A. Basic Relaying Fundamentals-1.1 (2)

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIVE RELAYINGBy: Engr. Ulysses Paguio(P.E.E.)BSEE79/MIT&BSECE80MIT

RELAYING FUNDAMENTALSby:Engineer Ulysses Paguio

LIST OF DEVICE NUMBER

2 TIME DELAY STARTING OR CLOSING RELAY. 3 CHECKING OR INTERLOCKING RELAY.21 DISTANCE RELAY.25 SYNCHRONIZING OR SYNCHRONISM CHECK RELAY.27 UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY.30 ANNUCIATOR RELAY.32 DIRECTIONAL POWER RELAY.37 UNDERCURRENT OR UNDERPOWER RELAY.

40 FIELD FAILURE RELAY.46 REVERSE PHASE OR PHASE BALANCE CURRENT RELAY.49 MACHINE OR TRANSFORMER THERMAL RELAY.50 INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT OR RATE OF RISE RELAY.51 AC TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY.52 AC CIRCUIT BREAKER.52A CIRCUIT BREAKER AUXILLIARY SWITCH NORMALLY OPEN.52B CIRCUIT BREAKER AUXILLIARY SWITCH NORMALLY CLOSED.55 POWER FACTOR RELAY.56 FIELD APPLICATION RELAY.59 OVERVOLTAGE RELAY.60 VOLTAGE OR CURRENT BALANCE RELAY

64 EARTH FAULT PROTECTIVE RELAY.67 AC DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT RELAY.68 BLOCKING RELAY.74 ALARM RELAY.76 DC OVERCURRENT RELAY.78 PHASE ANGLE MEASURING OR OUT OF STEP PROTECTIVE RELAY.79 AC RECLOSING RELAY.81 FREQUENCY RELAY.83 AUTOMATIC SELECTIVE CONTROL OR TRANSFER RELAY.85 CARRIER OR PILOT WIRE RECEIVE RELAY.86 LOCKING OUT RELAY.87 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTIVE RELAY.

LEGENDS51N RESIDUAL GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY 0.5 2.5 A.63 SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY.63X AUXILLIARY RELAY FOR SUDDEN PRESSURE.79 RECLOSING RELAY, 3 SHOT DC OPERATED TIMER.86 TRIPPING & LOCKOUT RELAY.87B BUS DIFFERENTIAL RELAY, HIGH SPEED, HIGH IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE UNIT WITH LOW IMPEDANCE INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT UNIT.87T TRANSFORMER BANK DIFFERENTIAL RELAY, PERCENTAGE, 2 RESTRAINTS.

LEGENDS87G RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY. 94 AUXILLIARY TRIPPING RELAY. A AMMETERKWH BILLING KILOWATT HOUR METER W/ DEMAND INDICATOR.VAR VARMETERV VOLTMETERW WATTMETERAS AMMETER SWITCHVS VOLTMETER SWITCH67 DUAL POLARIZED, TIME & INSTANTANEOUS GROUND DIRECTIONAL GT OVERCURRENT RELAY.12 ZONE PACKAGE, MHO CHARACTERISTICS, COMPENSATOR DISTANCE RELAY Z-1 (ZONE 1).21 ZONE PACKAGED, MHO CHARACTERISTICS WITH OFFSET OPTION, Z-2 COMPENSATOR DISTANCE RELAY (ZONE 2).

LEGENDS21 - ZONE PACKAGED, MHO CHARACTERISTICS WITH Z-3 OFFSET OPTION, COMPENSATOR DISTANCE RELAY (ZONE 3).50H HIGH SET NONDIRECTIONAL INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT RELAY. 2 TOW ZONE TIMING AUXILLIARY RELAY (STARTING OR CLOSING).27 UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY, 115 VOLTS.27X UNDERVOLTAGE TIMING RELAY FOR TRANSFER SCHEME.50 INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT RELAYS.50-51 PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY WITH INSTANTANEOUS UNIT 1.0 12 A (6 -14 A ITT).51G TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY 0.5 2.5 A.

PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

Part 1: Power System Protection

Electric Power SystemElectricity is generated at a power plant (1), voltage is stepped-up for transmission (2). energy travels along a transmission line to the area where the power is needed (3). voltage is decreased or stepped-down, at another substation (4), and a distribution power line (5) carries that electricity until it reaches a home or business (6).

Power System

34.5KV Switchyard Bank #1 Bank #2 Bank #3F1F2F3F4TYPICAL DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONSingle Line DiagramF1F2F3F4Bus tieF1F2F3F434.5kV switchgear No. 183 MVA PXFwith OLTC115KV SwitchyardBus No. 2Bus No. 17.2 MVARCapacitor Bank7.2 MVARCapacitor BankBus tieINCOMING115kV LINE 1INCOMING115kV LINE 2

What is Power System Protection?also known as Protective Relayingbranch of Electric Power EngineeringScience, Art and Skill in applying and setting protective relays & devices.

What is a protective relay? Protective relays are devices which monitor power system conditions and operate to quickly and accurately isolate faults or dangerous conditions. A well designed protective system can limit damage to equipment, as well as minimize the extent of associated service interruption.

Purpose of System ProtectionTo prevent injury to personnelTo minimize damage to system componentsTo limit the extent and duration of service interruption

Components of Power System ProtectionRelaysCircuit BreakersTransducersTripping and Auxiliary Supplies

Components of Power System Protection

Components of Power System Protection

Components of Power System Protection

Abnormalities in Power SystemsOvercurrent (overload, short circuit, open circuit)Ground Potential (ungrounded equipment, touch potentials, step potentials)Surge Voltages (lightning strokes, switching surges, harmonics)

Frequency of Types of Faults

Frequency of Fault Occurrence

Factors Which Influence Design of a Protective SystemReliabilityDependabilitySecuritySensitivitySelectivitySpeedEconomicsExperienceIndustry Standards

Factors Which Influence Design of a Protective SystemReliability The level of assurance that the relay will function as intended. Reliability denotes:Dependability - certainty of correct operationSecurity - assurance against incorrect operation

Factors Which Influence Design of a Protective SystemSensitivityRelaying equipment must be sufficiently sensitive so that it will operate when requiredMust discriminate normal from abnormal conditions.

Factors Which Influence Design of a Protective SystemSelectivityPerformance of protective devices to select between those conditions for which prompt operation and those for which no operation, or time delay operation is required.Isolate faulted circuit resulting in minimum interruptions.Implemented through Zone of Protection

Factors Which Influence Design of a Protective SystemSpeedRemove a fault from the power system as quickly as possibleClassification:Instantaneous - no intentional delayHigh Speed - less than 3 cyclesTime-Delay - intentional time delay

Factors Which Influence Design of a Protective SystemEconomicsMaximum protection at minimum costthe cost of installation, operation, and maintenance of the protection system which must be weighted against potential losses due to equipment damage or service interruption.

Factors Which Influence Design of a Protective SystemExperienceHistory and anticipation of the types of trouble likely to be encountered:Actual Relay PerformanceNature of FaultsOperation and Maintenance

Industry StandardsThe Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and other organization provides industry standards through ANSI or IEC. These include specific standards for many applications.ANSI-C37.90-1989Relays and Relay SystemAssociated with Electric Power ApparatusIEEE STD 242-1975Recommended Practicefor Protection and Coordinationof Industrial and Commercial Power SystemFactors Which Influence Design of a Protective System

Part 2: Principles of Protective Relaying

Development of Protective RelaysElectro-mechanical relay

Solid-state relay

Digital relay

The most commonly usedUses the induction disc principle (watthour meter)Provides individual phase protection

Electro-mechanical Relay: ( 1st Generation )

Electro-mechanical Relay: ( 1st Generation )Operator Rod

Critical Components: Composition of the rotating disc & Coil determines the torque produced in the disc per unit current. Rotating & Tripping mechanism Lubrication & alignments. Spring & tension adjusting mechanism Fatigue & Temperature dependence.

