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IMPORTANT ONE LINERS FOR NEET - 8

Questions AnswersWhat drug, if given during pregnancy,would cause the uterus to exhibit signs ofprogesterone withdrawal and induce anabortion?

RU 486What two forms of insulin, if mixedtogether, would result in precipitation ofzinc?

1. Lente insulin 2. NPH insulin or protaminezinc insulin (PZI)

What blood disorder is a side effect ofmetformin? Megaloblastic anemia (decreasedabsorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid)Which antineoplastic agents' site of

inhibition is in: M phase of the cell cycle? Vinblastine and vincristine

Gl phase of the cell cycle? L-asparaginase and mitomycinG2 phase of the cell cycle? BleomycinBetween GI and S phases of the cellcycle? HydroxyureaBetween S and G2 phases of the cellcycle? EtoposideS phase of the cell cycle? Cytarabine, methotrexate, 6-

mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanineWhat is the physiologic basis for theactions of birth control pills? They block the midcycle surge of luteinizinghormone (LH)True or false: Oral sulfonylureas increasethe number of insulin receptors. False-verify this answer.What drugs combined together produceneuroleptanalgesia? True. They also increase insulin releaseand decrease glucagon release.What drugs combined together produceneurolepanalgesia? Droperidol and fentanylWhat ultra-short-acting barbiturate induceshypnosis and is associated with

cardiovascular and respiratory depression?Thiopental

What is the most common pain killer usedduring pregnancy? MeperidineWhat antimicrobial agent's major sideeffect is: Gray baby syndrome? ChloramphenicolWhat antimicrobial agent's major sideeffect is: CN VIII damage (vestibulotoxic)? Aminoglycosides

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What antimicrobial agent's major sideeffect is: Teratogenicity? MetronidazoleWhat antimicrobial agent's major sideeffect is: CholestaHc hepatitis? ErythromycinWhat antimicrobial agent's major sideeffect is: Hemolytic anemia? NitrofurantoinWhat antimicrobial agent's major sideeffect is: Dental staining if used in thepediatric population? TetracyclineWhat antimicrobial agent's major sideeffect is: Altered folate metabolism? TrimethoprimWhat antimicrobial agent's major sideeffect is: Auditory toxicity? VancomycinWhat antimicrobial agent's major side

effect is: Cartilage abnormalities? QuinolonesWhat are the five zero-order processes? 1. Sustained release 2. IV drip 3. Phenytoin

4. Alcohol 5. Aspirin toxicityWhat morphine derivative is used inpatients with renal failure? HydromorphoneWhich group of antihypertensive agentsdecreases left ventricular hypertrophy thebest? Thiazide diureticsWhat is the site of action of: Osmoticdiuretics? The entire tubule barring the thickascending limbWhat is the site of action of: Loopdiuretics? Ascending limbWhat is the site of action of: Thiazidediuretics? Early distal tubuleWhat is the site of action of: K+-sparingdiuretics? Early collecting ductWhat is the site of action of: Aldosteroneantagonists? Distal convoluted tubulesWhat is the only diuretic that works on the

blood side of the nephron?Spironolactone (binds to aldosterone

receptors)What is the active metabolite ofspironolactone? CanrenoneWhat drug is given transdermally forchronic pain but can cause chest wallrigidity if given IV? Fentanyl

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What is the lipid solubility and potency of adrug if the induction and recovery from thedrug were both rapid?

Low lipid solubility and potency (They areinversely proportional.)

What is the drug of choice for hypertensivepatients with a decreased renal function? a-Methyldopa (Guanabenz or clonidine isalso used.)What hormone is released by the atria dueto an increase in blood pressure to causean increase in glomerular filtration rate(GFR), Na+ retention, and renin-angiotensin release?

Atrial natriuretic factor

What is the drug of choice in treatment forthe late phaseof asthma? CorticosteroidsWhich antigenic thrombolytic agent causesa decreased level of circulating fibrinogen? StreptokinaseWhat is the only class of diuretics to retainCl- used in the short-term treatment ofglaucoma and also in the treatment ofacute mountain sickness?

AcetazolamideWhat diuretic is used to decreaseintraocular and intracranial pressures? MannitolWhich thrombolytic agent, activated in thepresence of fibrin, is manufactured byrecombinant DNA process? AlteplaseWhich diuretic causes irreversible

ototoxicity and GI bleeding as its main sideeffects? Ethacrynic acidWhat IV agent is used to treat respiratorydepression associated with withdrawalfrom alcohol usage? NaloxoneWhat is the best form of treatment if anelevated blood pressure is due to:Elevated heart rate? -BlockersWhat is the best form of treatment if anelevated blood pressure is due to:

Elevated force of contractions? -Blockers

What is the best form of treatment if anelevated blood pressure is due to: Increasein fluid volume?

Diuretics or angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitors

What is the best form of treatment if anelevated blood pressure is due to: Increasein TPR?

Centrally acting sympatholytics, a-antagonists, or Ca2+ channel bockers

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Which class of diuretics blocks Na/Clcotransport in the distal tubules? Thiazide diureticsWhy should codeine be carefullyadministered acetaminophen oraminosalicylic acid?

Because it has an additive effect with withthese agents

What muscle comprises the upperesophageal sphincter? CricopharyngeusTrue or false: chewing is essential fordigestion? False; it just increases the surface area ofthe food.In which region of the stomach are parietaland chief cells located? Body or corpusWhat hormone, released in response tolow pH, inhibits gastric emptying bydecreasing antral contractions, increases

constriction of the pyloric sphincter, andalso increases bicarbonate secretions fromthe pancreas?

