9 Universal Design (Software Design)

8/18/2019 9 Universal Design (Software Design)

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chapter 10

universal design


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universal design principles - NCSW

• equitable use

• flexibility in use

• simple and intuitive to use

• perceptible information

• tolerance for error [±/plus minus]

• low physical effort• size and space for approach and use


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Multi-Sensory Systems

• ore than one sensory channel in interaction

! e"#" sounds$ text$ hypertext$ animation$ video$ #estures$vision

• %sed in a ran#e of applications&! particularly #ood for users with special needs$ and virtual

reality

• 'ill cover! #eneral terminolo#y

! speech! non(speech sounds! handwritin#

• considerin# applications as well as principles


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Usable Senses

)he * senses +si#ht$ sound$ touch$ taste and smell, areused by us every day! each is important on its own

! to#ether$ they provide a fuller interaction with the natural world

-omputers rarely offer such a rich interaction

-an we use all the available senses.

! ideally$ yes

! practically ! no

'e can use • si#ht • sound • touch +sometimes,

'e cannot +yet, use • taste • smell


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Speech

uman bein#s have a #reat and natural

mastery of speech

! maes it difficult to appreciate thecomplexities

but

! it2s an easy medium for communication


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Structure of Speech

phonemes! 30 of them

! basic atomic units

! sound sli#htly different dependin# on the contextthey are in$ these lar#er units are 4

allophones! all the sounds in the lan#ua#e

! between 150 and 160 of them

! these are formed into 4

morphemes! smallest unit of lan#ua#e that has meanin#"


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Speech (cont’d

7ther terminolo#y&

• prosody

! alteration in tone and quality

! variations in emphasis$ stress$ pauses and pitch

! impart more meanin# to sentences"

• co(articulation

! the effect of context on the sound

! transforms the phonemes into allophones

• syntax ! structure of sentences

• semantics ! meanin# of sentences


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Speech !ecognition "roblems

• 8ifferent people spea differently&

! accent$ intonation$ stress$ idiom$ volume$ etc"

• )he syntax of semantically similar sentences may vary"

• 9ac#round noises can interfere"

• :eople often ;ummm"""""< and ;errr"""""


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#he "honetic #ype$riter

• 8eveloped for @innish +a phonetic lan#ua#e$ written as it is said,

• )rained on one speaer$ will #eneralise to others"

• A neural networ is trained to cluster to#ether similarsounds$ which are then labelled with the correspondin#character"

• 'hen reco#nisin# speech$ the sounds uttered areallocated to the closest correspondin# output$ and thecharacter for that output is printed"! requires lar#e dictionary of minor variations to correct #eneral

mechanism

! noticeably poorer performance on speaers it has not been trainedon


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Speech !ecognition% useful&

• Bin#le user or limited vocabulary systemse"#" computer dictation

• 7pen use$ limited vocabulary systems can wor

satisfactorilye"#" some voice activated telephone systems

• #eneral user$ wide vocabulary systems 44 still a problem

• Creat potential$ however! when users hands are already occupied

e"#" drivin#$ manufacturin#

! for users with physical disabilities

! li#htwei#ht$ mobile devices


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Speech Synthesis

)he #eneration of speech

%seful

! natural and familiar way of receivin# information

:roblems

! similar to reco#nition& prosody particularly

Additional problems

! intrusive ( needs headphones$ or creates noise in the

worplace

! transient ( harder to review and browse


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Speech Synthesis% useful&

Buccessful in certain constrained applicationswhen the user&

! is particularly motivated to overcome problems

! has few alternatives

>xamples&

• screen readers

! read the textual display to the user

utilised by visually impaired people• warnin# si#nals

! spoen information sometimes presented to pilots whosevisual and haptic sills are already fully occupied


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Non-Speech Sounds

boin#s$ ban#s$ squeas$ clics etc"

• commonly used for warnin#s and alarms

• >vidence to show they are useful

! fewer typin# mistaes with ey clics

! video #ames harder without sound

• Dan#ua#e/culture independent$ unlie speech


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Non-Speech Sounds% useful&

• 8ual mode displays&

! information presented alon# two different sensorychannels

! redundant presentation of information

! resolution of ambi#uity in one mode throu#h information inanother

• Bound #ood for

! transient information

! bac#round status information

e"#" Bound can be used as a redundant mode in the Appleacintosh almost any user action +file selection$ windowactive$ dis insert$ search error$ copy complete$ etc", can havea different sound associated with it"


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'uditory cons

• %se natural sounds to represent different types ofob=ect or action

• Eatural sounds have associated semantics which can bemapped onto similar meanin#s in the interaction

e"#" throwin# somethin# awayF the sound of smashin# #lass

• :roblem& not all thin#s have associated meanin#s

• Additional information can also be presented&

! muffled sounds if ob=ect is obscured or action is in thebac#round

! use of stereo allows positional information to be added


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Sonic)inder for the Macintosh

• items and actions on the destop haveassociated sounds

• folders have a papery noise• movin# files ! dra##in# sound

• copyin# ! a problem 4sound of a liquid bein# poured into a receptacle

risin# pitch indicates the pro#ress of the copy

• bi# files have louder sound than smaller ones


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*arcons

• Bynthetic sounds used to convey information

• Btructured combinations of notes +motives ,represent actions and ob=ects

• otives combined to provide rich information

! compound earcons

! multiple motives combined to mae one morecomplicated earcon


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*arcons (ctd

• family earcons

similar types of earcons represent similar classes ofaction or similar ob=ects& the family of ;errors< would

contain syntax and operatin# system errors

• >arcons easily #rouped and refined due tocompositional and hierarchical nature

• arder to associate with the interface tassince there is no natural mappin#


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touch

• haptic interaction

! cutaneous perception

• tactile sensation vibrations on the sin

! inesthetics• movement and position force feedbac

• information on shape$ texture$ resistance$temperature$ comparative spatial factors

• example technolo#ies! electronic braille displays

! force feedbac devices e"#" :hantom

• resistance$ texture


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+and$riting recognition

andwritin# is another communication mechanism which weare used to in day(to(day life

• )echnolo#y! andwritin# consists of complex stroes and spaces

! -aptured by di#itisin# tablet• stroes transformed to sequence of dots

! lar#e tablets available

• suitable for di#itisin# maps and technical drawin#s! smaller devices$ some incorporatin# thin screens to

display the information• :8As such as :alm :ilot

• tablet :-s


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+and$riting recognition (ctd

• :roblems

! personal differences in letter formation

! co(articulation effects

• 9reathrou#hs&

! stroe not =ust bitmap

! special Galphabet2 ! Craffeti on :alm7B

• -urrent state&

! usable ! even without trainin#

! but many prefer eyboardsH


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gesture

• applications

! #estural input ( e"#" ;put that there


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Users $ith disabilities

• visual impairment! screen readers$ Bonic@inder

• hearin# impairment!

text communication$ #esture$ captions• physical impairment

! speech ?/7$ eye#aze$ #esture$ predictive systems +e"#" Ieactiveeyboard,

• speech impairment! speech synthesis$ text communication

• dyslexia! speech input$ output

• autism! communication$ education


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, plus ,

• a#e #roups

! older people e"#" disability aids$ memory aids$

communication tools to prevent social isolation

! children e"#" appropriate input/output devices$involvement in desi#n process

• cultural differences

! influence of nationality$ #eneration$ #ender$ race$

sexuality$ class$ reli#ion$ political persuasion etc" oninterpretation of interface features

! e"#" interpretation and acceptability of lan#ua#e$cultural symbols$ #esture and colour

9 Universal Design (Software Design)

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