Design Approach: Periodic re-calibration & maintenance Draw-out connections. High burden CT, low sensitivity at higher currents.Electro-mechanical Relay: ( 1st Generation )

Characteristic curve is obtained through use of RC timing circuitsNo moving partsUsed to retrofit electro-mechanical relaysFast resetLess maintenance

Static Relay:( 2nd Generation )

Static Relay:( 2nd Generation )

Critical Components: RC Timing circuit. Temperature dependence Low repeatability

Static Relay:( 2nd Generation )

Critical Components: (continued)AC/DC Conversion. Offset problem Effects of harmonics & Noise

Static Relay:( 2nd Generation )

Design Approach: Periodic re-calibration & maintenance Draw-out connections. RC & LC Based filters - Slow tripping actionsStatic Relay:( 2nd Generation )

Computer-based-with CPUSelectable characteristic curves and protection functionsMetering and control functionsEvent and/or disturbance recordingRemote communicationSelf-monitoringAll in

Digital Relay:( 3rd Generation )

Current SamplingControl Relay ContactsData & Address BusMicro-processorAC - DC ConversionCPUMemoryEPROMOutput ControlCrystalDigital Relay:( MicroProcessor Based )

Design Principle:AC/ DC Rectification Analog to Digital Conversion A to DDigital Relay:( MicroProcessor Based )

Critical Components: High Frequency Bus Susceptible to EMI/ RFI. AC/ DC & Digital Conversion Effect of Offset/ Harmonics, etc.Digital Relay:( MicroProcessor Based )

Critical Components: High Frequency Bus Susceptible to EMI/ RFI. AC/ DC & Digital Conversion Effect of Offset/ Harmonics, etc.A to DNoiseDigital Relay:( MicroProcessor Based )

Design Approach: RC & LC Based filters Slow tripping actions Shielding & Watch-dog timers Problem reduced not eliminated May reset randomlyCPURAMEPROMA/DWatchDOGDigital Relay:( MicroProcessor Based )

-controllerCurrent SamplingAC - DC ConversionOutput ControlSteady state dataRelay ContactsCrystalDigital Relay:( MicroController Based )

Design Principle: Lesser no. of components, hence less chance of failure. All necessary peripherals in-built into the chip. More functions can be built in a compact space.

Controller RAM EPROM Decoding logic A2D Converter I/O Ports Output driver Controller A2D Converter Output driver

PCDigital Relay:( MicroController Based )

Design Principle: Absence of exposed high frequency bus All necessary peripherals in-built into the chip.CPURAMEPROMA/DCost effective technology appropriate for MV applications Digital Relay:( MicroController Based )

-controllerCurrent SamplingDirect AC SamplingOutput ControlSteady state dataRelay ContactsCrystalSerial PortTo Outside worldDigital Relay:( Numerical Relay )

Design Principle: AC attenuation Analog to Digital Conversion Numeric filtering & measurementA to DDigital Relay:( Numerical Relay )

Design Principle: (continued) Digital Signal Processing concepts The normal representation i.e. with time in the X axis The signal is sampled periodically, a different value obtained every time, thus a series of numbers are needed to represent a signal.

Disadvantages No Phase Angle information. No Frequency information.Time Domain RepresentationTimeAmplitudeDigital Relay:( Numerical Relay )

Design Principle: (continued) Digital Signal Processing concepts X Axis now represents frequency, instead of time. Thus a pure sine-wave can be represented with only a single numeric.Frequency Domain RepresentationFrequencyAmplitude50HzDigital Relay:( Numerical Relay )

Design Principle: (continued) Digital Signal Processing conceptsFourier AnalysisAny signal can be represented by infinite Nos. of Sine wavesFundamental (50Hz).2nd Harmonic (100 )Any Arbitrary Signal=+Digital Relay:( Numerical Relay )

Design Principle: (continued) Digital Signal Processing concepts X Axis now represents frequency, instead of time. Thus a arbitrary signal can be represented with a set of numbers.FrequencyAmplitude50HzFourier Analysis100HzDigital Relay:( Numerical Relay )

