r epea tedly performed

a ction is to be r epresen ted. Verbs of this kin d a re

fo rmed by mea n s of the syllables ga t , get , a n d bill ,

be'

l ; a s , ta n it a n i to tea ch , ta n itga t- a i to he often

tea ching ; irbdl - in to wr ite repea tedly.

O b s e r v . 1. In most Verbs this Frequen ta tive

syllable is preceded by the vowel 0 or e , especially

when Euphony requ ires it. Ver -n i to beat , ver egetu i to be bea ting repea tedly ; n és - n i to look, n és e

get- n i to he often looking.

O b s e r v . 2 . If the pr imi tive Verba l root ter

min a tes wi th the liquid l or r , a Verbal root may

be formed for dimin utive - frequen ta tive a ction s bymea n s of the addition al syllable doga’l , degé l ; for

in sta n ce , ir doga'

l , he is wr itin g a little a t a time.

8) O f th e P o t e n t i a l Mo o d.

If the possibility of the a ction , expressed by a ny

Verb wha tever , is represen ted , or the capability of

the Active subjects is to be expressed , a n ew root

is formed by the addition a l syllable ba t , bet. This

syllable may be added to pr imi tive Verbal roots a s

well a s to der iva tive on es. Ir - n i to wr ite , ir a t-a i

to be wri tten ; ver - n i to bea t , ver et-ai to be bea ten ,

v er tet - n i to have a ny on e bea ten , ver eget n i to

bea t repea tedly , ver degé l-n i to beat repea tedly but

a little a t a time , have their Poten tial roots in

ir -ba t he is able to wr ite , ir a t -ba t may be wri tten ,

ca n be wr itten ; ver bet he can bea t , ver etbet

may be bea ten or being possible to bea t him , ver

tetbet he is able to bea t or able to empower othersto bea t a ny on e , ver eget

-bet , he may beat re

pea tedly , ver degé l bet , etc.

3) O f th e Fu t u r e.

This is formed by the addition of a nd, end,

to a ny of the preceding or other Verbal roots .

8 *

116

The root of the Future, formed tha t way, in volves

the n otion of con dition a lity when used in a ny of the

Ten ses , a n d tha t of n ecessity a n d duty in the form

of the Verba l Adjective (the Presen t Pa rticiple a ccord

ing to some Gramma rs) . The preceding roots ir ,

ir a t , ir ba t , ir a tba t , ver , ver et , ver eget , ver degé l,

ver bot , ver etbet , ver egetbet , ver degé lbet , w ill

give a s ma ny n ew roots for the Future : ir a nd,

(he) will wr ite ; ir a ta n d , will be wr itten or

)he) w ill let write ; ir ba ta n d , (he ) will be

able to wr ite ; ir a tba ta n d , (he) will be able to

have wr itten ; ver en d , (he) w ill bea t ; ver eten d ,

will be bea ten ; ver egeten d , (he) w ill bea t frequen tly ;ver degé len d , (he) w ill bea t frequen tly softly ; v er

beten d , (he) will be able to bea t ; ver etbeten d,

will be able to let him bea t , a n d might be

bea ten ; ver etbeten d , (he) will be able to bea t re

pea tedly etc.

As it is n ot the in ten tion of this work to give

a n e x t e n s i v e E tymology of the la n guage, the pre

ceding forma tion s of der iva tive Verba l roots may

suffice to indica te the fertility of the Hunga r ian Verbs.

To give a short v iew of the forma tion s of the

differen t roots , the followin g a re subjoin ed

Active Ver - n i , to bea t.

Pa ssive Ver et -n i to be bea ten .

Frequen ta tive Ver eget- n i , to bea t frequen tly.

Dimin utive-Freq. Ver degé l - n i , to bea t frequen tly (butn ot so ha rd) .

Frequen ta tive Ver des - n i , to bea t frequen tly.

118

As we often use Metaphor ical expression s,when the la n guage a ffords n o proper term for the

represen ta tion s of our thoughts , ma ny of these

Verba l roots a re used metaphor ica lly ; this Rhe

torica l licen ce is on e of the sources of Verba l

abun da n ce.

From the root vess , to per ish , may be formed

vess t -en i , to lose (Fa ctitive : to ca use to per ish) .

vess it en i , to lose (to permit per ishing) .

vess teget- n i , to squa n der (to let become lost

frequen tly) .

vess tegel- a i

,to be idle (to lose time con tin uallyor frequen tly) .

vess ebed - n i , to qua rrel (to lose words a n d

fr ien dship for on e a n other) .

Those who wish to see the whole exten t

of the der iva tion of roots may con sult ,,C om a r i n u s

C s i pkes H u n g a r i a i l l u s t r a t a 1655“ or the

,,System of the Hunga r ia n language by the Hunga ria n

Academy.

“

2 . C o n ju g a t i o n .

A. Tenses , Person s , Moods.

The differen t represen ta tion s of action , expressedby a ny Verb , rela tive to Time , when it took pla ce ;to Person s who a re a ctive , a nd to Moda lity of a ctionor a ctiv ity itself , gave or igin to what is ca lled the

”C o n j u g a t i o n o f t h e V e r b.

“

119

This C o n j ug a t i o n of a Hunga r ia n Verb is

performed by mea n s of differen t a ffixes jo in ed to the

Verba l roots .

In con sidera tion of the Verba l roots themselves

there a re two differen t cla sses of Conjuga tion a l a ffixes ;on e for the Ac t i v e a n d Ne u te r , the o ther for the

P a s s i v e an d M e d i u m (Neutro -Pa ssive) .

T im e is represen ted a s : pa st , presen t , a n d

future , comprehen din g a n in fin ite ser ies of successive

cha n ges . The Gramma tica l forms for these represen

ta tion s (Ten ses) w ill be a s ma ny a s there may be

made distin ction s of time .

The Europea n la nguages distinguish P r e s e n t ,

P a s t , a n d F u t u r e . The more Na tion s become culti

v a ted in Rhetor ic, the more combin a tion s of the diffe

ren t sta tion s of time will occur a n d the more Ten ses

w ill be requ ired in the Gramma r of their la nguage.

The Hun ga r ia n la n guage , hav in g been a tta ched

to the fam ilia r home of the agricultur ists , is n ot so

r ich in Gramma ti ca l forms of Ten ses , a n d in familia r

con versa tio n we may do w ith two ; the on e for the

presen t a n d future , Presen t Ten se a n d the other

for the pa st , Perfect Ten se . The in termedia te Ten se,Imperfect , an d the compoun d on e , the Pluperfect,a re Ten ses more of the solemn style a n d n ot

fa m i l i a r in the home of the true Hunga r ia n s. The

compoun d Future is a foreign elemen t.

For the future the Hun garian Verb may form a n ew root

see above.

120

P e r s o n s . The n otion (idea ) of this expression

bein g a logica l con sequen ce of the distin ction made

between : s p e a ke r , s p o k e n t o , a n d s p o ke n o f,

the Hun ga r ia n Verb ha s a s ma ny distin ction s re

la tive to Person s a s a ll o ther Europea n la n guages ;

but , w ith rega rd to the distin ction of G e n d e r , the

Hun ga r ia n s ha ve reta in ed the Or ien ta l cha ra c

ter , makin g n o distin ction of Gen der wha tever .

The distin ction of Gen der made in Gramma r

is in comprehen sible to Hun ga r ia n s ; just a s the wa n t

of tha t disti n ction would puzzle foreign ers . Gramma rin deed a n d la nguage may dispen se w ith the distin o

tion of be , sbe ,i t , if they be repla ced by a ny

other word tha t would comprehen d them a ll .

M o d a l i ty is the Logic of the Verb. The

Verb is either : in apodictica l rela tion to the subject,in the In d i c a t i v e a n d Im p e r a t i v e Moods ; in

a n a sser tor ia l on e , in the S u bj u n c t i v e Mo o d ; in a

hypothetical or problema tica l on e , in the C o n

di t i o n a l ; or , la stly ,in a n In fin itive or In defin ite

rela tion , in the I n f i n i t i v e M o o d. The Hun ga r ia n

la n guage ha s proper Verba l forms for ea ch of the

differen t Moods .

B. Gharaoteristics of the different Ten ses and Moods.

Affixes used to express the differen t person a l relation s, a re a dded to the Ch a r a c te r i s t i c of the Verb.

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c is the fin a l con son an t of the

Verba l root , rema in ing a fter the person a l a ffixes a re

taken off.

122

O b s e r v . bit (to) see , ha s la'

tt seen ,

for the first a nd secon d , la'

tott , for the third per

son . Some of the mon osyllabica l roots termin a tingw ith t

, have a regula r a n d a u gm e n t e d form a s

well, ba tt a n d ba tett , from the pr imitive ba t (to)

have impression ; ja tt a n d jutott , from jut (to)

rea ch , (to) get to , (to) become.

B) The Verbal r oot receives the Cha ra cter istic

without the a ccession of a vowel , when ever it

does n ot belong to the preceding rule. Olva s (to)r ead , olvas t read va

'

r vo'

r t v a r (to)

sew , va r t sewed ; ta la'

l (to) fin d , ta ldlt

foun d ; va'

r ta t (to) leave wa itin g , v a'

r i a i t left

wa iting ; te l (to) push , tolt pushed.

O b s . Verbs the roots of which termin a te

with the con son a n ts b,d , f, g , gy , b ,

m, p ,

s ,

ss ,v ,

s,a n d polysyllables with a fin a l t , receive

the cemen ting vowel e,

o ,3 on ly in the t h i r d

P e r s o n o f t h e S i n gu l a r Num b e r . a d , a de lt ;

fagg — (to) freeze , faggett he froze ; do'

f (to) butt,

db’

fb’

tt ; la b— (to) dwell, (to) in habit, lekett he dwelt.

3. The Cha ra cter istic of the Subjun ctive a n d

Impera tive Mood is j, which is added immedia telyto the Verba l root. Va

'

r va'

rf lép (to) step ,lépj lab la bj etc .

O b s . 1. Verba l roots with a fin a l t , s , ss , s

chan ge this Cha ra cter istic j in to s , ss ,s . See

In troduction 3 .