Secretin

In which region of the stomach are G cellslocated? Antrum (They secrete gastrin: G forgastrin.)How long is the transit time through thelarge intestine? 3 to 4 daysHow long is the transit time through thesmall intestine? 2 to 4 hoursWhat hormone causes contractions of

smooth muscle, regulates interdigestivemotility, and prepares the intestine for thenext meal?

MotilinWhat is the main function of HCl in thestomach? Converts pepsinogen into pepsinWhat hormone increases the intestinalsecretions of electrolytes and H2O, relaxessmooth muscle, dilates peripheral bloodvessels, and inhibits gastric secretions?

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)What gland produces 20% of salivary

secretions and contributes to almost all ofthe amylase secretions? Parotid gland (serous secretions)What hormone causes contractions of thegallbladder, augments the action ofsecretin to produce an alkaline pancreatic

juice, inhibits gastric emptying, andincreases constriction of the pyloric

Cholecystoldnin (CCK)

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sphincter?What are the four functions of saliva? 1. Provides antibacterial action 2.Lubricates 3. Begins carbohydrate

digestion 4. Begins fat digestionWhat is composed of skeletal muscle,innervated by the pudendal nerve, and in avoluntary constant state of contraction thatrelaxes for defecation?

External anal sphincterWhat hormone is stimulated by glucoseand fat in the duodenum, inhibits gastricsecretions and motility, and stimulatesinsulin secretion?

Gastrin inhibitory peptide (GIP)Which portion of the autonomic nervoussystem regulates salivary flow? Parasympathetic portion

A pH of less than 4.5 stimulates therelease of what hormone? Secretin (It inhibits acid Secretion.)What is composed of smooth muscle,innervated by pelvic splanchnics andhypogastric nerves, and involuntary? Internal anal sphincterWhat gland produces 70% of total salivarysecretions? Submandibular gland (produces bothmucous and serous secretions)What is the tonicity of pancreatic juice? IsotonicWhat organism is associated with gastriculcers? Helicobacter pyloriWhat is the only gastric secretion requiredto sustain life? Intrinsic factor (IF)What three structures increase the surfacearea of the GI tract? 1. Plicae circularis 2. Villi 3. MicrovilliWhat hormone is the primary regulator ofHCO3 secretion from the pancreas? SecretinWhat cells of the GI tract secrete mucus? Goblet cellsWhat are the five F's associated withgallstones? 1. Fat 2. Forty 3. Female 4. Familial 5.FertileLactose intolerance is caused by a lack ofwhat enzyme? LactaseWhat are the three end products ofamylase digestion? 1. Maltose 2. Maltotetrose 3. Alpha limitdextrans (a-1,6 binding)What percentage of bile acids are excreteddaily? 5% (95% reabsorbed via enterohepaticcirculation)

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What are the two main circulations withextrinsic regulation that are most affectedby nervous reflexes?

1. Cutaneous circulation 2. Resting skeletalmuscle

What is the third heart sound caused by? Ventricular filling (heard during diastole)What is the fourth heart sound caused by?

Atria] contraction (heard during diastole)

If a substance is put into circulation by anorgan, is its arteriovenous differencepositive or negative? NegativeWhat is the baroreceptor response to anincrease in blood pressure? Increase afferent activity of CN IX and CNX to decrease heart rate (parasympathetic)What is a perfusionlimited situation? When alveolar and capillary blood

equilibrate for a substanceWhich region of the lungs has a lowperfusion pressure and a high resistance

so that there is little blood flow?Apex

What fluid is monitored directly by centralchemoreceptors? Cerebrospinal fluid (H+;CO2)On a pressure-volume loop, what is seenwith: Aortic regurgitation? Increase in stroke volumeOn a pressure-volume loop, what is seenwith:Aortic stenosis? Increase in afterload, decrease in strokevolume, increase in peak tensionOn a pressure-volume loop, what is seenwith:Increased contractility? Increase in stroke volume by decreasingthe end-systolic volumeOn a pressure-volume loop, what is seenwith:Heart failure? Increase in end-systolic volume, decreasein afterload, decrease in peak tension,

increase in peak tensionWhat two compensatory mechanismsoccur to reverse hypoxia at high altitudes? 1. Increase in erythropoietin 2. Increase in2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)What would you give to neutralize theexcess base in an alkalotic patient? NH4Cl(strong acid can lyse RBCs)What would you give to neutralize theexcess acid in an acidotic patient? NaCO2 (CO2 eliminated by lungs)

What is a diffusion-limited situation?When alveolar gas and capillary blood

attempt to equilibrate but do NOT (i.e.,CO2)

What must occur in order for PaCO2 toremain constant when there is an increasein the body's metabolism?

Need to increase alveolar ventilation (if nothypercapnia would result)

What enzyme is needed for conversion oftestosterone to estradiol? Aromatase

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What two anions compete with iodine forthe iodine pump in the thyroid gland? 1. Perchlorate 2. ThiocyanateWhat enzyme is associated withosteoblastic activity? Alkaline phosphataseWhat form of plasma calcium is thephysiologically active form and is regulatedwithin narrow limits? Free calcium (ionized)Which three factors cause the release ofepinephrine from the adrenal medulla? 1. Exercise 2. Emergencies (stress) 3.Exposure to cold (The three Es)What phase of the female cycle ALWAYSlasts for the same number of days (14days in most women)? Luteal phaseWhat serves as a marker for 24-hourgrowth hormone secretion? Plasma insulin-like growth factor type 1(IGF-1) levelsWhat three things inhibit the secretion ofglucagon? 1. Insulin 2. Somatostatin 3. HyperglycemiaWhich three organs or structures havegluconeogenic capabilities? 1. Liver 2. Kidney 3. GI epitheliumWhich type of diabetes is more likely tolead to ketoacidosis? Type I (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus[IDDM])Excess bone demineralization andremodeling can be detected by checkingurine levels of what substance?