Features:Very quick operation.In-built immunity to DC & harmonics (tuned characteristics)Possibility of providing additional filtering or inhibiting actions without sacrificing speed of response.Possibility of disturbance recording & thus, post-mortem analysis of fault & relay behavior.Highly stable & repeatable performance.Very less no. of components. Digital Relay:( Numerical Relay )

Additional Features:Communication to external laptop/ computer.Large number of functions that that can be programmed in a single enclosure, instead of a combination of multiple discreet relays.Possibility of using non-conventional transducers for input sensing. Eg. Hall effect Current Transducers.A Bay-level controller instead of just a protection relay. Digital Relay:( Numerical Relay )

Comparisons of Different type of Relays

Regions (zones) of power system that can be protected adequately with fault recognition and removal resulting in isolation of a minimum amount of equipment.Requirements: All power system elements must be encompassed by at least one zoneZones of protection must overlap to prevent any system element from being unprotected (no blind spots).Zones of Protection

Zones of ProtectionCT REQUIREMENTS FOROVERLAPPING ZONES50/51

Overlapping zones of protectionZones of Protection

GZones of Protection

GFeeder Protection

GBus Protection

GTransformer Protection

GSubtransmission Line Protection

GGenerator Protection

Primary and Back-up ProtectionPrimary Protection - Main protection system for a given zone of protectionBack-up Protection - Alternate protection system in case the primary protection fails

Back-up ProtectionLocal Back-up - Alternate protection at the same substation when its main protection fails.Remote Back-up - Alternate protection at the remote substations in case the main protection fails.

Local Back-up ProtectionB4B3B1B6B5B2B7B8B9Main: B8,B9, L2 remote protectionLocal Backup: If B9 fails, trips B6 and B3If B8 fails, trips B7 and sends signal to trip L1 remote protectionL1L2

Remote Back-up ProtectionB4B3

Methods of Discrimination Current Magnitude Time

Current Direction Distance MeasurementZ = V/I ohmsMethods of Discrimination

Time and Current Magnitude TimeCurrentMethods of Discrimination

Time and Distance Zone 3Zone 2Zone 1TimeDistanceMethods of Discrimination

Current BalanceMethods of Discrimination

Phase ComparisonMethods of Discrimination

Overcurrent Relays - are operated when the current passing to the relay exceeds a preset value. They are not directional in nature.BusI51Types Of Protective Relays

Radial Line Protection51Phase Relays51NGround RelayCTABC52

Directional Overcurrent Relays - are operated when the current passing to it exceeds a preset value but with the addition of another condition and that is provided that the direction of the fault is correct Types Of Protective Relays

Directional Overcurrent RelaysSo for a fault just after CB4 a directional over-current relay at CB3 will see the fault in reverse while at CB4 the fault is forward looking thus it will trip CB4 only to isolate the faultThe scheme is now selective and a little secure

Suppose G1 generation becomes stronger, the directional overcurrent relay of CB2 might see the fault. Therefore, the scheme is now not secure.The use of distance relay is preferred. G1G2Types Of Protective Relays

Distance Relays

Measures the impedance of the line it being proportional to the distance of the line from the substation hence the name implies.

Widely used protection scheme for Double-Ended Transmission Line from 69 kV up to as high as 500 kV by Transco & MERALCO.

Types Of Protective Relays

Differential ProtectionTypes Of Protective RelaysDifferential Relay A relay that by its design or application is intended to respond to the difference between incoming and outgoing electrical quantities associated with the protected apparatus.