O b s. 2 . The Person a nd the whole Plural

of the Pres. Ten se In d. Mood of the Defin ite Form

123

receive j a s their cha ra cter istic a s well , which is

a ssimila ted to the fin a l con son a n ts s , ss,s,but re

ma in s un cha n ged a fter t fin a l.

4) The Cha ra cter istic of the Con dition a l is 71

a dded to the Verba l root either immedia tely a s in :

a d a dn va'

r v a'

rn la'

t la'

tn

bér (to) petition , be'

r n es (to) fa ll , esn

or by mea n s of the vowels a , e , to such r oots a s

receive the Cha ra cter istic of the Perfect with a

cemen ting vowel (see 2 . a )) Ta n it ta n ita n

men d monda n sogit (to ) a ssist , se

giten etc .

0 . Forms and Person al terminations.

The Active Vo ice ha s two distin ct Forms of

Conjuga tion : a De fi n i t e a n d a n In d e f i n i t e on e.

The Neuter is on ly used in the In defin ite form of the

Active Vo ice.

The Pa ssive Vo ice ha s person a l termin a tion s

difi’

eren t from those of the Active, though r ela ted to

them . These termin a tion s a re used wi th Verbs the

mea n in g of which is a n eutra l on e , a n d which a re

kn own (in Hun ga ria n Gramma rs) a s Verbs of ib,

because their third Person of the Sing. Number en ds

with ib , or a s Neutro -Pa ssives , because they have

the e x t e r n a l form of the Pa ssive voice a n d the

i n t e r n a l mea n ing of a Neuter Verb. I preferred to

ca ll them ,,M e d i u m s“simila r to the Greek, a nd in

fa ct most of them are of the same mea n ing a s the

GreekMedium, their Pa ssive form n ot beingrega rded.

124

1 . THE PERSONAL TERMINATIONSINDEFINITE FORM OF THE ACTIVE VOICE

AND NEUTER.

I n d i c a t i v e M o o d .

Hard ones. Soft ones.

Presen t Ten se.

Sing. ob, ss , r oot ; eb ss , root ;

Plur . a nb, teb, ela b, teb n eb.

Imperfect.

Sin g. éb, a'

l, a ; éb, e

'

l, e,

Plur . dn b, a'

tob, a'

n ab. énb, e

'

teb, én eb.

Perfect.

Sin g. am, a'

l, Cha ra c em,

é l, Cha ra ct. ;Plur . un b, a tob, a n ab . tink

, eteb, en eb .

Pluperfect

ha s the same termin a tion s a s the Perfect , but to

ea ch Person is added the word

Future

is a compoun d Ten se of the Presen t of fog - n i to

seize , to ca tch , a n d the In fin itive of tha t Verb the

Future of which is requ ired. The whole is a fo

reign product.

On the Ten ses oi the Future radica l a n d or

en d see below .

All the Verbs , tha t receive a cemen tin g vowel before

the Cha ra cteri stic of the Perfect , receive such a vowel beforea ll the Person al termin a tion s which begin with a con son an t,

except the j of the Subjun ctive . Thus in stea d of teb , theyhave eteb

,a n d a n a b in stea d of n ab etc The soft on es receive

the correspon ding soft vowel , a s e‘

te'

b, en eb , etc .

126

2 . PERSONAL TERMINATIONS OF THE DEFINITE FORM

OF THE ACTIVE VOICE .

I n d i c a t i v e

Presen t Ten se.

Sing. om, 0 d , em ed i ;

Plur . a le,

a'

k. iik,

Imperfect.

Sin g. u'

m; dd , d,

em é d , é,

Plur . o'

k,

a'

tok, a'

k. 6k,é tek, ék.

Perfect.

Sing. am , a d , a ,em ,

ed , e,

Plur . uk,a'

ta lt , div: div, é tek, ék.

Pluperfect.

The person a l termin a tion s of the Perfect , ea ch

Person receiving the a ddition a l

Future .

The In fin itive a n d the Presen t Ten se of fogn i ,in its Defin ite form.

S u b j u n c t i v e

Hard.

Presen t Ten se.

S in g. am , a d , a,

em , ed ,

Plur. a le , a'

tok,die. I iik, etek ,

Perfect.

Like the Perfect of the In dica tive

which is added légyen .

Preceded by j , the same a s the Plura l. See B Cha

ra cteristics. 3 .

127

C o n d i t i o n a l

Hard.

Presen t.

S ing. u'

m,

a'

d ,em

,éd , é

,

Plur . o’

lc , a'

tok,a'

k. 615 , etele, c'

lc.

Pa st.

In the Pa st is used the Perfect of the In di

ca tive Mood , to ea ch Person of which is added

vo ln a .

The Impera tive Mood is supplied by the Sub

jun ctive . In stead of the longer form of the secon d

Person a d, common ly the shor ter on e with a simple

d , is used ; in such ca ses the Cha racter istic j is

suppressed a s well.

3 . PERSONAL TERMINATIONS OF THE PASSIVE VOICEAND MEDIUM.

I n d i c a t i v e .

Presen t.

0 1, ih ; i ii ,

ta lc, n ak. i a , tel: n elc,

Imperfect .

a'

l,

elc em, é l, e

'

lr

a'

tok, a'

n a lc. lénk, é lek,

én ek.

Medial Verbs tha t receive a vowel before the t of the

Perfect Ten se ha ve the vowel 0 before tok,

a n d a beforen a k. (See Cha ra cteri stic of the Perfect.)

e‘

m,bl,tok a re on ly u sed with Medial Verbs the root of

which ha s 6 for its vowel.

"128

Perfect.

Sing am, a'

l , Cha ra ct. ; em, el , Cha ra ct. ;

Plur . a nk, a tok

,a n ak (ak) . iln lr, en ek

Pluperfectis formed like tha t of the Active voice .

Future ,

like tha t of the Active vo ice .

Presen t.

Sin g. am , a'

l , é lc ; em , c'

l , e'

k ;

Plur . a nk, a tolc , a n ak. itule, etek,

en ek.

Perfect

is formed like the Perfect of the Active Vo ice .

C o n d i t i o n a l .

Presen t.

Sin g. a'

m , a'

l,

eh ; ém , é l , e'

k ;

Plur . (ink,dtok, a

'

n a /t . e'

n lc, é telf , én ek.

Perfect

is formed like the Perfect of the Active Vo ice .

In forming the Impera tive Mood the rules given

for the Active Voice a re to be observed here a s well.

I n f i n i t i v e .

No vowel precedes this termin a tion in the Pa ssive

Vo ice ; a s rega rds the Medium see the Active Voice .

On a ssimila tion of the cha ra cteristic see In troduction § 3.

130

Pluperfect Ten se .

Ta la'

ltam va la or volt, I had

Ta la'

lta'

l v a la , thou hadst

Ta la'

lt v a la ,he had

P lu r . Ta la'

lta nk va la , we had found.

Ta la'

lta tolr va la , you had

Ta la ltak v a lathey hadTa ldlta n a lc va la

Compoun d Future .

Ta la'

ln i fagak, I sha ll or will ‘

Ta la'

ln i fogsz , thou wiltTa la

'

lm'

fog , he will

P lu r . Ta ldln i foga nk, we sha ll or will

Ta ldln i fogtolc , you will

Ta la'

ln i fogn ak, they will

S u b j u n c t i v e M o o d .

Presen t Ten se .

Ta la'

lfa lc , tha t I may”

Ta la'

lfa’

l , tha t thou mayst

Ta la'

lfon , tha t he may

P l u r . Ta la'

ljunk, tha t we mayTa la

'

lia tok, that you mayTa la

'

lfa n a lt , tha t theymay

Pa st Ten se.

Ta la'

ltam leggea'

,tha t I might

Ta la’

lta’

l légyen , tha t thou mightest

Ta la'

lt légyen , tha t he mightP l u r . Ta la

'

lta nk leggea , tha t we mightTa la

'

lta tolc leggea , tha t you mightTa la

'

ltak leggea , tha t they might

13 1

i \ txi , o, n , a 1.

Pr esen t Ten se .

Ta la'

ln ék, I" should or"

would

Ta la'

ln a'

l , thou wouldst

Ta la'

ln a,he '

would'

P l u r . Ta la'

ln a'

nk , we should or would t

Ta ldln dtok, you would

Ta la'

ln a'

n ak, they would

Pa st Ten se .

Ta la'

ltam v o ln a ,I should or wou ld

Ta la'

lta'

l voln a , thou'

wouldst

Ta la'

lt vo ln a ,he would

P l u r . Ta la'

ltun lc voln a, we should or would

Ta la'

lta tok v oln a ,“

you w ould

Ta la'

ltak voln a ,they would

I m p e r a t i v e .

S i n g. Ta la'

lj,P lu r . Ta la

'

lfa tok,

I nVi n z t i v a

Ta la'

ln i , to fin d.

0 b s . 1. ThePres. Tense of the Subjun ctive Mood

is used to express fdims like those : ,,Let us go , let

them go ,let him go ,

“ menfiink , menjen ek, menfen .

O b s . 2 . All the Neuter Verbs a re conjuga teda ccordin g to the In definite Form . of the Active Vo ice .

9 *

132

b . DEFINITE FORM.

I n d i c a t i v e M o o d .

Presen t Ten se .

Ta la'

lom ,I fin d (it)

Ta la'

lod , thou fin dest (it)Ta ldlfa ,

he fin ds (it) ;P l u r . Ta la

'

lfulc, we fin d (it)

Tal a'

lfdtolf , you fin d (it)

Ta ldljdlr , they fin d (it) .

Imperfect.

Ta la'

la'

m,I foun d (it)

Ta la'

la'

d , thou foun dst

Ta la'

la'

,he foun d ;

P l u r . Ta la'

ldk, we foun d

Ta la'

la'

tok, you foun d

Ta la'

la'

k,they foun d.

Perfect.