Hydroxyproline (breakdown product ofcollagen)

What two things cause l-a-hydroxylaseactivity to increase?

1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 2. Adecrease in PO4 levels

What type of membrane is permeable towater and small solutes? Selectively permeable membraneWhat is the movement of ions in anelectrical held known as? ConductanceWhat two components of a body of watercannot be measured and need to becalculated?

1. Intracellular fluid (ICF) (water minusextracellular fluid) 2. Interstitial fluid (ISF)(extracellular fluid minus plasma volume)

What phase of an action potential has the

greatest rate of Na+ influx?Phase 0

Which phase of an action potentialrequires energy? Phase 4 (via the Na+/K+ pump)What type of muscle is associated with oneT tubule and two cisternae (triad)? Skeletal muscleWhat is the region of an axon where nomyelin is found? Nodes of Ranvier

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What types) of muscle contain the thinfilament troponin? Skeletal and cardiac muscleWhere are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) andoxytocin produced? The supraoptic and paraventricular nucleiof the hypothalamusWhat is the only hormone to INCREASEwith a DECREASE in pituitary function? ProlactinWhich enzyme converts cholesterol topregnenolone? Desmolase-rate limiting step (RLS) insteroid hormone synthesisWhat are the four "stress" hormones? 1. Growth hormone (GH) 2. Glucagon 3.

Cortisol 4. EpinephrineProopiomelanocortin (POMC) is cleavedinto what two substances?

1. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 2.(alpha)-Lipotropins (melanotropins andendorphins)

What are the six substances that promotethe secretion of insulin?

1. Glucose 2. Amino acid (arginine) 3.

Gastrin inhibitory peptide (GIP) 4. Glucagon5. Alpha-Agonists 6. ACh

What is the thin filament that has theattachment site for the crossbridges andalso activates adenosine triphosphatase(ATPase)?

ActinWhat types of muscle have a sarcomere? Skeletal and cardiac muscleWhere is the action potential generated ona neuron? Axon hillockWhat is the name for the load that themuscle is working against duringstimulation? AfterloadWhat type of contraction has an activetension when the length is shortened? Isotonic contractionWhat type of muscle has high creatininephosphokinase (CPK), high ATPaseactivity, and no myoglobin; is anaerobic;and is for short-term use?

White muscle (fast)What type of muscle uses calmodulin? Smooth muscleWhat thick filament has crossbridges and

ATPase activity? MyosinWhat causes actin-myosin crossbridgedissociation? Binding of ATPWhat is used as an index of cortisolsecretions? Urine 17-OH steroidsWhat would be the two major 1. Circulatory failure 2. Inability to mobilize

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consequences if the zona fasciculata andthe zona reticularis were removed? energy storesHow many carbons do androgens have? Androgens are 19-carbon steroids.

How many carbons do estrogens have? Estrogens are 18-carbon steroids.

(Removal of one carbon from an androgen= an estrogen.)The level of what hormone tends toDECREASE with stress? InsulinOn what two occasions are cortisolreleasing hormone (CRH) secretionselevated? 1. Early morning 2. During stressWhat is an inhibitory interneuron knownas? Renshaw neuronWhat is the summation of mechanical

stimuli known as? TetanyWhat is the thin filament that binds tocalcium? Troponin CWhat determines the maximum velocity ofshortening muscle? The muscle's ATPase activityWhat type of muscle has end plates? Skeletal muscleWhat type of contraction has an activetension, but the overall length of the contraction does not change and no work isdone?

Isometric contractionWhat thin filament covers the attachmentsite in resting muscle so that thecrossbridges are unavailable for binding? TropomyosinWhat is the load on a muscle in the relaxedstate known as? PreloadTotal tension - preload = what? Active tension (contraction)What types of muscle are uninuclear? Cardiac and smooth muscleIn a contractile muscle, what is the sourceof the calcium? Sarcoplasmic reticulum (The source is NOTextracellular.)What is the maximum force of acontraction determined by? The number of motor units activated duringthe contractionWhat types) of muscle have T tubulesassociated with them? Cardiac and skeletal muscleWhat type of muscle has myoglobin, lowCPK, and low ATPase activity; is aerobic;

Red muscle (slow-twitch muscle)

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and is for long-term use?What event signifies the first day of themenstrual cycle? The first day of bleedingWhat hormone is essential for induction of

ovulation and formation of the corpusluteum? Luteinizing hormone (LH)How many days before the first day ofbleeding is ovulation? 14 days in most women (Remember: Theluteal phase is always constant.)What is required to maintain lactation? Suckling (stimulates oxytocin secretion)What hormone, in high levels, blocks milkproduction? EstrogenWhat hormone is necessary formaintenance of the corpus luteum for thefirst 3 months of pregnancy?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)- fromthe trophoblast

Up to how many hours after ejaculation aresperm able to fertilize the egg? 72 hoursWhat hormone induces myometrialcontraction and causes milk letdown? OxytocinWhat hormone is necessary for themaintenance of the uterine endometriumfrom the fourth month of pregnancy on?

Progesterone (Estrogen is needed forprogesterone to be effective.)

How long after ovulation does fertilizationoccur? 8 to 25 hoursWhat hormone thins cervical mucus,stimulates LH receptors on granulosa cells,elicits the LH surge, and increasesproliferation of the uterine mucosal layers?

EstradiolWhat hormone is secreted by the placentalate in pregnancy, stimulates mammarygrowth during pregnancy, mobilizes energystores from the mother so that the fetuscan utilize them, and has an amino acidsequence like GH?