CTCTPCBPOWER TRANSFORMERPCBTransformer Protection

Typical Bus Arrangements:Single busDouble bus, double breakerBreaker-and-a-halfMain and transfer buses with single breakerRing busBusbar Protection

Busbar ProtectionBus differential connection (single-bus)NOTE: All CTs connected to the bus differential must have same ratios.BUS

RelayCTCTPrimary Element600/5600/5Load or External Fault CaseDifferential Protection

RelayCTCTPrimary Element600/5600/5Internal Fault CaseDifferential Protection

Part 3: Relaying Philosophy

ABCLooped Lines (System Backbone)

DistributionRadial LinesDeliverySubstationDeliverySubstationCapacitor BankPower Transformer34.5kV BusPower System

Radial Lines Looped Lines Power Transformer Bus Bar Capacitor BankStandard Protection

Radial Line Protection3CTLEGEND:50 INSTANTANEOUS, PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY51 TIME, PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY50N INSTANTANEOUS, GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY51N TIME, GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY43R RECLOSER SWITCH79 AUTO RECLOSER RELAY52 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERCT CURRENT TRANSFORMERTARGETINST.TARGETTIMEELECTRO-MECHANICALOVERCURRENT RELAYBUSCT52

Radial Line ProtectionPhase RelaysGround RelayABCIaIbIcIn=Ia+Ib+IcFour (4) units of single-phase overcurrentrelays are needed to protect a feeder

Looped Line ProtectionCTLEGEND:21 PHASE DISTANCE RELAY21G GROUND DISTANCE RELAY67 PHASE DIRECTIONAL OC RELAY67N GROUND DIRECTIONAL OC RELAY43R RECLOSER SWITCH79 AUTO RECLOSER RELAY85 TELEPROTECTION52 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERCT CURRENT TRANSFORMERBUSCT8552METERINGBUS PROTECTION

Distance RelayA relay that measures the impedance of the linePrinciple of OperationZLINEVFAULTIFAULTFAULTTherefore: ZLINE = VFAULT / IFAULTZRELAY = ZLINE * CTR/PTRIFAULT = VFAULT / ZLINE

ZLINERXImpedance Relay is non-directionalLooped Line Protection

Types of Distance RelayImpedance - Used mainly as a fault detector in most of micro-processor based relay. Reactance - Needs the supervision of mho to obtain its directionality.Mho - Most widely used distance characteristic curve due to its inherent directionality. Quadrilateral - Made possible by combining reactance type principle rotated along different axes.Composite - Combined mho and quadrilateral characteristic.Looped Line Protection

Zone 1XREACTANCEMHOTypes of Distance RelayZone 2Looped Line Protection

QUADCOMPOSITETypes of Distance RelayLooped Line Protection

Standard ProtectionMho Distance Relay, 21 for phase-phase or 3-phase faultsQuad Distance Relay, 21G for line-to-ground faults to cover arc resistancePhase Directional OC Relay, 67 back-up for phase-phase or 3-phase faults Ground Directional OC Relay, 67N back-up for line-to-ground faultsTeleprotection, 85 - POTT (Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip)Auto-Reclosing, 79 instantaneous (300msec), single shotLooped Line Protection

Implementing Distance Relay Characteristic with Time Graded Scheme also called Step Distance SchemeTime = 0.0 secTime = 1.0 secTime = 0.35 sec21ABCDZ2Z3InstantaneousTime DelayedTime DelayedZ1Z2Z3Z1Relay LocationLooped Line Protection

No intentional delay-for speed Must under-reach end of the line for selectivity Typically set for 80-90% of line impedanceDistance Relay - First Zone SettingLooped Line Protection

Time delay of 0.35 second Must over-reach end of the lineMust not over-reach the Zone 1 of adjacent lineTypically set for 100% ZL1 + 20-50% of shortest adjacent line impedanceDistance Relay - Second Zone SettingLooped Line Protection

Time delay is 1.0 second Typically set for 100% ZL1 + 100% ZL2 (longest) + 0% - 120% ZL3 (shortest)Relay setting must be higher than the load impedance.Distance Relay 3rd Zone SettingZL1ZL2ZL3Looped Line Protection

2121On this condition CB B will trip instantaneously via Zone 1 operation while CB A will trip after0.35 second via Zone 2. This is not good since the fault has to be cleared immediately. 90% of ZL = instant90% of ZL = instant120% of ZL = 0.35 sABSo there is a need to solve this problem to cover the protection of the remaining 10% of the line!What if the fault occurs as shown?Looped Line Protection