Ta ldltam , I have foun d (it) , I did fin d (it)Ta la

'

ltad , thou ha st foun d

Ta la'

lta ,he ha s foun d ;

P l u r . Ta la'

ltuk, we have foun d

Ta la'

lta'

tolc, you ha ve foun d

Ta la'

ltdk, they hav e foun d.

Pluperfect.

Ta ldlta'

m v a la or volt , I had

Ta la'

lta d va la , thou hadstTa la

'

lta va la ,he had

P l u r . Ta la'

ltak va la , we had

Ta la'

lta'

tolc v a la , you had

Ta la'

lta'

k va la , they had

foun d (it) .

134

P l u r . Ta la'

ln o’

lc, If we foun d,' ifwe would

Ta la'

ln a'

tok ,If you foun d ,

‘

if youwould

Ta la'

ln a'

k,If

‘

they foun d ,~if they

‘

would

Pa st Ten se .!

Ta la'

ltam voln a ,I would

'

w'

if I‘have

Ta la'

lta d voln a , thouwouldst Eif thouhave

Ta la'

lta voln a ,he would ” ‘g if be ‘have

P l u r . Ta la'

ltult voln a , we would ifif we haveTa la

'

lta'

tok voln a , youwould i if you have

Ta la'

lta'

k voln a , they would if theyhave .

I m p e r a t i v e .

Ta la'

ld ,fin d (thou) (it).

Ta la'

lja’

tok,fin d (you) (it) .

B) Verbs with soft ivowels q

a . INDEFINITE FORM.

I n d i c a t i v e M o o d

Presen t Ten se:

S i n g. I break

To'

r sz, thou breakest

To‘

r,he breaks ;

P l u r . Tb’

r ilnlc, we break

you break

To'

rn ek, they break.

Imperfect Ten se .

S i n g. To’

r e'

k, I broke

Tb’

r é l , thou br okestTo

'

r e , he broke ;

Verbs with e,a s thei r ra dica l vowel, havea short 8 i n stea d

135

P l u r . To'

r énk , we broke .

Tb’

r é tek, you .broke

To‘

r én ek, they broke .

Perfect.

Ten se .

Tb’

r tem , I ha ve broken , I

Tb’

r té l , thou ha st broken

To’

r t,he ha s broken ;

P l u r . To'

r tilnk, we have broken

To'

r tetek, you have broken

a n d they have broken .

Pluperfect Ten se .

Tb’

r tem va la or volt, I had

To'

r tel v a la , thou hadst

Tb’

r t va la , he had

P l u r . To'

r tilnk v a la , we ha d

Tb’

r tetek va la , you had

To'

r telc va la , they had

broken .

Compoun d Future.

To'

rm'

fogok, I sha ll or w ill

To'

r n i fogsz ,thou wilt

Tb’

rm fog , be wrllbreak.

P l u r . To‘

r n i fogun lc, we sha ll or will

Tb‘

z‘n i fogtolc, you will

To‘

r n i fogn ak, they will

136

S u b j u n é t i v e M o o d .

Presen t Ten se .

To’

rjek, tha t I may

tha t thou mayst

Tb’

rjo'

n , tha t he mayP l u r . To

'

ry'

ilnk, tha t we may

Tb’

fjetek, tha t you mayTb

’

rjen ek, tha t they may

break.

Pa st Ten se.

Tb’

r tem légyen ,ha t I m ight

Tb’

r lé l légg/en , tha t thou m ightest

To'

r t le'

gyen , tha t he might

P l u r . To'

r tiln lc le'

gyen , tha t we m ight

Tb’

r tetek légyen ,tha t you might

Tb’

r telc le'

gyen , tha t they might

C o n d i t i o n a l .

Presen t Ten se.

To'

r n ék,I should

To‘

r nel , thou wouldst

To‘

r n e , he would

P l u r . Tb‘

r n én lc , we should

To'

r n é tek, you would

To'

r n ének they would

break.

Pa st Ten se.

S i n g. To'

r tem voln a , I should have broken .

To’

r tel voln a , thou wouldst ha ve broken

To'

r t voln a , he would have broken

138

P l u r . To‘

r tz’

lk, we have‘broken etc.

Tb’

r te'

tek, you have broken etc.

To’

r ték,they have broken etc.

Pluperfect.

To'

r tem v a la , I had

To‘

r ted va la ,thou ha st

To°

r te v a la , he had

P l u r . To'

r tilk va la , we had

To‘

r té tek v a la, you had

To'

r ték they had

broken (it) .

Compoun d Future.

To‘

r n i fogom, I sha ll, or w ill

To'

r n i fogod , thou wilt

To‘

r n i fagfa , he w ill

P l u r . To'

r n i fogfuk, we sha ll

To'

r n i fogflitok, you will

To'

r n i fogfa'

k, they will

b reak (it).

S u b j u n c t i v e M o o d .

Presen t Ten se . I

Toniem tha t I may

To’

rjed , tha t thou mayst

To'

rje , tha t he may,P lu r . Tdrjillc, tha t we may

To'

rjé telc , tha t you mayTo

’

rjék, tha t they may

break (it) .

In stead of v a la,may be u sed volt.

139

Pa st Ten se .

To'

r tem"

légyen ,tha t I might

To'

r ted légyen , tha t thou m ightest

To'

r te légyen ,tha t he migh t

P l u r . To'

r tilk légyen , tha t we might

Tb’

r té tek légyen tha t “

you“

m ight

To’

r ték [egg/en , tha t they might"

C o n d i t i o n a l }

Presen t Ten se .

Tor nem ,1 should , or would

To'

r néd ,thou wouldst

To'

r n é , he would

P l u r . Tb’

r n dlc , we should , or would

To'

r n e'

tek , you would

To'

r n ék,they would

Pa st Ten se.

Tor tem v oln a ,I should , or would

Ta'

r ted vo ln a , thou wouldst"

To'

r te voln a , he would

P l u r . To'

r tiilc voln a , we should ,

‘

or wouldTo

'

r te'

tek vo ln a , you would

Te'

r tek voln a , they “would

break(it) .

UOIIOJq

CARI]

I m p e r a t i v e .

S i n g. To'

r d ,break (it) .

My }: To’

rjé tek , break (it) .

O b s . Neuter Verbs have n o Defin ite'

form.

140

2 . PASSIVE VOICE

a ) Verbs wi th ha rd vowels.

I n d i c a t i v e M o o d .

Presen t Ten se.

Ta la'

lta tom , I am

Ta ldlta tol , thou a rt

Ta la'

lta tik , he is

P lu r . Ta la'

lta tun lc , we ar e

Ta la'

lta ttok , you a re

Ta la'

lta tn ak, they a re

Imperfect Ten se.

Ta la'

lta ta'

m,I wa s

Ta la'

lta ta’

l , thou wa st

Ta la'

lta té lc , he wa s

P l u r . we were

Ta la'

lta ta'

tok, you were

Ta la'

lta ta'

n ak, theywere

Perfect.

Ta la'

lta ttam,I ha ve

Ta la'

lta tta'

l , thou ha st

Ta la'

lta tott , he ha s

P l u r . Ta la'

lta ttunk, we have been foun d.

Ta la'

lta tta tok, you have

Ta ldlta ttak

a n d they ha ve

Ta la la'

lta ta n a lc

Pluperfect.

S i n g. Ta kilta ttam va la , or volt I had

Ta la'

lta ttdl va la , thou ha dst been found.

Ta ldlta tott v a la ,he had

found.

foun d.

142

Ta la'

lta tn ék , he would

P l u r . Ta la'

lta tn a'

nk , we should

Ta la'

lta ln a'

tok , you would ;

Ta la'

lta tn a'

n ak , they would

Pa st Ten se.

Ta la'

lta tt am v oln a , should

Ta ldlta tta'

l voln a , thou wouldst

Ta la'

lta tott voln a , he would

P l u r . Ta la'

lta tunk voln a , we should

Ta la'

lta tta tok voln a , you would

Ta la'

lta tta lc vo ln a t hey would

I m p e r a t i v e .

The Presen t Ten se‘

ofi

the subjun ctive Mood.

Ta ldlta tn i , to be foun d.

“

6) Verbs w ith soft vowels .

,I . n d i c

,a t i v e M o.

.

t

.

”

Presen t Ten se .

Ko'

teté l , thou a rt bound

Ko'

tetik , he is boun d ;

Kfitetilnk , we -a re boun d.

Ko'

tettek , you . |a re boun d .

Ko'

tetn ek . they -a re boun d

143

Imperfect.

Ko'

tetém , I wa s

Ko'

teté l , thou wa st

Kb‘

teték , he wa s

P lu r . Ko'

teténk, we were

Kb’

teté tek, you were

Kii tetén ek ,

’

they were

boun d.

Perfect.

Kb’

tettem , I have

Ko’

tetté l , thou ha st

Ko'

tetett , he h a s

P lu r . Kb’

tettilnk , we have

Ko’

tette'

tek , you have

Ko‘

té ttelc , they have

been boun d .

Pluperfect.Ko

’

tettem v a la (volt) I had

Kb’

tetté l v a la , thou 'hadst ~

Kb‘

tetett v a la , he had

Plu r . Ko'

tett ilnk va la , we had

Ko’

tettetek v a la , you had

Kb’

tettelc v a la , they ha d

been boun d.

Compoun d Future.

Ko'

tetn i fagak ,I sha ll or will

Ko‘

tetn i fogsz , thou wilt

Ko'

tetn i fog , be w ill be bound.

P l u r . Ko‘

tetn i fogunk , we sha ll on will

Ko'

tetn i fogtok , you w ill

Katetn i fogn ak , they will

144

S u b j u n c t i v e M o o d .

Presen t Ten se .

Ko’

tessem , tha t I mayKo

'

tessé l , tha t thou mayst

Ifdtessék , tha t he mayP l u r . Ko

'

tessilnk , tha t we mayKo

'

tessetek, tha t you maytha t they mayPa st Ten se .

Ko'

tettem légyen , tha t I might ha ve

Ko'

tetté l le'

gyen , tha t thou m ightest

Ko'

tetett le'

gyen , tha t he might been

P l u r . Kb‘

tettiink leggea , tha t we m ight ha ve boun d.

