8/10/2019 8_ ATOMS AND NUCLEI.pdf
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0@ZFB_ @GJ GQOIAC
www.tncgmcct.cg
@ZFB_
Znfbsfg's @tfbco Bfjai 4 @oofrjcge tf tncs bfjai, g tfb ofgscsts fk pfsctcvaiy on`reaj spnara
cg wncon agtcra b`ss & pfsctcva on`rea fk tna tfb cs ugckfrbiy jcstrchutaj. Cgscja tncs spnara, tna aiaotrfgs
`ra abhajjaj icma saajs cg w`targaifg fr icma piubs cg pujjcge. Zna gubhar fk aiaotrfgs cs suon
tn`t tnacr gae`tcva on`rea cs aqu`i tf pfsctcva on`rea. Znus, tfbs cs aiaotrco`iiy gautr`i.
+
+++
+
Icbct`tcfgs fk Znfbsfg's Bfjai 4 (c) Ofuij gft axpi`cg tna frcecg fk spaotr`i sarcas fk nyjrfeag &
ftnar tfbs. (cc) Ofuij gft axpi`cg i`rea geia so`ttarcge fk `- p`rtcoias fhsarvaj hy Xutnarkfrj.
Xutnarkfrj's -so`ttarcge axparcbagt 4 @g `- p`rtcoia cs Na guoiaus ofgt`cgcge 8 prftfgs & 8gautrfgs. Ct n`s : ugcts fk b`ss & 8 ugcts fk pfsctcva on`rea. B`gy r`jcf`otcva aiabagts abct `-
p`rtcoias.
_Ia`j o`vcty
Ofiicb`tfr
Efij kfci Tg_ soraag
q
_ cs r`jcf`otcva sfuroa ofgt`cgaj cg ia`j o`vcty. Zna - p`rtcoia abcttaj hy tna sfuroa ra ofiicb`tajcgtf g`rrfw ha`b wctn tna naip fk ofiicb`tfr. Zna ofiicb`taj ha`b cs iifwaj tf k`ii fg tncg efij k`ci
fk tncomgass 0
8/10/2019 8_ ATOMS AND NUCLEI.pdf
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8/10/2019 8_ ATOMS AND NUCLEI.pdf
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0. @g tfb ofgscsts fk sb`ii gj b`sscva oagtr`i ofra cg wncon tna agtcra pfsctcva on`rea gj ibfst tna
wnfia b`ss ra ofgoagtr`taj. Zncs ofra cs o`iiaj sbuoiaus.
8. Zna scza fk tna guoiaus cs vary sb`ii s ofbp`raj tf tna scza fk tfb.
?. Zna guoiaus cs surrfugjaj hy gubhar fk aiaotrfgs sf tn`t tnacr tft`i gae`tcva on`rea cs aqu`i tf tna
tft`i pfsctcva on`rea gj tna tfb cs aiaotrco`iiy gautr`i.
:. Zna aiaotrfgs ravfiva rfugj tna guoiaus cg v`rcfus frhcts. Zna oagtrcpat i kfroa raqucraj kfr tnacr ravfiutcfg
cs prfvcjaj hy tna aiaotrfst`tco ttr`otcfg hatwaag tna aiaotrfgs gj tna guoaiius.
Jr`wh`oms fk Xutnarkfrj's bfjai fk @tfb 4
0. Ct k`ciaj tf axpi`cg tna st`hcicty fk tna tfb. Zna aiaotrfgs ravfivcge rfugj tna guoiaus ra `ooaiar`taj
tfw`rjs tna guoaius fk tna tfb. @gy on`reaj p`rtcoia wncia ooaiar`tcge fra rat`rjcge ifsas agarey
tnrfuen aiaotrfb`egatco r`jc`tcfgs. @s ` rasuit, tna r`jcus fk tna p`tn fk tna aiaotrfg snfuij ef fg
jaora`scge gj uitcb`taiy ct snfuij k`ii cgtf tna guoiaus hy kfiifwcge spcr`i p`tn. Hut, cg k`ot, ct gavar
n`ppags. Ct ofgtr`jcots tna st`hcicty fk b`ttar.