Communication-Aided Protection2121Z1 = 90% of ZL = instantZ1 = 90% of ZL = instantZ2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 sABZ2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 sXMTRAXMTRBZ2Z2RCVRARCVRBANDANDTRIPTRIPLooped Line Protection

Communication-Aided Protection2121Z1 = 90% of ZL = instantZ1 = 90% of ZL = instantZ2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 sABZ2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 sXMTRAXMTRBZ2Z2RCVRARCVRBANDANDNo TRIP No TRIPLooped Line Protection

Relay is set at fault at the adjacent bus3-phase fault for 67 while SLG fault for 67N Time is 0.70 second Instantaneous unit is blocked (distance relay must initiate first the tripping)No auto-reclosure when tripping initiated by back-up protectionBack-up Directional Overcurrent RelayLooped Line Protection

With Auto-ReclosingZone 1 TrippingZone 2 Communication-Aided Tripping

Without Auto-ReclosingZone 2, Zone 3 or Zone 4 (reverse zone) TrippingBack-up Protection Tripping

Note: Auto-reclosing is single-shot and 300 msec time delay to give time for the PCB to extinguish the faultAuto-ReclosingLooped Line Protection

Transformer ProtectionOverheatingNormal maximum working temp. = 95 C8-10 C rise will halve the life of the transformer.OvercurrentFuses for distribution transformerOvercurrent relaying for 5MVA and aboveCharacteristics:Must be below the damage curveMust be above magnetizing inrush

Differential - 87TOverload - 51Back-up Ground - 151GOverheating - Thermal RelayGas Detection - Buchholz RelaySudden Pressure - Pressure Relief ValveTransformer Protection

LEGEND:87T TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY86T AUXILIARY LOCK-OUT RELAY50 INSTANTANEOUS OC RELAY151G BACK-UP GROUND RELAY52 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERCT CURRENT TRANSFORMERTransformer Protection

Differential Relay A relay that by its design or application is intended to respond to the difference between incoming and outgoing electrical quantities associated with the protected apparatus.

Transformer Protection

Percentage Differential ProtectionConstant Percent Slope Characteristic Differential RelayK = 10 %K = 25 %K = 40 %Restraint = (I1+I2)/2OperateI1-I2Min. Pick-upTransformer Protection

Percentage Differential ProtectionVariable Percent Slope Characteristic Differential RelayRestraint = (I1+I2)/2OperateI1-I2Slope 1Slope 2Pick-upTRIP ZONENO TRIP ZONETransformer Protection

Busbar ProtectionTypical Bus Arrangements:Single busDouble bus, double breakerBreaker-and-a-halfMain and transfer buses with single breakerRing bus

Bus differential connection (single-bus)87B86BTRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT ALL BREAKERS CONNECTED TO BUSNOTE: All CTs connected to the bus differential must have same ratios.BUSBusbar Protection

Bus differential connection (double-bus, double-breaker)TRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT ALL BREAKERS CONNECTED TO BUS 287BTRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT ALL BREAKERS CONNECTED TO BUS 1BUS 1BUS 2Busbar Protection

Bus differential connection (breaker-and-a-half)TRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT ALL BREAKERS CONNECTED TO BUS 287BTRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT ALL BREAKERS CONNECTED TO BUS 1BUS 1BUS 2Busbar Protection

Bus differential connection (main and transfer bus)86B287B2TRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT ALL BREAKERS CONNECTED TO BUS 2BUS 1BUS 2TRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT ALL BREAKERS CONNECTED TO BUS 1BUS IMAGING RELAYBusbar Protection

Bus differential connection (ring bus)NOTE: No bus differential protection is needed. The busses are covered by line or transformer protection.

Busbar Protection

Two Busbar Protection Schemes:Low Impedance - using time overcurrent relaysinexpensive but affected by CT saturation.low voltage application; 34.5kV and below

High Impedance - using overvoltage relays (this scheme loads the CTs with a high impedance to force the differential current through the CTs instead of the relay operating coil.)expensive but provides higher protection security.115kV and above voltage application or some 34.5kV bus voltages which require high protection security.Busbar Protection

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