Ko'

tettetek légyen , tha t you might

Kb’

tettek le'

gg/en , tha t they m ight

be boun d.

C o n d i t i o n a l .

Presen t Ten se .

Ko'

tetn e'

m,I should or would

Ko’

tetn e'

l , thou wouldst

Ko'

tetn ék , he would

P l u r . Ko‘

tetn én lc , we should or would

[(dtetn é telc , you would

they would

Pa st Ten se.

Ko’

tettem voln a , I should or would

Kb’

tetté l voln a , thou wouldst

Ko’

telett voln a , he wouldP l u r . Kb

’

tettiznk voln a , we should or would

Kb‘

tettetek voln a , you would

Kb’

tettelc voln a , they would

be bound.

punoq

ueeq

aAeq

146

Compoun d Future .

Csa lo'

dn i fogok ,I sha ll or will delude myself; like

the Fu ture of the Pa ssive.

S u b j u n c t i v e M o o d .

Presen t Ten se.

Csa lo'

dfam , tha t I may delude myself; like the Sub

jun ctive of the Pa ssive .

Pa st Ten se .

Csa lodtam légyen , I might have deluded myself ; etc.

C o n d i t i o n a l .

Presen t Ten se .

Csa lo'

dn dm ,I should or would delude myself, etc .

Pa st Ten se .

Csa lo'

dtam voln a , I might have deluded myself , etc .

I m p e r a t i v e .

Sing. Csa lo’

di , delude thyself;Plur . Csa lo

’

dja tok, delude yourselves .

O b s . The Presen t Ten se of the Subjun ctive

Mood is used a s the Imper a tive Mood a s well , the

compoun d forms of the Impera tive : l e t h im d e

l u d e h im s e l f , l e t u s d e l u d e o u r s e l v e s , etc .

a re a lso expressed by the Presen t Ten se of the Sub

jun ctive Mood.

I n f i n i t i v e .

Csa lo’

dn i , to delude on e’

s self.

Der iv a tive Verba l roots ha ve the same forms of

conjuga tion ; but it is to be remarked , tha t a ll der i

147

v a tive Verba l roots which ha ve a t r a n s i t i v e mea n

ing receive the forms of the Ac t i v e V o i c e ; such

a s ha ve a r e fl e x ive mea n in g receive the forms of

the M e d i u m . Csa l - v i to deceive , csa llza t - n i to

be able to deceive (ca n deceive) , forms : csa l/za tok,

csa lha tsz etc . ; cs a la tkoz - n i (to deceive on e’

s self)

to be m istaken ,forms : cs a la tkozom , csa la tkozol,

csa la tkozik, etc .

4. FUTURE ROOT OF ”AND“

.

All Verba l r oots , Der iva tive a s well a s Pr imi

tive on es , ca n be conjuga ted w ith the Future r a dica l

”a n d“

. The Active r oo t v a'

r (va'

r n i , to wa it or to

expect) a n d the Medium la l n'

k (lakn i to dwell , to

live) may serv e a s a pa ttern of this kin d.

a . Ac t i v e .

I n d i c a t i v e M o o d .

Presen t Ten se .

Va'

r a n dok, I sha ll or w ill

Va’

r a n dsz, thou w ilt

Va'

r a n d ,he w ill

Vdr a n dun lc, we sha ll or wi ll

Va'

r a n da tok, you w ill

Va'

r a n da n ak ,they will

be wa iting.

Imperfect Ten se .

Va'r a n dék,I would

Vdr an ddl thou wouldst wa itingVa

'

r a n da ,he would

148

Plur . Vdr a n da'nk we would

Va'

r a nda'

tok , you would be wa iting.

Va’

r a n da'

n ak they would

Perfect Ten se .

Sing. Vdr a n dottam ,I will

Va’

r a n do tta'

l,thou w ilt

Vdr a n do tt , he w ill

Plur . Vdr a n dotta nk, we w ill

Vdr a n do tta tolc, you w ill

Va’

r a n dotta lc , they w ill

Pluperfect

is formed from the Perfect by the addition of v a la

or v o lt , to ea ch Person a l form .

have wa ited.

S u b j u n c t i v e M o o d .

Presen t Ten se .

Sing. Va'r a n djak ,I sha ll wa it”)

Vdr a n dya'

l thou sha lt wa it

Va’

r a n dion ,he sha ll wa it

Plur . Vdr a n dfunk , we sha ll wa it

Vdr a n dfa tok, you sha ll wa it

Va'r a n dia n ak, they sha ll wa it.

Pa st Ten se .

Va r a'

n dottam leggea , etc ., like the Pa st Ten se

the Active V.

The Media l form i s : Va'

r a n da’

m,Vdr a n ddl , Vdr a n

dek etc.

The Subjun ctive may o ften be tra n sla ted by ,,will be oh

ligod to wa it“.

150

Plur . L aka n ddnk , we would

L aka n da'

tok, you would be liv ing or dwellin g.

L aka n da’

n ak, they would be

Perfect.

Sing. L aka n dottam ,I will

L aka n do tta'

l , thou w ilt

L aka n do tt , he w ill

Plur . L aka n dottunk, we will

L aka n dotta tok, you w ill

L aka n do ttak ,they will

ha ve lived or dwelt.

Pluperfect.

L aka n do ttam v a la or v olt , etc.

,like the Pa ssive .

S u b j u n c t i v e .

Presen t Ten se .

Sing. L aka n dfam , I sha ll be

L aka n djdl , thou sha lt be

L aka n dfék ,he sha ll be

Plur . L aka n dfunk, we sha ll be

L aka n dyatok, you sha ll be

L aka n dfa n a lc, they sha ll be

Pa st Ten se .

L aka n dotta m légyen , etc.

liv in g or dwellin g.

C o n d i t i o n a l .

Presen t.

L aka n dn a’

m , I should beL aka n dn dl , thou wouldst be living or dwelling.

L aka n dn e'

lc , he would be

15 1

Plur . L aka n dn a'

nk, we should be

L aka n dn a'

tok, you WOUId be liv ing or dwelling,

L aka n dn a'

n ak, they would be

Pa st.

L aka ndottam voln a , etc. , like tha t of the Pa ssive.

I n f i n i t i v e .

L aka n dn i , (to) w ill be living.

5 . CONTRACTED VERBAL ROOTS .

a . Ac t i v e V o i c e .

INDEFINITE FORM.

I n d i c a t i v e M o o d .

Presen t Ten se .

Sodr ok, I twist , a n d I spin

Sodr a sz a n d sodor sz ,thou twistest

Soda r , he twisteth ;

Sodr unk, we twist

S odor tok , you twist

S odor n ak

Sodr a n ak

Imperfect Ten se .

Sodr ék,I twisted , I spun .

Sodr dl , thou twistedst

Sodr a , he twisted ;Sodr a

'

nk, we twisted

Sodr dtok , you twisted

Sodr a’

na k, they twisted.

they twist.

152

Perfect.

£35225: I ha ve twisted , I wa s twisting

tt'

lthou ha st twisted

Sodr o tt , he ha s twisted ;S odr ottunk

Sodor tunk l’ we ha ve twi sted

Sodr otta tok

Sodor ta tolf i’ you have tw i stedSodr o ttak , they ha ve twisted.

Pluperfect.

S odr o ttam v a la

Sodor tam v a la

S odr otta’

l v a la

S odor ta'

l v a la

Sodr ott va la , he had tw isted ;Sodr o ttunk v a la

S odor tunk va la

Sodr o tta tok v a la

Sodor ta tok va la

Sodr o ttak va la , they had twisted.

I had twisted

thou hadst twisted

j, we ha d tw isted

you ha d twisted

Compoun d Future .

S a da nn i fogele, I sha ll or will twist

S a da nn i faysa , thou w ilt twist

S odor n i fog , he w ill twist ;Sodor n i fogunk , we sha ll or w ill twist

S a dann i fogtok , you will twistSodor n i faya dh , they will twist.

154

Sodr otta'

l voln a

S odor ta’

l voln a

Sodr o tt voln a , he would have twisted ;Sodr ottunk v o ln a

Sodor tunk voln a

Sodr o tta tok vo ln a

S odor ta tok vo ln a

Sodr ottak voln a , they would have twisted.

thou wouldst ha ve twisted

l’ we should have twisted

you would have tw isted

I m p e r a t i v e .

Sodmj , twist (thou)S odorja tok , twist (you) .

I n f i n i t i v e .

Sodor n i , to twist , to spin .

The Defin ite form , the Person a l termin a tion s of

which see above ,is liable to the same con tra ction s

a s the In defin ite form given in this pa radigm .

Accordin g to this Pa r a digm a re formed : Bujdo

to wa n der about ; csa tol , to fa sten with a

buckle ,metaphor ica lly to en close ; csep el , to thra sh ;

ebe'

del, to din e ; én ekel, to sin g ; esdelcel, to implore ;

ga’

tol , to hin der ; gydszol , to mourn ; gyb'

to'

r , to

plague ; hajol , to st0 0 p ; hegyez , to po in t ; jegyez,to ma rk ; ka baz , to con fisca te ; kovdcso l , to forge ;

n a'

dol , to steel , to ha rden (iron ) ; p a dol , to cc

ver with boa rds , to wa in scot ; p ecsé tel , to sea l ;

p er el , to plead (a n d to quarrel) ; p o'

tol , to make

The termin a tion of the In fin itive ,,n i

“ bein g a secondary

form , is missed a n d the Verbs a re given in their roots.

155

amen ds ; r obot , to rob ; s ajog , . to sma rt ; ta n dcsol,

to give a dv ice , tip or ,to tread ; tolma

'

csol , to in ter

pret ; ta dakol , to in qu ire ; un ep el , to celebra te ; v a'

dol , to a ccuse , to cha rge (with) .

O b s . 1. Bujdokol , esdekel , hajol , a re used

a s Mediums a s well.

O b s . 2 . Verba l roots w ith soft vowels receive

the same v owels in their Person a l termin a tion s .

b . M e d i u m .

I n d i c a t i v e M o o d .

Presen t Ten se .

Alszom , I sleep a n d I am sleepin gAlszol , thou sleepest etc .