8. Ct k`ciaj tf axpi`cg tna spaotrub fk g tfb. @s aiaotrfg o`g ravfiva rfugj guoiaus cg ocroui`r frhcts
fk ii pfsschia r`jcc, sf tfb snfuij abct ofgtcgufus agarey spaotrub. Hut avag tna scbpiast tfb c.a.
nyjrfeag tfb n`s icga spaotrub cgsta`j fk ofgtcgufus spaotrub, wncon Xutnarkfrj's bfjai ofuij gft
axpi cg.
Hfnr's Bfjai fk Nyjrfeag @tfb 4
0. @g tfb ofgscsts fk oagtr`i ofra o`iiaj guoiaus, cg wncon agtcra pfsctcva on`rea gj ibfst agtcra b`ss
fk tna tfb cs ofgoagtr`taj. Aiaotrfg ravfiva rfugj tna guoiaus cg ocroui`r frhcts. Zna oagtrcpat`i kfroa
raqucraj kfr ravfiutcfg cs prfvcjaj hy tna aiaotrfst`tco kfroa fk ttr`otcfg hatwaag na aiaotrfg gj tna
guoiaus. Ck b cs tna b`ss fk aiaotrfg bfvcge wctn vaifocty v cg ocroui`r frhct fk r`jcus r, tnag tna
gaoass`ry oagtrcpat`i kfroa ck K 2r
bv8
@isf, tna aiaotrfst`tco kfroa fk ttr`otcfg hatwaag tna guoiaus fk on`rea (+Ta) gj aiaotrfg fk on rea
(a) cs
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8/10/2019 8_ ATOMS AND NUCLEI.pdf
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: @ZFB_ @GJ GQOIAC
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pZncs snfws tn`t r g8c.a. r`jcc fk st`tcfg ry frhcts ra cg tna r`tcf 084 88 4 ?? gj
sf fg c.a. 0 4 : 43 ........ Oia`riy tna st`tcfg`ry frhcts `ra gft aqu`iiy sp`oaj.
(h) [aifocty fk aiaotrfg cg Hfnr's s`tcfg`ry frhct 4 Ua n`va,
8
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(o) Zft`i agarey fk aiaotrfg 4 Zna agarey fk aiaotrfg ravfivcge cg st`tcfg`ry frhct cs fk twf typas 4
Mcgatco agarey cs jua tf bftcfg `gj pftagtc`i agarey cs jua tf pfsctcfg fk aiaotrfg. Ua n`va.
8
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c.a., M.A. fk aiaotrfg 2r8
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Zft`i agarey fk aiaotrfg cg st`tcfg`ry frhct cs gae`tcva, wncon ba`gs tna aiaotrfg cs hfugj tf tna guoiaushy ba`gs fk aiaotrfst`tco ttr`otcfg.
Frcecg fk spaotr`i icgas 4
_uppfsa A02 tft`i agarey fk aiaotrfg cg tna cggar (g
0tn) frhct `gj a
82 tft`i agarey fk aiaotrfg cg tna
futar (g8tn) frhct. Unag `g aiaotrfg dubps krfb `g futar tf `g cggar frhct, tna kraquagoy fk r`jc`tcfg
abcttaj, oofrjcge tf Hfnr's tncrj pfstui`ta cs nv 2 A8 A
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8/10/2019 8_ ATOMS AND NUCLEI.pdf
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1@ZFB_ @GJ GQOIAC
www.tncgmcct.cg
-
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`gj Xon
abM8?
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cs ` ofgst`gt o`iiaj Xyjhare ofgst`gt. X2 0.
8/10/2019 8_ ATOMS AND NUCLEI.pdf
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_uhstctutcge g 2 0, 8, ?............ wa eat tna agarecas fk aiaotrfgs cg v`rcfus st`tcfg`ry frhcts s 4
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