Human chorionic somatomanunotropin(hCS) or human placental lactogen (hPL)

What hormone causes an increase in theproduction of milk? ProlactinWhat is the force necessary to collapse thelung known as? Lung recoilFor what hormone do Leydig cells havereceptors? LHWhat vitamin needs thyroid hormone for Vitamin A

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conversion to its active form?What is the tonicity of fluid that leaves theloop of Henle? HypotonicWhat enzyme converts androgens to

estrogens? Aromatase

What does excess production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) cause? A goiterWhat type of cell reabsorbs bone? Osteoclast; Blasts make; clasts take.What is the major form of androgensecreted from the adrenal gland? Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)What cells of the genitourinary systemproduce testosterone in males? Leydig cellsWhat type of urine does ADH cause to beexcreted? Hypertonic urine (because of the waterreabsorption in the collecting duct)What is the term for the volume of plasmaremoved from a substance per unit time? ClearanceWhat is the most potent male sex steroid? Dihydrotestosterone - DHTWhat two substances stimulate Sertolicells?

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) andtestosterone At which three sites in thebody is T4 converted to T3?

1. Liver 2. Kidney 3. Pituitary gland (via 5'-deiodinase enzyme) The fresh air beingdelivered to the respiratory zone per

minute is known as what?Alveolar ventilation (the first 150 ml is notincluded)

What region of the lungs gets very littleventilation? ApexWhere does polyuric originate if the patientis dehydrated and has electrolytedeficiencies?

Before the collecting duct (There is noelectrolyte disturbance in the collectingduct.)

What substance is free filtered but partiallyreabsorbed by passive mechanisms? UreaWhat hormone promotes mobilization ofenergy stores, enhances the capacity of

glucagon and catecholamines, andincreases the capacity to withstand stress? Cortisol

What is used as an index of androgensecretion? Urine 17-ketosteroidsWhat are the pituitary hormonesassociated with: Thyrotropin releasinghormone (TRH)? Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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What are the pituitary hormonesassociated with: Cortisol releasinghormone (CRH)? Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)What are the pituitary hormonesassociated with: Gonadotropin releasing

hormone (GnRH)?Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle

stimulating hormone (FSH)What are the pituitary hormonesassociated with: Growth hormonereleasing hormone (GHRH)? Growth hormone (GH)What are the pituitary hormonesassociated with: Somatostatin? Inhibits GH secretionWhat are the pituitary hormonesassociated with: Prolactin inhibiting factor(PIF) [dopamine]? Inhibits prolactin secretion

Which hormones are released from the:Zona glomerulosa? Aldosterone (salt)Which hormones are released from the:Zona fasciculata? Cortisol (sugar)Which hormones are released from the:Zona reticularis? Androgens (sex)Which hormones are released from the:Medulla?

NE:Epi (1:4) If the zona glomerulosa wereremoved from the adrenal gland, whatwould be seen?

Decrease in Na+ causing a decrease in the

ECF volume, leading to a decrease in BP,and eventually to circulatory shock anddeath

What does subatmospheric pressure(negative) do to the lungs?

It causes them to expand (because of thedecrease in intrathoracic pressure) Whereis the last conducting zone of the lungs?

Terminal bronchioles (No gas exchangeoccurs here.) Where is there summation,hyperpolarization of the postsynapticmembrane, an increase in Cl- conductance,and local gradation?

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) Which extravascular chemoreceptordetects low NaCI concentrations?

Macula densa What is the major stimulus for cell divisionin chondroblasts?

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) Thetotal air in and out of the respiratorysystem per minute is known as what?

The total ventilation (minute volume orminute ventilation)

What is the major hormone secreted by theovarian follicle? 17 alpha-Estradiol

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What two conditions cause ADH to bereleased? 1. Low blood volume 2. Elevated plasmavolume (high solute concentration)What cell converts androgens toestrogens? Granulosa cellWhat hormone acts on this cell?

FSH

What three lung volumes cannot bemeasured with a spirometer? 1. Residual volume 2. Total lung capacity 3.Functional residual capacityWhat two conditions decrease thesecretion of aldosterone? 1. An increase in blood pressure 2.WeightlessnessWhat cell in the female genitourinarysystem is stimulated by LH and is the sitewhere androgens are produced? Thecal cellWhat serves as a marker of endogenousinsulin secretions? C peptideWhat do you have when there isdepolarization of the postsynapticmembrane owing to an influx of Na+,resulting in summation and localgradation?

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

What are days 15 to 28 in the female cycleknown as? Luteal phaseWhat hormone is secreted by the Sertolicells to decrease FSH production? InhibinWhat hormone regulates osmolaritybecause it controls water excretion? ADH (It causes water reabsorption.)What is the term for the air in the systemafter maximal inspiration? Total lung capacity (TLC)What is a sign of a Sertoli cell tumor in aman? Excess estradiol in the bloodWhat hormone is responsible for thenegative feedback onto LH and FSH of theanterior pituitary and positive feedbackonto the granulosa cells?

Estrogen

What is the term for the total dead space ofthe lungs? Physiologic dead space The surge of whathormone induces ovulation?LH What does positive pressure do to the

lungs?It collapses them. What is the term for the air that can be

taken in after normal inspiration?Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) What is the first zone of the lungs that is

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capable of O2 exchange?Respiratory bronchioles (because theyhave alveoli) What is the term for ventilation ofunderperfused alveoli?

Alveolar dead space What is the temperature of the scrotum?4 degrees cooler than the body How is thelower temperature of the testesmaintained?

By a countercurrent heat exchanger in thespermatic cord

What happens to sex steroids, LH, andFSH: If the gonads are removed? Sex steroids decrease; LH increases; FSHincreases.What happens to sex steroids, LH, andFSH: In postmenopausal women? Sex steroids decrease; LH increases; FSHincreases.What happens to sex steroids, LH, andFSH: After the administration oftestosterone?