Alszilc , he sleeps ;Alszunk , we sleep

Alsza tok , you sleep

Alsza n ak a n d a laszn a lc , they sleep .

Imperfect.

Ala v a'

m a n d Alva'

m , I sleptAluva

’

l a n d Alva'

l , thou sleptest

Aluv ék a n d Alvék , he slept ;Aluva

'

nk a n d Alva'

n lc , we slept

Aluva'

tolc a n d Alv a'

tolc, you slept

Aluva'

n ak a nd Alvdn ak , they slept.

Perfect.

Aludtam , I have slept, I wa s sleeping ,

Aludta'

l, thou ha st slept , etc .

Ala dt a n d Aludott , he ha s slept ;

156

Plur . Aludtunk , we ha ve slept

Aludta tolr , you have slept

Aludtak a n d Aludta n ak , they ha ve slept.

Pluperfect

ha s the same Person a l forma tion s , with the addition

of v a la or volt to ea ch Person .

Compoun d Future .

Sing. Aludn i fogok, I sha ll sleep

Aludn i fogsz , thou w ilt sleep

Aludn i fog , he will sleep ;Plur . Aludn i fogunk , we sha ll sleep

Aludn i fogtok , you w ill sleep

Aludn i fogn ak , they w ill sleep .

S u b j u n c t i v e M o o d .

Presen t Ten se .

Sing. Aludiam , tha t I may sleep a n d if I sleep

Aludfa'

l , tha t thou mayst sleep

Aludfék , tha t he may sleep ;Plur . Aludiun lf , tha t we may sleep

Aludia tok , tha t you may sleep

Ala dja n a lc , tha t they may sleep .

Pa st Ten se.

Aludi am légye n , tha t I may have slept , etc.

C o n d i t i o n a l .

Presen t Ten se .

Sing. I should sleep

Aludn a'

l , thou wouldst sleepAludn é lc, he would sleep ;

Common ly the forms of the Neuter a la dn ék , a ludn a'

l,

a la dn a are u sed.

15'

s

of the root ; thus , n ot bilnhszem ; dil

hb’

szik ,n ot dillzszi/f ; sovdnyoszilc, n ot sovdnyszik.

O b s . 2 . Such Verba l roots a s ha ve n ot a d a s

their radica l , a re liable merely to con tra ction , n ot

to the a ltera tion of their r adica l con son a n t in to sz,

a s : Iza boz to wa ve , to foam , fuldokol to be chok

in g , form ha bzom ,etc . a n d fuldolrlom etc .

In rega rd to the o ther i rregula r Verbs the

roo ts of which term in a te w ith n,

a s ven - n i, len

n i , hin —n i , v in - n i , in - n i , en - n i , men - u i,the stu

den t is referred to ,,Composition s VII. Verba l r oots

in n“; on ly it m a y be a dded , tha t the Verbs

en n i a n d in n i a re used a s Mediums , a n d ha ve the

Media l form .

The irregula r Verbs the roots of which en d

with a vowel, a s fé , hi , M, m'

,szi , szd

,etc. have

been men tion ed a s well in ,,Composition s VII. Ver

ba l roots of v “, their cha ra cter istic being v .

E. Objective Conjugation .

Before con cluding the Section of Conjuga tion ,the propr iety of the Hun ga r ia n la n guage of hav inga peculia r termin a tion for the first Person of Tr a n

sitive Verbs , when a Person is Spoken to , must be

men tion ed. This form is a lways used when the a ctive

Verb govern s the Objective Ca se of the Person a l

P ron oun of the secon d Person ,this Objective Ca se

bein g then expressed by a n objective termin a tion .

These objective Termin a tion s a re

159

Verbs w ith ha rd vowels Verbs w ith soft vowels

I n d i c a t i v e .

la ir

a lak

S u b j u n c t i v e .

P r e s. a n d P e r f. a lak

C o n d i t i o n a l .

P r e s e n t dlak é lek

P a s t a la lc elelc

These Term in a tion s a re a dded to the Cha ra c

teristic of the Verbs .

O b s. Such Ten ses a s have a ny a uxilia ry word

to complete their form , reta in the auxilia ry in the

Objective Conjuga tion a s well.

P a r a d i g m .

(Verbs with soft vowels receive the correspon din g term in a tion s.)

1 . ACTIVE .

I n d. Pres . Va’

r lak, I wa it for thee , a n d I wa it

for ye .

Perf. Va’

r ta la lc, l ha ve wa ited for thee or ye .

S u bj Pres . Va'

rja lak , tha t I may wa it for theeor ye.

Perf. Va'

r ta lak légyen , tha t I might havewa ited for thee or ye .

C o n d. Pres . Va’r n a'la le, I should w a it for thee or ye.

Past. Vo'r ta lak voln a , I should ha ve wa itedfor thee or ye .

160

2 . FACTITIVE .

In d. Pres . Vdr ta tlak, I leave thee or ye wa iting ;Perf. Va'r ta tta lak, I have left thee or ye

wa i tin g ;S u b . Pres . Vdr ta ssa la lc, tha t I may let thee or ye

wa it ;Pa st. Va

’

r ta tta lak légyen ,tha t I might have

left thee or ye wa i tin g.

Co n d. Pres . Vdr ta tn a'

lak ,I should leave thee or ye

wa i tin g ;Pa st. Vdr ta tta lak voln a ,

I should have left

thee or ye wa iting.

3 . POTENTIAL .

l n d. Pres . Va’

r ba tlak , I m ay (o r I am a ble to)

wa it for thee or ye ;

Perf. Vdr lza tta lak ,I m ight ha ve wa ited or

I wa s able to wa it for thee or ye .

S u bj Pres. Vdr hassa la lc, tha t I may (may be able

to) wa it for thee or ye .

Pa st. Va’

r ha tta lak le'

gyen ,I m ight have wa ited

for thee or ye .

C o n d. Pres . V I should be a ble to wa itfor thee or ye .

Pa st. Va’

r lza tt a la lr voln a , I should have been

able to wa it for thee or ye .

F. Participles .

There a re two differen t ki n ds of Verba l forms

gen era lly men tion ed a s Pa rticiples of the Verb ; their

Termin a tion s a re :

162

P a s s i v e

Ta la'

lta tva’

n,being foun d ; To

'

r etve'

n , being broken ;Ta la

'

lta tva , having been Tn'

r etve , hav ing beenfoun d. broken .

M e d i u m .

Csa lo'

dvdn,deludin g on e

’

s self ;

Csa lo'

dva ,deluded.

N e u t e r .

Elven ,liv ing ;

Elve , having lived , lived.

2 . CONTRACTED ROOTS .

A c t i v e .

S odor va'

n twisting spin n ing ;Sodor va , twisted , spun .

M e d i u m .

Alva'

n a n d Ala va'

n ,sleepin g ;

Alva , slept , hav ing slept , (being a sleep).

3 . FUTURE ROOT (a n d , en d) .

A c t i v e .

Va'

r a n dvdn ,

Va’

r a n dva .

P a s s i v c

Va'

r a ta n dva'

n ,

Va'

r a ta n dva .

3 .°

D e r i v a t i o n a n d C om p o s i t i o n o f n ew

V e r b s .

The der iva tive Verba l roots men tion ed above

a re such a s may be formed from a ny Active , or

Active , Pa ssive , Medium a n d Neuter Verb , a nd a re

163

expressed by a per iphra stica l Conjuga tion in other

European la nguages ; the Verba l roots to be con

sidered in this Section a re such a s may be con sidered

a s Pr imitive roots in rega rd to those men tion ed above,

of which may be formed Factitive, Poten tia l, Pa ssive

etc. ra dica ls.

A con cise a n d br ief en umera tion of Etymologica l

forms strictly taken is subjoin ed.

New Verbs may be formed by mea n s of

Der iva tion a n d Composition .

A. Derivative Verbs.

Verbs a re der ived from Substa n tives , Adjectives,Adverbs , Preposition a l terms (Postposition s) a n d

other Verbs .

From Substa n tives (der iva tive a n d pr imitive on es)

a re der ived Verba l r oots

1) by mea n s of the con son a n t l.

a ) l a dded w ithout a ny a uxilia ry vowel to such Sub

s ta n tives a s termin a te w ith a vowel , formin gActive Verbs : Kap a the hoe , kap a

'

l - n i to dig ;

mese ta le , mesé l - n i to tell ; bor on a the ba rrow,

bor on a’

l- n i to ba rrow.

b) l, w ith the vowels e , o , b’

, a s often a s the Sub

sta n tive ha s a fin a l con son a n t ; p or powder , p a r ol

n i to powder ; p er process , law - su i t , p er el - n i

(to make process) to qua rrel , to ca rry on a

law - su it ; ter k load , ter lzel - n i to burden , to load.

O b s . Some of these Verbs belong to the cla ss

of the Mediums , a n d a re mostly Neuter in foreign

11*

164

la nguages. S ikam (from s ilt pla n ) , sikamolificon tra cted .s

‘ilramlilt‘L (to) slide ; v illa'

m lightn ing,v illa

'

molzk , con tra cted v illa'

mlik ,it lighten s .

c) l, with the vowel ll, it, forms Neuter Verbs : ter ri t

n i to exten d ,from tér spa ce ; lap zll - n i to become

fla t , from lap pla te ; a lap al- n i to be foun ded,

from a lap foun da tion ; ker dl - n i to a void (to go

roun d) , from [Mr circle.

2 . By mea n s of the con son a n t g.

a ) g , preceded by the v owels o , o , 6 ,forms In

tra n sitive Verba l roots : csep eg- n i to dr ip , from

csep drop ; r aygay- n i to be bright ; zafay - n i to

make a n oise ; émelyeg - n i to be loa thsome , to

disgust ; mosolyogn i to smile .

b) g , preceded by the syllable in , on ,en , fin

zajong-n i to brawl , kem’

ng- en i , or ker eng

- en i

to move in a circle ; from ké’

r circle , zay n orse.

