A. Carbon Compounds organic compounds are those in which carbon atoms are almost always bonded to each other, to hydrogen atoms and a few other atoms there are millions of organic compounds and all contain Organic Chemistry inorganic exceptions are the oxides of carbon, and carbides cyanides carbonates, eg) CO 2 , CaCO 3 , NaCN, SiC (O, N, S, P) (no C-C bonds or C-H bonds) covalent bonds
Organic Chemistry. A. Carbon Compounds. organic compounds are those in which carbon atoms are almost always bonded to each other, to hydrogen atoms and a few other atoms. (O, N, S, P). inorganic exceptions are the. oxides of carbon,. carbonates,. cyanides. and carbides. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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A. Carbon Compounds
organic compounds are those in which carbon atoms are almost always bonded to each other, to hydrogen atoms and a few other atoms
there are millions of organic compounds and all contain
Organic Chemistry
inorganic exceptions are theoxides of carbon,
and carbidescyanidescarbonates,
eg) CO2, CaCO3, NaCN, SiC
(O, N, S, P)
(no C-C bonds or C-H bonds)
covalent bonds
carbon is unique for two reasons:
it can bond with atoms to form long chains, rings, spheres, tubes, sheets etc.
a)
b) it can form combinations of single, double and triple bonds
(no other element does this!!!!)
other carbon
recall polarity and intermolecular forces from the chemical bonding unit
polar bonds are formed when there is an uneven pull on e
polar compounds are formed when the polar bonds within a molecule do not cancel each other out
the presence of dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding will allow polar compounds to dissolve in water, since it is also polar non-polar compounds only have LD forces between molecules and will not dissolve in water
B. Structural Isomers
isomers are compounds with the same molecular formulabut adifferent structure
Example 1
Draw the three structural isomers for C5H12.
H
H
C
H
H
C C C C
H H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H CH3 H
H
C C C C
H H
H
H
H
H
H C H3
C C C
CH3 H
H
H
H
1. 2.
3.
Example 2
Draw three structural isomers for C4H8F2 .
H
F H H
F
C C C C
H H
H
H
H
1. 2.
3. H
H F H
F
C C C C
H H
H
H
H
H
H H F
F
C C C C
H H
H
H
H
different structures result in differentproperties
the arrangement of the atoms determines the types of intermolecular attractions which then determines properties such as and in water
boiling point solubility
Example
Draw two isomers of C3H8O. Which one would have a boiling point of 7.4C and which would have a boiling point of 82.5C? Explain why the boiling points are so different.
H
H
C C C H
H H
H
OH H
H
H H
H
C O C C
H
H
H
H
has HB between molecules which makes the boiling point quite high
does not have HB between molecules therefore the boiling point is significantly lower
82.5C – 7.4C –
C. Formulas and Structural Diagrams organic molecules can be drawn in three
different ways:
1. complete structural diagram – shows all bonds eg) C3H8 H
H
C C C H
H H
H
H H
eg) C3H7F
H
H
C C C F
H H
H
H H
2. condensed structural diagrams – shows but includes the etc. attached to each carbon
eg) C3H8
eg) C3H7F
CH3 CH2 CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2F
hydrogens carbon to carbon bonds
3. line structural diagrams – shows only bonds carbon to carbon
eg) C3H8
eg) C5H12
eg) C4H8
D. Prefixes 1. Number of Functional Groups
6 =
2 = 7 =
3 = 8 =
4 = 9 =
5 = 10 =
di
tri
tetra
penta
hexa
hepta
octa
nona
deca
2. Number of Carbons
1 = 6 =
2 = 7 =
3 = 8 =
4 = 9 =
5 = 10 =
meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
non
dec
E. Alkanes
hydrocarbons containing
CnH2n+2
eg) C5H12, C20H42, etc.
can be continuous chains, chains, structures
only single bonds
SATURATED
ring
ie) they are
long branched(cycloalkanes)
1. Properties
can be depending on number of carbon atoms
relatively because the bonds are
nonpolar not soluble
solid, liquid or gas
very stableunreactive single
in water
2. Uses
natural gas, BBQ’s, lighter fluid, gasoline etc good for making plastics, lubricants
3. Naming
IUPAC = International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
i. Continuous Chains
prefix + “ANE” (suffix)
eg) H
H
H
H
H
C C C C
H H
H
H H
butane
ii. Branched Chains
branches are called functional group
1 C = ; 2C = ; 3 C = etc
alkyl
methyl
ethyl propyl
find the and so the branches get the
longest carbon chain number it lowest
to name: name the first (in order), including the where each group is found, then name the
groups alphabeticalnumber of the carbon
longest chain
possible numbers
(parent name)
eg)3-methylpentane
H
CH3
C
H
H
C C C C
H H
H
H H
H
H
H
1 2 3 4 5
methyl
H
CH2
C
H
H
C C C C
H H
H
CH3 H
H
H
H
CH3
1 2 3 4 5
methyl
ethyl
3-ethyl-2-methylpentane
eg)
2,3-dimethylpentane
H
CH3
C
CH3
H
C C C C
H H
H
H H
H
H
H
12345
methylmethyl
iii. Cycloalkanes
use the as the name
+ +
eg)
ring structure “parent”
prefix“cyclo” ANE
cyclobutane
cyclopropane
if there are branches, number the carbons in the ring so the branches get the lowest possible number sequence
CH3
CH3 CH2
eg)
1
23
45
ethyl
methyl
1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane
F. Alkenes
hydrocarbons containing
CnH2n
eg) C5H10, C20H40, etc.