Sex steroids increase; LH decreases;nothing happens to FSH.

What happens to sex steroids, LH, andFSH: After the administration of inhibin? Nothing happens to sex steroids; nothinghappens to LH; FSH decreases.What happens to sex steroids, LH, andFSH: With constant infusion of GnRH? Sex steroids decrease; LH decreases; FSHdecreases (needs to be given pulsatile).What region of the lungs is incapable ofgas exchange? Anatomic dead spaceWhat is the term for the amount of air thatcan never leave the lungs? Residual volumeIf you increase the depth of breathing,

what ventilatory parameters can beincreased? Total ventilation and alveolar ventilationIf you increase the rate of breathing, whatventilatory parameters can be increased? Total ventilationWhat is the term for the air left in the lungsafter normal expiration? Functional residual capacity (FRC)The lung volume from maximum inspirationto maximum expiration is known as what? Vital capacity (VC)Where is renin produced? In the juxtaglomerular ( JG) cells of the

kidneyWhat phase of the female cycle occursduring days 1 to 15? Follicular phaseWhat hormone level peaks 1 day beforethe surge of LH and FSH in the femalecycle? EstradiolWhat is the day after the LH surge in the Ovulation

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female cycle known as?By what mechanism does chronicconstriction keep blood flow through thepenis low during non-aroused states? Alpha-Adrenergic mediated constriction

Days 1 to 7 of the female cycle are knownas what? MensesThe amount of air that enters or leaves therespiratory system in a single respiratorycycle is known as what? Tidal volumeWhat part of the autonomic nervoussystem is responsible for the movement ofsemen through the vas deferens andrelated structures?

Sympathetic nervous systemWhich pancreatic cells secrete glucagon? Alpha cellsWhich pancreatic cells secretesomatostatin? Delta cellsWhat term describes how easily a vesselstretches? Compliance (pulse pressure is inverselyproportional to compliance)What is the most compliant artery in thebody? AortaWhat is the best way to regulate meanarterial pressure? Via total peripheral resistance (TPR)What is the term for resistance toventricular outflow? AfterloadWhat is the main determinant ofresistance? The radius of the vessel (also the viscosityand length)What is the relationship between Na+reabsorption and O2 consumption? An increase in Na+ causes Ozconsumption to increase.What vessels have the greatest cross-sectional area? CapillariesWhat is the nontitratable acid that bufferssecreted H+ in the kidney buffered as?

NH4+ (ammonium). H2PO4 (dihydrogenphosphate) is the titratable acid that bufferssecreted H+.

What are the five ways to promoteturbulent flow?

1. Increase velocity 2. Branching 3. Narroworifice 4. Increase tube diameter 5.Decrease viscosity

What part of the cardiovascular systemhas the lowest drop in pressure? Right atriumWhat vessels are the resistance vesselsand have the largest drop in pressure? Arterioles

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What part of the autonomic nervoussystem is the main controller of blood flowwhen a person is at rest?

Sympathetic nervous system (alphaconstricts, beta-2 dialates.

What process occurs when hydrostaticpressure exceeds plasma oncotic

pressure?Filtration

What vessels have the greatest bloodvolume? Systemic veins of the lower extremitiesWhat vessels have the smallest totalcross-sectional area? The aorta, then the vena cavaWhat is the only way to increase O2delivery to the myocardium? Increase the blood flowWhat happens to airway resistance duringinspiration?

It decreases. Sympathetics decreaseresistance; parasympathetics increase

resistance.

What is the main drive for ventilation? The PCO2 of systemic circulationWhere does depolarization in the heartbegin? From the apex to the base and from theendocardium to the epicardiumWhere is the greatest venous PO2 inresting tissue? Renal circulationThe load on the muscle in the relaxed stateis known as what? Preload (also the end-diastolic volume[EDV])What cells of the heart have the highestrate of automaticity? Sinoatrial (SA) nodal cellsWhat are the slowest conducting cells ofthe heart? Atrioventricular (AV) nodal cellsWhat is the main control of flow inexercising muscle? Vasodilator metabolitesDuring what phase of the cardiac cycle docoronary vessels receive their blood flow? DiastoleOn the venous pressure curve, what do thefollowing waves represent -a wave, -cwave, -v wave?

Atrial contraction, Ventricular contraction,Atrial filling (venous filling) Atrialcontraction, Venous

What causes the second heart sound? Aortic closureWhere is the second heart sound on anEKG? At the T waveWhat causes the diastolic interval todecrease? Increase in the heart rateWhat happens to cerebral circulation Blood flow increases because PCO2 is

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during hypoventilation? increased. (The opposite occurs duringhyperventilation.)

What is the main factor affecting PaCO2? Alveolar ventilation (Hyperventilationdecreases PaCO2 and vice versa. Bodymetabolism also affects PaCO2')

What are the normal values for: PaO2? 100 mmHgWhat are the normal values for: PaCO2? 40 mmHgWhat are the normal values for: PvO2? 40 mmHgWhat are the normal values for: PvCO2? 47 mmHgWhat are the two ways to increase strokevolume? 1. Increase preload (EDV) 2. Decreaseend-systolic volume (ESV)What is the main factor that determines theglomerular filtration rate (GFR)? Hydrostatic pressureWhat is the normal value for the GFR? 120 ml/minWhat happens to pulmonary blood flowunder conditions of low alveolar PO2? A decrease in blood flow secondary tovasoconstrictionWhat is the normal compensatorymechanism for a state of metabolicalkalosis? Hypoventilation (respiratory acidosis)What anion is excreted in large amounts inthe urine in a patient with a compensatedalkalosis? Bicarbonate (alkaline urine)Which hormone affects the osmolarity? ADHWhat are the sympathetic effects on thekidney?