3) By mea n s of the con son a n ts szt, w ith a n auxi

lia ry v owel, a re formed Fa ctitive Verbs from other

Verba l roots a n d Substa n tives : Ep eszt - en i to

(make) ga ll, to make a ngry , from ep e ga ll ; veszt

en i to loose , from vesz da nger .

4) By mea n s of the con son a n t z , with or without

auxilia ry vowels , a ccording a s the Substa n tivestermina tte with a vowel or a con son a n t , a re formed

H MN

l 1 Rs:CVC

4» eute r erbs. Ha ngoz n i to soun d, from ha ng

soun d ; olcoz - n i to cause , from 0 k cause ; felezn i to div ide in two pa r ts , from fé l ha lf; etc.

16 6

6 . Der iva tive Substan tives of a'

sz a re a lso used a s

Verba l roots. Ha la'

sz -n i to fish , va da'

sz- n i to

hun t , etc. ,from ha la

'

sz fisher , va da'

sz hun tsma n .

From Adjectives a re der ived Active , Neuter ,

a n d Media l Verbs.

1 . Active Verbs of a frequen tative mea n ing a re

formed: by the syllables ga t , get : a s , é desget-n i to

sweeten ; by i t : v ildgosit- n i to make light , Ice

'

lcit

e ni to make blue , zb’

ldit en i to make green ; by the

syllable ta l , tel : magaszta l- n i to extol , from magas

high , hir esztel -n i to a n n oun ce , to make kn own , from

hir es ren own ed , kn own .

2 . Neuter Verbs : by mea n s of the syllables ill,

ill, a d, ed , a s, n agyobbzll—n i to grow la rger , der tll

- n i

to clea r up , Joza n zil- n i to become sober ; Ité ln i l -n i

to grow blue, zb’

ldz’

il - n i to grow green ; lzigga d-n i to

become liqu id , from big liquid ; v iga d- n i to be

merry ,from v ig merry.

3 . Media l Verbs : by the syllables 0 d, ed, b’

d ; a s,

n agyobbod n i to become la rger , v e’

nhed n i to grow

old , sov a'

nyod-n i to fa ll away , from sova

’

ny meagre,

v ildgosod- n i to become light ; kod , Iced

, a s,

okoskod - n i to a rgue , from pruden t ; [b’

svény

ked -a i to covet , from fo’

svény a va r icious.

The imperson als zb’

ldellilr it is green ish , Ice/cel

lik it is blueish , felzér lik it is whi tish , etc. are

der ivative dimin utive Verbs.

From Adverbs a re der ived

1 . Active a n d Neuter Verbs, by the syllables it,

get, el, a n d the con son a n t z, preceded by a n auxiliary

16 7

vowel. Ko‘

zelit-n i to br ing n ea r ; r ogtb’

n b‘

z-n i to ex

tempor ize ; felebbez—n i to appea l ; felcl-n i , to a n swer ;

from w’

zel n ea r , r b’

gtb’

n sudden ly , felebb higher up,

fel up , on .

2 . Media l Verbs, by mea n s of the syllables Iced,

kod : lzir telen sudden ly, ha stily, hir telenked-n i to over

hurry , esztelen un rea son able , esztelen lted - n i to

commit follies , etc.

From Preposi tion s a re formed Active Verbs ; a s,tzitzit a n i a n d tziloz -n i to exaggera te , mellé lcel-n i

to en close , melldz - n i to avoid , a ldz - n i to humble,to lower ; from l tll beyon d , mellé beside , n ext,a la

'

un der .

From other Verbs a re der ived Active, Neuter ,Frequen ta tive,Media lVerbs , etc. The most frequen tlyoccurr ing syllables of Der iva tion a re the following :

ad , a l , a n , am , amod , amol con tra cted aml , amosz

con tra cted amsz , a ss t , a t,

a s : faya d -n i to

receive , gyula d- n i to in flame , fa v a l -n i to blow,

fogan -n i to become pregn a n t , ma nza n - n i to stir ,

fogam-n i to become pregn a n t , fa tamol v i to take

to flight , ir amol - n i to run , folyamod-n i to

petition , futamod - n i to fly , fogamsz -a n i to become

pregn a n t, fogyaszt - a n i to lessen , sza laszt a n i to

rout , forga t -ui to turn , donga t-n i to bea t , etc. ;

from their respective roots fog , gyzi l , ftl , moz,

fut , ir , foly , fogy , sza la d (sza l a n d szdll) , for ogcon tra cted forg , dong.

Verbs wi th the der iva tive syllables am , amod,

aml , amsz , a re Mediums.

16 8

bol , bb’

l ; a s , zb‘

r b‘

mbb’

l—a i to make a ra ttling n oise ,diir b

'

mbb'

l - n i to make a thun der - like n o ise ; fromzn

’

r en -a i to r a ttle , dor en - n i to thun der .

csa'

l , csel , csol ; a s, fa r agcsa'

l- n i to cut figures , r on

csol - n i to spoil ; from fa r ag , r a n t.

da l , degé l , del , des , dez , doga'

l , dos , doz , db‘

gé l,

db‘

kb'

l , dill , dtll ,’ a s , vagda l

- n i to cu t in pieces,ver degé l

-n i to bea t a little repea tedly , tb’

r del - n i

to break in sma ll pieces , cszpdes -a i to pin ch re

pea tedly ,ir doga

'

l - n i to wr ite frequen tly , ma r dos

n i to bite , kap dos- n i to sn a tch , itldb

’

gé l-n i to sit

down repea tedly , b’

dlo‘

ko'

l- n i to slaughter , for dzll

n i to turn about (Neuter) ; from their r espective

roots v a'

g , v er ,tb

‘

r , osip , ir , ma r , Imp , iil,

61, for .

eget, emed, em, c l ; a s, ver eget-n i to bea t frequen tly,

vetemed n i to think of , to give on e’

s self to ,

ker enget- n i a n d Iter inget

-n i to give a circula r

motion ; from ver , vet , ker eng

ga'

l , yel z hajga'

l - n i to throw , r a ngal- n i to destroy,

dorga'

l - n i to cen sure ; ker esge’

l - a i to look for

(steadily) .

in t : v er in t - en i to touch , csava r in t - a n i to turn

round on ce ; from ver , csava r .

Ked , kod give Media l Verbs : emelked - n i to r ise,elmé lked -n i to muse , to medita te , a

'

lmé llcod - n i

to be a ston ished ; from emel , elme'

l , a'

lmé l.

la t, let , a s, a ss la t—a i to disperse, foszla t-a i to un do,to pick (draw out the threads of silk or

woollen stuff) .

17 0

a n d ellen ta'

ll - a n i to resist , ellenmond - a n i to con tra

dict ; a'

lta l , con tra cted a'

i through , a cross , over

(tra n s) , a'

lta lla'

t -n i , con tra cted a'

tla'

t - n i , to see

through , to pen etra te .

3 . Preposition a l a ffixes a re n ot used in their

pr imitive form , but with the Possessive a ffixes of the

third Person Singula r , a s, belé , hozza'

,r d in stead of

r ed : a s , bele'

v a'

g- n i to hew in , metaphor ica lly to

in terrupt a speaker , hozzaffdr ul - n i to a ccede ,r a

'

a'

ll

a n i to con sen t.

4. Substa n tives . It is aga in st the gen ius of

the Hunga ria n la n guage to form n ew Verbs by

mea n s of Composition of Verbs wi th Substa n tives,the la nguage bein g so r ich in syllables of der iva tion .

The on ly more frequen tly occurr ing Verb of tha t

kin d is ha'

tir n i to in dorse , in other in sta n ces the

Per iphra stica l expression is preferable.

5 . Verba l Pa rticles. These a re on ly used in

composition with Verbs. Such a re el a n d meg el

mea n s away, meg hasn o proper mea n in g in E n glish,a lthough it often may be tra n sla ted by oil ; it is

used when the speaker wishes to express a n a ction

rea lly fin ished or to be fin ished. Ir - a i to wr ite,megir n i (to make it wr itten ) to a chieve wr iting ;

fdl - n i to choke ; meg/‘

dl - a i to become choked ; ven

n i to take , elven -a i to take away, megven-n i to buy.

Meg often gives the Verb a metaphor ica l mea n ing :

vet -n i to throw , elvet-a i to throw away , megvet-n i

to despise. The Presen t Ten se of Verbs com

poun ded with meg often expresses the Future of the

17 1

s imple Verb. 153191. 1 live ,megé lek 1 sha ll live,

I sha ll get my liv in g.

Compoun d Verbs reta in the same forms of con

juga tion , a s the simple on es.

1 1 . Nom i n a l F o rm s .

S ub s t a n t i v e s a n d w o r d s u s e d i n s t e a d o f

S u b s t a n t i v e s .

The forms un der which the Substa n tive appea rs

in the Hun ga r ia n la n guage , a re quite differen t from

those of other E uropea n la n guages .

There is n o distin ction of Gen der n or a ny De

clen sion a s we fin d in other E uropea n la n guages .

Before the differen t forms of the Substa n tives

a re deta iled , tha t pa r t of speech which the Hun ga r ia n

Academy, in its ,,System of the Hunga r ia n la n guage,“

ingen iously styled the P r e n o u n , a n d whi ch com

mouly is ca lled the Ar ticle, may be men tion ed.

It is in deed somewha t differen t from the a rticle

of other Europea n la n guages , for it is used n either

to distinguish the Gen der , a s in Germa n a n d Fren ch ,n or for the sake of determin in g n earer the Substa n

tive , yet it is a n in dispen sable precursor of the

Substan tive : this Pren oun is a s , it rema i n s in va ri

able, an d is in combin able w ith a ny a ffixes of the

Substa n tive . The E uphon istica l a n d Orthographica l

remark on ly may be n oted ,tha t , in stead of az,

a’is used a s often a s the Substan tive begins with

17 2

a con son a n t ; thus , we say : a s a nga the mother ,a s 0 116 the scissors , a

’ha

’

s the house , a’ss oba

the room ,etc.

1 . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e 0 bje c t i v e C a s e .

The Cha ra cter istic of the Objective Ca se,

both for the Singula r a n d Plura l , is t , which is a l

ways a dded by mea n s of a vowel when the con cur

ren ce of con son a n ts would ha rden the pron un cia tion .

