Ottoman Rule • Labeled- gunpowder empire – Formed by outside conquerors who unified after conquering – Success based on mastery of fire arms • Sultan- head of Ottoman system – Position hereditary – Not necessarily to eldest son – Led to struggles for power • Harem- “sacred place” sultans private quarters • Sultan controlled- bureaucracy w/ imperial council – Grand Vizier- chief minister, led meetings Topkapi Divan; center area for grand vizier; Sultan behind screen
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Ottoman Rule
• Labeled- gunpowder empire– Formed by outside conquerors who
unified after conquering– Success based on mastery of fire arms
• Sultan- head of Ottoman system– Position hereditary– Not necessarily to eldest son– Led to struggles for power
• Harem- “sacred place” sultans private quarters
• Sultan controlled- bureaucracy w/ imperial council– Grand Vizier- chief minister, led
meetings
Topkapi Divan; center area for grand vizier; Sultan behind screen
• Ottomans were – Sunni Muslims– Sultans claimed title caliph– Resp- guiding flock & maintaining Islamic law
• Ulema- sultan’s religious advisors– Administered legal system & school for
education of Muslims– Islamic law applied to all Muslims in empire– Tolerant of non-Muslims
• Non-Muslims- paid a tax– Allowed to practice own religion
• Greatest contribution – architecture (especially mosques) – Sinan greatest Ottoman architect– Mosques topped dome
• Framed with 4 towers (minarets)
– Flourishing textile & rug industry
Mosque of Suleyman the Magnificent
The Rule of Safavids
• Rise of Safavid Dynasty – Early 15th C- area from Persia into central Asia fell
into anarchy– Safavids- took control at beginning of 16th C
• Ardent (devoted)- Shiites• Founded by- Shah Ismail• 1501- Ismail seize Iran & Iraq• Called self- Shah (King)• 1508- killed Sunnis when he conquered Baghdad
• Shah Abbas- ruled from 1588-1629– Safavids- reached high point under his rule– Early 17th C- moved against Ottoman to
regain territories– 1629- Abbas dies (rulers that followed weak)– Shiites began to Inc their influence in gov’t
and society at large• Pressure to conform to Shiite beliefs• Women lost many freedoms
Shah
Gov’t workers (bureaucracy)
&
Landed Elite
Common People
• Pol & Soc Structure– Shah direct successor of Muhammad– Controlled power of aristocracy– Gov’t positions merit
• Safavid Culture– 1588-1629 rule of Shah Abbas (golden age in
arts)– Capital Isfahan was grand city– Silk weaving new technique brilliant colors