A decrease in GFR and an increase infiltration fraction: FF = GFR/RPF. (There isa larger decrease in the RPF than the GFR,resulting in an increase in the filtrationfraction.)

What are the effects of angiotensin II onthe kidney? Constriction of the efferent arteriolesWhat four changes occur with an increasein contractility?

1. Increased slope of action potential 2.Increased peak left ventricular pressure 3.Increased rate of relaxation 4. Decreased

systolic intervalWhat fibers of the heart have the lowestintrinsic rate of automaticity? Purkinje fibersWhat causes the first heart sound, andwhen does it occur on an EKG? Mitral valve closure at the QRS complexWhat is the main determining factor of Renal plasma flow (decreases flow;

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filtration fraction? increases filtration fraction)What is the normal osmolarity of the filtratein the renal tubule? 300 mOsmWhat prohibits the filtering of protein

anions into the renal tubule? The negative charge on the filtration

membrane

What are the fastest conducting fibers inthe heart? Purkinje fibersFrom which point to which point doesrepolarization travel in the heart?

From the base to the apex and from theepicardium to the endocardium (opposite ofdepolarization)

What are the three characteristics ofautoregulation?

1. Flow independent of BP 2. Flowproportional to local metabolism 3. Flowindependent of nervous reflexes

What is/are the major autoregulators of:

Cerebral circulation? Increase in PCO2What is/are the major autoregulators of:Coronary circulation? Decrease in PO2; increase in PCO2 andadenosineWhat is/are the major autoregulators of:Exercising skeletal muscle? LactateWhat process occurs if the capillaryoncotic pressure is greater than thehydrostatic pressure? ReabsorptionWhat area of the circulatory systemhouses the greatest blood velocity? AortaWhat two things happen to cutaneouscirculation when the sympathetic nervoussystem is stimulated?

1. Constriction of arterioles to decreaseblood flow 2. Constriction of the venousplexus to decrease the blood volume

Adenosine in the kidney, decreased PO2in the lungs, and thromboxane A2 (TXA2)have what effect in the circulation? VasoconstrictionWhat is the period when higher thannormal stimulation is required to induce asecond action potential? Relative refractory period

During an action potential, what is thestimulus for opening the Na+ channels? DepolarizationWhat substance "affects" the actionpotential? Na+ conductanceWhat substance "affects" the restingmembrane potential? K+ conductanceIn which direction do osmotically active Toward them

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substances cause water to move?What are the three tracers for total bodywater? 1. Urea 2. Thiourea 3. Titrated waterWhat are the three characteristics of an

action potential? 1. All or none 2. Propagated 3. No

summation

In what system is the second greatestblood volume found? Pulmonary systemWhat are the four ways to increase totalperipheral resistance (TPR)?

1. Decrease the radius 2. Increase theviscosity 3. Increase the length 4. Decreasethe number of parallel channels

What type of system is a high resistancesystem with flow equal at all points andwhere total resistance is the SUM of theindividual resistances?

Vessels connected in a series

What effect on a blood vessel does each ofthe following have: histamine, bradykinin,prostaglandins (A2, E2, I2), nitric oxide,adenosine, an increase in K+, H+, PCO2and a decrease in PO2?

Vasodilatory effect

What are three characteristics of asubthreshold potential? 1. Graded 2. Summation 3. Not propagatedWhat is the depolarization phase of anaction potential caused by? Na+ influxIf the ventilation-perfusion ratio is less than

1, what part of the lung is involved andwhat physiologic process is occurring?

The base, because flow exceeds delivery ofO2

How do you compensate for metabolicacidosis? Hyperventilate (respiratory alkalosis)How many liters of water are there in: Totalbody water? 42 LHow many liters of water are there in: ICF? 28 LHow many liters of water are there in:ECF? 14 LHow many liters of water are there in: ISF? 10.5 LHow many liters of water are there in:Plasma volume? 3.5 LWhat hormone affects fluid volume? Aldosterone (Na+ content determines the

volume of the plasma.)The repolarization phase of the actionpotential is caused by what? K+ efflux (depolarization opens the gates)

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What is the name of the period in which,no matter how strong the stimulus, asecond action potential cannot begenerated?

Absolute refractory periodWhat hormone is necessary to maintain

normal thyroid hormone levels? GHWhat region of the lung has the greatestblood flow? The baseDuring inspiration, which region of the lungreceives the greatest level of ventilation:the apex or the base? The baseWhat is the function of the stretchreceptors in the lungs? To prevent overdistention of the lungs(inhibits inspiration)Where does the inherent rhythm for

respiration originate? In the medullary center of the medullary

oblongata

Where is the deep breathing centerlocated? Apneustic center in the ponsWhat type of system is a low-resistancesystem in which the total resistance isalways less than any individual resistance,and the reciprocal of the total resistance isthe sum of the reciprocal resistances?

System connected in parallel

What is happening to the renal arteriole ineach of the following situations: Increased

GFR, increased glomerular pressure,decreased RPF, increased FF?Constriction of efferent arteriole

What is happening to the renal arteriole ineach of the following situations: DecreasedGFR, increased RPF, decreasedglomerular pressure, decreased FF?

Dilatation of the efferent arterioleWhat is happening to the renal arteriole ineach of the following situations: DecreasedGFR, decreased RPF, decreasedglomerular pressure?

Constriction of the afferent arteriole

What is happening to the renal arteriole ineach of the following situations: IncreasedGFR, increased RPF, increasedglomerular pressure?