E uphony a n d the a ltera tion of the pr imitive

roots of Substa n tives have produced some Irregula ri

ties . In order to fa cilita te the lea rn in g of such de

v ia tion s from the gen era l rule : ,,th e v o w e l s , b y

m e a n s o f w h i c h a ff i x e s a r e j o i n e d t o t h e

r o o t s , m u s t c o r r e s p o n d w i t h t h o s e o f t h e

r o o t , h a r d o r s o ft o n e s“,leading rules

"

a re

given in the following Subdivision s.

A. The root of the Substantives remains unchanged.

a ) The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t i s a d d e d w i th o u t

a n y v ow e l

1) To a ll Substa n tives tha t have a fin al vowela s E r dd the wood , a s er dé

’

t the wood ; a’r ds sa

the rose , a’

a’

Ire/"e the brush , a

’Icefé t ;

a s o llo’

the scissors , a s ollo'

t ; as a'

r u wa res,

a s

2 . To Substan tives with a fin a l j , I, if theya re n ot mon osyllables , ng , r a n d s , the dissyllables

of a fin a l os , s , a n d the mon o'

syllables of r .

A’s oref the n oise , s b

’

r ejt ; a s a ss ta l the table , a s

On prolon gation of a , see In trod. § 4.

174

In the Compa ra tive a n d Superla tive degrees of

Adjectives , when they a re used without a Substa n

tive, or when they follow their Substan tive : ga s da

ga bt r icher , ga s daga bba t a r icher on e ; jobb better ,

ja bba i a better on e ; a’

legjobba t the best on e ; etc.

When the Substa n tive is used w ith the Posses

s ive a ffixes ending with a Con son a n t : a s , a ss ta loma t

my table .

2 . By 0 (for ha rd words) .

In a ll Substa n tives tha t a re n o t compre

hen ded un der the preceding rules . A’

fula'

nk the

sting , fula'

n /wt ; a’

p a r a n cs the comma n dmen t , p a

r a n csot ; a’

ka la n d the a dven ture , ka la n dot ; a n d in

the Substa n tives esile the stripe ; ir butter -milk.

3. By e (for soft words) .

In a ll Substa n tives the roots of which have i, e

or e'

,for their r adica l v owels . Ré teg stra tum , r ete

get ; a’

v i te'

sség the bravery . the va lour , v i te'

s séget ;

a’

ver i ték the swea t , ver i téket.

In a ll those tha t shor ten the pr imitively long

vowel of their la st syllable . A’

ss ekér the coa ch,a

’

ss eker et ; a’

gyb'

lrér ,the root , a

'

ggb’

ker et , etc.

In mon osyllables w ith a fin a l I or w ith a n other

fin a l con son a n t preceded by l or r . A’

fill the ea r ,

fa‘

let ; a’

fb‘

ld the ea rth , fb‘

ldet ; a’vb

‘

lgg the va lley,

vb’

lgget.

4. By 0 (for soft words) .

In Substa n tives ha vin g for their vowels 6 ,o,a

or a , a n d n ot belon ging to the preceding rules. As

17 5

es ils t the silver , es astb’

t ; fils t the smoke , fuc in'

i ;

kb’

d the fog , c‘

db‘

t ; a s elno'

k the presiden t , el

n b‘

kb‘

t ; etc.

B. The root of the Substantive changes when the t of the

obj ective case is added.

Altera tion s in the form of the Nom in a tive a re

produced by a C o n t r a c t i o n of the la st syllable,

by c h a n g i n g the root of the Substa n tive in to a

differen t on e from tha t used a s the Nomin a tive .

a ) C o n t r a c t i o n .

The Con tra ction may be effected

1) By abbrev ia tin g the long vowel of the la st syl

lable. Such abbrev ia tion s take place in the followingSubsta n tives a n d words used a s Substa n tives : aga

'

r ,

grey-houn d , boga

’

r in sect , cser ép rsha rd , ea rthen

wa re , dé l n oon , dér frost , derek the trunk , (a s Ad

jective, excellen t a n d brav e) , ég the sky, eger mouse,

eggéb other , elég (used a s a Substa n tive) en ough , é r

the vein , ess rea son , fa s ék pot , fedel cover , fé l

ha lf, fenek bottom , fon dl file , thread , fo‘

ve’

ng sa n d,

fits willow , gereb r a il , obsta cle , ga n dr ga n der , gyn’

ker root , liet the week , Izév hea t , jég ice , [ca n al

a n d ka la'

n spoon , kengér bread ,ker ék wheel , kev és

li ttle , Icés ha n d , kosa’

r ba sket , leo'

te'

l r ope , kb’

s ép

the middle , [n it the well , le'

gg the fly, le'

v the ju ice ,lev é l a letter , ldd goose , ma da

'

r the bird , mess lime,mocsa

'

r mora ss , ma rsh , nga'

r summer , n ebes heavy,n égg four , n ev the n ame , p olza

'

r the gla ss , cup ,

r és copper , r nd a pole , sa'

r mud ,sa ddr summit,

17 6

top of trees , suga'

r the ray , ss ama'

r the a ss , s sel

the win d , ss eleér the\

coa ch , ca r , ss e'

n coa l , tehén

cow , té l win ter , tenger a n d tereng the pa lm (of the

ha n d) , tis ten , tits fire , zir Mister , a gen tlema n ,

zi t the way , vereb a Spa rrow , v is the wa ter . Oh

jective Ca se : Aga r a t , boga r a t , cser ep et , etc .

2) By n eglecting the short vowel of the la st

syllable .

In Substa n tives , or words used a s Substan tives,en ding with the syllable a lom or elem , a s : fajda lom pa in , fejedelem duke, a

'

lom the Sleep hav ingfajda lma t , fejedelmet , a

'

lma t.

Except elem the elemen t , which forms elemet.

As often a s the Con son a n ts 1, lg , r meet w ith the

con son a n t m in the la st syllable . S elgem Silk,o'

lom lead , ko'

r b‘

m finger- n a il a n d the claws ,

selgmet , c'

lmot , leb'

rmb’

t.

Except b’

r b’

m the joy ; O bjective Ca se b’

r b’

met.

When 1, lg , r combin e w ith li‘ to form the fin a l

syllable . Ar a l: the ditch , the tren ch , b’

ltb’

r the

ox , ggilolr the stabber , a lrol the Sheep - cot,having a

'

r ltot , b’

lrr b‘

t , etc

Except a la lt the shape , gger ek the child,leer elr the wheel , b

’

r b’

k etern a l.

When the fin a l g in its syllable is preceded byl , lg ,

r . Doloy the thing , the work , her eg the

ba rk , the crust ; da lga i , leérget.

Except ba log left - ha n ded , bé lgeg a stamp ,

gombolgag a clew (of thread) , ba ll , gga log on foot,

gb‘

r b’

g Greek,ledlgog ca ta ra ct , l w

'

lgag bladder , meleg

47 8

fr om wh a t they ha v e when used in the Nomi

n a tiv e ca s e . Such a r e

l ) The mon osylla bles of a lon g é, o'

, o a n d i t .

The fo llow in g a r e the differ en t r oo ts of the

Nomin a tiv e a n d Obj ectiv e c a s e .

Nomin a t iv e Ca s e . Root of the Obj ec tiv e c a se .

F6 th e hea d

Fit the gr a ss

Ho'

the sn ow

K6 the s ton e

Lo the hor s e

Lé the s oup a n d theju ice

M il the wo rk, c ompos i

tion , p er fo rma n c e

N6 the w ife

Ngii the m a ggot

so the s a lt

S sd the w or d

To’

the la ke

To'

the trun k

Vo’

the s on - in - law

O b s e r v . l . The w or ds n o"w oma n , 36 c om

mon s a lt, to’

n eedle, a r e used r egula r ly ; ssd ma ybe used r egula r ly in the Obj ec tiv e c a s e of the

S in gula r Number .

O b s e r v . 2 . To ha r d w ords the t is a dded

w ith the v ow el a , to soft w ords w ith the v owel e .

2) D issylla bles w ith a fin a l a , it o r ii a r e l ia ble

to a bbrev ia tion , the ir fin a l 22 a n d it be in g n eglec t

47 9

ed when the t of the Obj ectiv e c a se is a dded,

which ther efor e is pr ec eded by the v owel a .

Thes e a r e

Nom in a tiv e Root of the Obj ectiv e Ca se .

i il the c a lf B orjDa r a the c r a n e Da r v

En yil the glue

Fagggii ta llow

Fa lu the v illa ge

Fa ttgii the ba s ta rd

Fen gii the p in e (tree)Fi ll the s on

Ggapjit the fleece, the w ool

Hami l a shes

HOSS Z tl lon g

I/j it the youthKdn ngii ea sy Kon n g

S a rji'

t a fterma th, youn g gr a s s S a riVa rja the c r ow Va rj

O b s . l . B orni , da r n , fa lu , fagggit ,llama ,

sa ijit , v a rjil a r e a ls o u s ed r egula r ly , bu t

it is a tr a n sgr es s ion a ga in s t the pr ecepts of pur ityof the la n gua ge .

O b s e r v . 2. Fm, the boy, ha s r egula r forms ,

lint, fink.

3) The follow in g Subs ta n tives : ier lz the lo a d,burden , p elglt the down , L

'

elgk the c a l ic e , v emil

the foa l (youn g ho r se) a r e obs ole te a s Nomin a

tiv es, bu t a r e us ed a s r oo ts for a ll Gr amma tica l12"

48 0

forms . In the Nom in a tiv e Ca s e teher , p elzelg, ke

kelg, v ekem a r e u s ed fo r the s ake of Euphon y .

L é lek the s oul, is c on tr a c ted in to lelket ; magthe s eed, forms mago t a n d magv a t.