one or more double bonds
ie) they are
can be continuous chains, chains, structures
branched
longring (cycloalkenes)
UNSATURATED
1. Properties
double bond has in the same area and
nonpolar not soluble
than corresponding alkane because they have which makes the forces of attraction
eg) ethane BP = 88.6C ethene BP = 103.8C
lower boiling pointfewer e LDweaker
more e-
greater repulsion bond less stable
than alkanesmore reactive
in water
A B A BBr2(l) KMnO4(l)
alkene alkenealkane alkane
*** the alkenes will react causing the colour to disappear as the coloured substance is used up in the reaction
diagnostic test: use KMnO4(aq) or Br2(l)
***alkenes with these substances causing a noticeable alkanes will not
(double bond) will reactcolour change,
2. Uses
plastics (PVC)
steroids
3. Naming
welding torches
i. Continuous Chains prefix + “ENE” (suffix)
number carbons to give the the
double bond lowest number
the number where the double bond is to be given as a “ # ” between the prefix and the suffix
starts
eg) H
C
H
C C C C
H H
H
H H
H
C
H H
H
H ‗
H
C
H
C C C
H
H
H
H
C
H H
H
H ‗
H
C
H
C C
H
H
C
H H
H
H ‗
hex-3-ene
pent-2-ene
but-1-ene
ii. Branched Chains find the longest carbon chain and number it so
the gets the lowest possible number
to name: name the first (in order), including the of the carbon where each is found, then the including the of the carbon where the double bond starts
double bond
groups alphabeticalnumber
parent namenumber
CH2
CH2
C CH2
CH2
CH2
‗ CH2
CH3
CH3
eg)
CH CH3
CH CH
CH2
CH ‗ CH CH3
CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3
2-ethylhept-1-ene
4,5,6-trimethylnon-2-ene
iii. Cycloalkenes
double bond is always numbered
+ +prefix“cyclo” ENE
1, 2
get the after the branches lowest numbering
sequencedouble bond
list branches in with thenumber
alphabetical order
of the carbon they are on
CH2 CH3
CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3
3-ethylcyclobutene
3-ethyl-1,3-dimethylcyclobutene
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
eg) cyclohexene
cyclopropene
G. Alkynes
hydrocarbons containing
CnH2n-2
eg) C5H8, C20H38, etc.
can be continuous chains, chains
one or more triple bonds ie) they are also
not plentiful in nature
UNSATURATED
long branched
1. Properties
bond has in the same area force of repulsion
very reactive
boiling points are than corresponding alkanes and alkenes because of their and the of triple bonds
2. Uses
welding torches
nonpolar
(more than alkanes and alkenes)
higherlinear structure
nature
triple 6 e- high
i. Continuous Chains prefix + “YNE”
number carbons to give the the
triple bond lowest number
3. Naming
the number where the triple bond is to be given as a “ # ” between the prefix and the suffix
starts
eg)
hex-3-yne C C C C C
H H
H
H H
H
C
H H
H
H ≡
C C C C
H
H
H
H
C
H H
H
H ≡ pent-2-yne
ii. Branched Chains find the and
number it so the gets the lowest number
to name: name the first (in order), including the of the carbon where each is found, then the including the of the carbon where the triple bond starts
triple bondlongest carbon chain
groups alphabeticalnumber
parent namenumber
eg) CH2
CH C CH
CH2
CH2
≡ CH2
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH2
3-propyloct-1-yne
C CH3
CH C
CH2
CH ≡ CH CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
2,5,6-trimethyloct-3-yne
Review
alkanes – branches, rings – least reactive
alkenes – branches, rings
alkynes – branches – most reactive
all called
major intermolecular forces are boiling points are
aliphatics
LDlow
all and in water nonpolar not soluble
H. Aromatics hydrocarbons containing one or more
all bonds are the
benzene rings C6H6
OR
same length and strength we draw benzene like this:
long chain hydrocarbons intocracking requires heat and pressure
1. Cracking
there are many different types of cracking reactions, forming different products (alkanes, alkenes) eg) catalytic cracking, steam cracking, hydrocracking hydrocracking requires