Dilatation of the afferent arterioleWhich region in the lungs gives the bestventilation - perfusion ratio? The hilumWhat causes peripheral chemoreceptors to A decrease in die arterial PO2, H+, and

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be stimulated? PCO2 of the normal drive for ventilation)What is secreted by the parafollicular Ccells of the thyroid? CalcitoninWhat is the titrated acid that the secreted

H+ is buffered as? H2PO4

What type of dehydration is associatedwith hemorrhage, burns, vomiting, anddiarrhea? Isotonic dehydrationWhat is the potential at whichconcentrations are equal and opposite tothe electrical forces, and also at whichthere is no net flux of ions across themembrane?

Equilibrium potential (Nernst's equation)

What hydration state is caused by the

ingestion of salt water? Hypertonic overhydration

What is the free water clearance if theosmolarity of urine is greater than 300mOsm?

Negative free water clearance(concentrated urine)

What is the term for the process of watertraveling from a low solute to a high soluteconcentration? OsmosisWhat three factors increase simplediffusion?

1. Increased solubility 2. Increasedconcentration gradient 3. Decreasedthickness of the membrane

What type of dehydration is associatedwith Addison's disease? Hypotonic dehydrationWhen is GH released? At night and during pubertyWhat is protein-mediated transportationdown a concentration gradient known as? Facilitated transportWhat determines the level of alveolarventilation? Central chemoreceptors (PCO2)Which point in the lungs is involved if theventilation - perfusion ratio is greater than1? ApexWhy is the V-P ratio in the apex of the lunggreater than 1? Delivery exceeds the flowHow is CO2 carried in the blood? As plasma bicarbonateTo what hydrated state can excessingestion of water or syndrome ofinappropriate antidiuretic hormone

Hypotonic overhydration

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(SIADH) lead?What are the four major anabolichormones? 1. Insulin 2. Thyroid hormone 3. GH 4. SexsteroidsWhat are the eight insulin INdependent

tissues?1. CNS 2. RBCs 3. Renal tubules 4. Testis

5. Teeth 6. cells 7. Liver 8. IntestinalepitheliumWhat are the growth factors released fromthe liver called? SomatomedinsWhat state of hydration would you be in ifyou had edema and if you ingested anexcessive amount of salt? Isotonic overhydrationWhat type of cell lays down bone? Osteoblast Remember: Blasts make; clasts

take.What is the only condition in which giving

enriched O2 will not significantly increasePaO2? Pulmonary shuntWhat is the biologically active form ofthyroid hormone? T3For how many months can you storethyroid hormone? 2 to 3 monthsWhat is the ratio of T4 to T3? 20:01What type of cell is surrounded bymineralized bone? OsteocvteWhat type of dehydration is associatedwith excess sweating, decreased waterintake, fever, alcoholism, lithium salts,excess evaporation, and diabetesinsipidus?

Hypertonic dehydration

During what part of the cardiac cycle doyou hear: Aortic stenosis? SystoleDuring what part of the cardiac cycle doyou hear: Mitral stenosis? DiastoleDuring what part of the cardiac cycle do

you hear: Mitral regurgitation?Systole (pan)

During what part of the cardiac cycle doyou hear: Aortic regurgitation? DiastoleWhat four factors affect the rate of diffusionfor any process?

1. Surface area 2. Thickness of themembrane 3. Concentration gradient 4.Solubility (main factor)

What does a decrease in GH in Dwarfism

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adolescence lead to?What type of transportation requires ATPand is protein mediated against aconcentration gradient? Primary active transportation

What does an increase in GH inadolescence lead to? GigantismWhat gas has a low driving force but highsolubility? CO2What are two causes of diffusionimpairment in the lungs? 1. Decrease in surface area 2. Increase inmembrane thickness (PAO2 > PaO2)What is evident in the urinalysis of acompensated acidotic patient? Low HCO3 - excretion (acidotic)What does angiotensin II do to restoreblood pressure? It has a direct vasoconstrictive effect.When is systemic venous blood deliveredto the left side of the heart without O2exchange in the alveoli? In a pulmonary shuntWhat gas has a high driving force and lowsolubility? O2In what type of shunt do you see anincrease in right atrial, ventricular, andpulmonary arterial PO2, along with anincrease in pulmonary blood flow?

Left-to-right shuntWhat causes Ca+ and PO4 to bereabsorbed from the kidney and Ca+ andPO4 to be absorbed from the GI tract, andalso promotes bone synthesis?

Vitamin D3What does excess secretion of GH in anadult lead to? AcromegalyThe rate at which a substance is filteredinto Bowman's capsule is known as what? Filtered load rate (GFR X plasmaconcentration)What part of the nephron has the greatestosmolarity? Tip of the loop of Henle (1200 mOsm)

At what region of the nephron doesH+/HCO3 - exchange occur? Distal tubuleDuring what type of heart block do the atriaand the ventricles beat independently ofeach other? Third-degree heart blockWhat is the length of systole on a pressurecurve? From the beginning of the isovolumiccontraction (IVC) to the beginning of the

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isovolumic relaxation (IVR)From which point to which point does itappear on an EKG? From the QRS to the T wave (S1 to S2)

What are the four features of aorticstenosis?

1. Increase in afterload 2. Increase in LV

pressure 3. Increase in the pressuregradient between the LV and the aorta 4.Crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejectionmurmur (early systolic ejection click)

When is surface tension the greatest in arespiratory cycle? At the end of inspirationWhat type of transportation requires ATP,can be co- or countertransport, and is aprotein-mediated transport with aconcentration gradient?

Secondary active transportation

What lung pathology is associated with adecrease in FEV1/FVC? COPD (obstructive)What is the most important factor indescribing lung recoil? Surface tension (also fibers of tissue)What is the free water clearance if theosmolarity of urine is less than 300mOsm? Positive free water clearance (dilute urine)What four characteristics are common toall protein-mediated transportation?