The forma tion of the Obj ectiv e Ca s e be in gthe foun da tion of a ll the follow in g E tymologic a l

forma tion s , it w a s n ec es s a ry to dw ell on this

subj ect a l ittle lon ger , in o r der to exha us t it, a n d

to p r ep a r e the w a y for the subs equen t forms

un der which Substa n tiv es m ake the ir a pp ea r

a n c e in the Hun ga r ia n la n gu a ge . All o ther Af

fixes tha t m a y be j o in ed to Subs ta n tiv es r eta in

th e s ame Ra dic a l which h a s been used for the

Obj ec tiv e c a s e ; the s tuden t be in g a cqua in ted w ith

the d iffer en t forms of the Obj ec tiv e c a s e, it n eeds

of on ly the kn ow ledge of th e differ en t a ffixes tha t

c a n be a dded to Subs ta n tiv es , to en a ble the s tu

den t to giv e a ll the d iffer en t E tymologic a l forms .

4 . T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i k o f t h e P l u r a l .

The w or d plur a l mea n s the c ompr ehen s ion

of ma n y Obj ec ts of the s ame s or t in on e term .

S ome of the Substa n tiv es r ep r es en t in the ir

Nomin a t iv e c a s e such a plu r a lity ; a n d a r e ther e

for e c a lled Collec tiv e Substa n tiv es ; c ollec tiv e

Substa n tiv es do n ot a s sume the extern a l cha r a c

ter of the P lur a l . When Collec tiv e Substa n tiv es

a r e us ed a s a gen er ic expr es s ion of ma n y Oh

jec ts taken collec tiv ely, they c a n ha v e n o Plur a l,

18 2

Thus , in or der to form the P lur a l , we h a v e

mer ely to exch a n ge t w ith It , the former expr es s

in g the Obj ec tiv e of the S in gula r , the la tter the

Nomin a tiv e of the P lu r a l . A’

r o'

ssa the r os e, Oh

j c et . c a s e a’

r é zSdt the r os e,Nom . Plur . a

’

r ozsdlf

the r os es ; fa t the w a ll, Obj. S in g. fa la t the w a ll,

Nom . Plur . fa la k the w a lls , e tc .

Subs ta n tiv es w ith a fin a l 1, n g, r , 3 , ss, s , whichh a v e n o v owel befor e the t , h a v e 0 befor e the

Plur a l ls when the ir r a di ca l v ow els a r e ha r d

on es , a n d e when the ir r a dic a l v ow els a r e s oft

on es . Aszta l , a szta lt,P lu r Nom . a szta lok; kin ,

kin t , Nom . Plur . lfin olc; ke’

s the kn ife, ké st , ké

sek, etc .

The Obj ec tiv e Ca s e of the P lur a l Number

ha s the s ame cha r a c ter istic a s the S in gula r , v iz,

t, which is a dded to the P lur a l form , w ith the

v owel a for ha rd w o rds a n d w ith the v ow el e

for s oft w ords . Aszta lolt, Obj ectiv e Plur a l a ss

ta loka t; lcé selc, ké seket; Tar akot the Turks , toro

keket, etc .

3 . P o s s e s s i v e Affixe s .

A. Possessors are represented by the Persona l Pronouns

Wh ils t o ther Eu r opea n la n gu a ges h a v e Pr o

n om in a l Adj ec tiv es , to in d ic a te the po s ses s ion of

obj ec ts a n d to d is tin gu ish the per s on s pos s es sin g, the Hun ga r ia n la n gua ge, a c c or din g to E a s ter n

cu s tom ,ha s c er ta in Ch a r a c ter is tics , which , a dded

48 3

to Subs ta n tiv es r epr esen tin g the Obj ec ts p o s

s es sed, w ill exp r es s the differ en t P er s on a l r ela

tion s of the p os s essor s thems elves .

Thes e ch a r a c ter is tic s a r e ca lled the P o s

s e s s i v e Affi x e s,a n d they a r e der iv ed fr om

the P er s on a l Pr on oun s é n , te , (i , mink,tile, tilt .

They a r e the follow in O '

.

4. O bj e c t p o s s e s s e d i s b u t o n e .

The Pos s essor is on e,

l s t P er s on m my ;

2d d thy ;

3d ja ; for s oft w or ds — je, his , her , its .

The P o s s‘

es s or s a r e mor e tha n on e,

For ha r d w ords Fo r s oft w or ds

l s t P er s . n k, ou r ; n k,ou r ;

2d tolc, you r ; felt, t6le, your ;3d jolt , the ir ; jok, the ir .

The Poss es s iv e Affixes , a ll of them ha v in ga n in itia l c on son a n t

,a r e a dded by mea n s of a

v ow el,in r ega r d to w hich I r efer to the r ules

giv en fo r the Cha r a c ter is tic of the Plur a l ; fo r

the s ame fo rm of the S ubs ta n tiv e a n d the s ame

v owel th a t p r ec ede the ls, p r ec ede thes e a ffixes

a s w ell ; bu t the a ffixes of the third p ers on a n d

tha t of the firs t in the P lur a l ha v e s ome exc ep

tion s . The la tter a ssume the v ow el a for ha r d

a n d a fo r s oft w o rds , when the Subs ta n tiv e ter

min a tes wi th a con son a n t ; thus , in s tea d of Ice

484

sen k our kn ife , ther e is lte’

siin lc our kn ife . The

c on son a n t j ea s ily c omb in es w ith o ther c on so

n a n ts ; ther efor e , the a ffixes of the thir d Per s on

a r e a dded w ithout a n y a uxilia ry v owel .

This j is m is sed en tir ely ;a ) when the S ubsta n tiv e is con tr a c ted a n d when

it cha n ges the r oot of its Nom in a tiv e a o

c ordin g to the rules giv en for the obj ectiv e

c a s e ;

b) when the Substa n tiv e h a s a fin a l 6, g, 12, p , v ;

0 ) when it termin a tes w ith the sylla bles sdg,

se’

g, olt, ck, 6k, 6k, é k, e t.

In a ll the pr ec edin g c a s es on ly the v owel a

o r e , a n d ok o r 61s, a r e a dded to the r o o t of

the P lur a l of the Substa n tiv e .

Fr om these gen er a l r ules dev ia te

a ) Dissylla bic a l Subs ta n tiv es w ith a fin a l (1'

cha n gin g this v ow el in to e befor e the Affixes je

a n d j'

o‘

lc. Er dé’

the w ood, er dqje his w ood ; ssd

Ieje his v in eya r d, etc .

b) The S ubs ta n tiv es : a n ga mo th er , a lga . fa

ther , bdtga br o ther (elder br o th er ) , n é n ge elder

s is ter , los e the ir fin a l v ow el befor e the Affix of

the thir d Per son S in gula r a n d Plu r a l ; thus , a ngja

his mo ther , a n gjolc the ir mo ther , e tc . Hiiga the

youn ger s is ter ,'

o'

cse the youn ger bro ther , r ema in

un cha n ged in the third P er s . S in g ,a n d h a v e

6 0 364,li 'dgolr in the thir d Per s . Plu r .

c) The fo llow in g S ubs ta n tiv es : ajté the door ,

48 6

son a n t . B a r dt the fr ien d, ba r d iya h is fr ien d, ba ~

r dtja im my fr ien ds .

Subs ta n tiv es which fo rm the thir d Per s on

S in gu la r i r r egu la r ly p r es er v e su ch ir r egula r ities

in the a ddit ion of the P lur a l a ffixes . E specia lly

a ) The Dis sylla bica l Substa n tiv es of 6 cha n ge

th a t in to 6 befor e the Plur a l Affixes , a s mezé’

the

field, mezeim my fields .

b) Ajio, biro fo rm ajta im my doo rs , bir a im

my judges , etc .

In compoun d S ubs ta n tiv es of the form : li a zafip a tr iot , coun tryma n , a iyafi r ela tiv e ,

n ee - n ap

n ame—da y, the fir s t p a r t of the c ompoun d w or d is

us ed w ith the P os s es s iv e a ffixes , l ike a S lmp le

Subs ta n tiv e ,a n d the s ec on d p a r t w ith the a ffix of

the thir d P ers on S in gula r . Atydm—fid my r ela

tiv e, a tydm-fia i my r ela tiv es ; ha zdm-fia i my coun

trymen ; n evem- n apja my n ame-day .

B) Possessors are expressed by a Substantive.

When the P oss es sor is r ep r es en ted by a ny

Subs ta n tiv e Wha tev er , this is used in the P os s es s iv e

Ca s e, which in most of the Eur op ea n la n gua ges

is a p eculia r form of Declen s ion .

The Hun ga r ia n la n gu a ge ha s , a ga in , differ en t

a ffixes to exp r es s this Pos s ess iv e Ca s e . Ther e is

to be dis tin guished the u s e of the p os ses s iv e c a s e

in depen den tly fr om the Subs ta n tiv e in d ica tin g the

48 7

obj ec t or objects posses s ed, from the p ossess iv e

ca s e con s tructed w ith this Subs ta n tiv e .

As often a s the Pos sess iv e Ca s e is u sed by

its elf, the Subs ta n tiv e r ece iv es the a ffix e

’

. The

P lur a l of this a ffix is — é i , formed a c c ordin g to

the p r in c ip le of the Poss ess iv e Affixes . A’

szomszé d the n e ighbour , a’szomszéde

’

the n eigh

bour ’s , a’

szomszé dé i the n e ighbour’

s ; a’

szomszé doké

the n e ighbour s’

.

When the P oss ess iv e C a se is con s truc ted

w ith a n o ther Subs ta n tiv e , the P r epos ition a l Affix n a k is used : In tha t ca se the Hun ga r ia n

la n gu a ge ha s a p r op r iety of con s tru c tion , which

s ee below ,un der

, , S y n t a x C o n s t r u c t i o n s

w i th Pr e p o s i t i o n a l Affix e s ,

All thes e differ en t Forms of P oss es s iv e ex

p r ess ion s a r e to be con s ider ed a s n ew r oots of the

S ubs ta n tiv e, to which m a y b e a dded the cha r a cter is tic of the Objec tiv e Ca s e a n d the Pr epos ition a l

Affixes (ba in , bol ou t, n a k to , For in s ta n cel '

o’

n yv book , Ironyvem- a i my book ,

Irb’

n yveim-et