1. More rapid than diffusion 2. Zero-orderkinetics 3. Chemical specificity 4.Competition for carriers

What causes an increase in Na+ and waterloss from the kidney by increasing GFR,stimulated by stress and high Na+concentrations?

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) released fromthe right atrium

What growth factors are chondrogenic,working on the epiphyseal end plates ofbone?

Somatomedins (insulin-like growth factortype 1[IGF-1])

What causes an increase in Ca+reabsorption from the distal tubule, adecrease in PO4 reabsorption from the

kidney, and an increase in Ca+ and PO4reabsorption from the GI tract?Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

If a patient is irritated, excited, andemotionally unstable and has overallsymptoms of -adrenergic stimulation,would you assume that this patient ishyperthyroidic or hypothyroidic?

Hyperthyroidic

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What is needed for proper postnatal andperinatal mental growth and also for properbone ossification and GH secretion? Thyroid hormoneWhat type of heart block is associated withslowed conduction through the AV node

and PR intervals greater than 0.21second? First-degree heart blockWhat two occurrences cause an increasein the force of contraction? 1. Increase in preload 2. Increase incontractility by increased intracellular Ca+What are three features of muralregurgitation? 1. Increase in v wave 2. Increase in preload3. Increase in atrial pressure and volumeWhat is the length of diastole on apressure curve, and where is it on anEKG?

From the beginning of the IVR to thebeginning of the IVC, and from the T waveto the QRS complex (S2 to Sl)

What are the three features of aorticregurgitation? 1. Increase in preload 2. Increase insystolic pressure 3. Decrease in aortic

diastolic pressureWhat are the three features of mitralstenosis?

1. Increase in a wave 2. Decrease in LVfilling 3. Increase in atrioventricularpressure

What type of heart block is characterizedby: Progressive lengthening of the P-Rinterval until there is failure of the impulseto be transmitted?

Second-degree heart block, Wenckebach(Mobitz type I)

What type of heart block is characterizedby: Constant P-R interval but with anoccasional failure of conduction, resultingin an atrial rate greater than the ventricularrate?

Second-degree heart block, non-Wenckebach (Mobitz type II)

What are the three functions of surfactant? 1. Increased compliance 2. Decreasedsurface tension 3. Decreased probability ofpulmonary edema formation

More negative intrathoracic pressurecauses what to happen to systemic venousreturn and what to the pulmonary vessels?

Promotes systemic venous return into thechest and increases the caliber and volumeof the pulmonary vessels

What four factors cause the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift tothe right?

1. Increased PCO2 2. Decreased pH 3.Increased 2,3-BPG 4. Increasedtemperature

What part of respiration, on a pressurevolume curve, acts "like the chest wall"? Inspiration (collapse is due to elastic recoil)"Secretion + filtration =Excretion" is the transport maximum (Tm) Paraaminohippurate (PAH)

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for what substance?What has happened if the amount filteredand the amount excreted per unit time arethe same?

Nothing; there has been no tubularmodification.

What happens to the following parametersin an obstructive versus restrictive lungproblem: Lung recoil?

Decrease (obstructive); increase(restrictive)

What happens to the following parametersin an obstructive versus restrictive lungproblem: FRO?

Increase (obstructive); decrease(restrictive)

What happens to the following parametersin an obstructive versus restrictive lungproblem: TLC?


What happens to the following parameters

in an obstructive versus restrictive lungproblem: FVC?Decrease (obstructive); decrease

(restrictive)What happens to the following parametersin an obstructive versus restrictive lungproblem: FEVI?

Decrease (obstructive); decrease(restrictive)

What happens to the following parametersin an obstructive versus restrictive lungproblem: Peak flow?

Decrease (obstructive); increase(restrictive)

What happens to the following parametersin an obstructive versus restrictive lung

problem: RV?


What hormone increases reabsorption ofNa+ by the principal cells and promotesexcretion of H+ and K+ by the intercalatedcells of the kidney?

Aldosterone

What three situations cause the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis to fire?

1. A decrease in blood pressure in theafferent arteriole 2. Low Na+ levels at themacula densa 3. 1-Sympathetic nervoussystem input

What pathology is associated with low

ACTH levels and high levels of cortisol? Cushing's syndrome (adrenal)

When do you see low urine flow, high urineosmolarity, high ECF volume, low ECFosmolarity (low Na+), high ICF volume,and low ICF osmolarity?

SIADH (water retention)What is the term for the process in whichexcretion is less than the filtered load? Net positive reabsorption (glucose, Na+,urea)

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What has happened when everything thatis filtered is reabsorbed until the carriersare saturated and the excess is excreted inthe urine?

The transport maximum has been reached(Tm glucose = 375 mg/min).

What four factors cause aldosterone to bereleased?

1. Conversion of angiotensin I to

angiotensin II 2. Hyperkalemia 3.Hyponatremia 4. A decrease in bloodvolume

What disease state includes buffalo hump,moon fades, hyperglycemia,hyperlipidemia, hypertension,hypokalemia, osteoporosis, and thinning ofthe hair?

Cushing's disease

What condition involves high urine flow,low urine osmolarity, low ECF volume, high

ECF osmolarity, low ICF volume, and highICF osmolarity?

Diabetes insipidus (lose water)Which condition involves elevated ACTHand cortisol levels? Cushing's disease (pituitary tumor)Which condition involves high ACTH, lowcortisol, high ADH, elevated renin levels,hypotension, and low body hair?

Addison's disease (primary adrenalinsufficiency)

What process has taken place in thekidney when excretion is greater than thefiltered load? Net negative secretion (PAH, creatinine)

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