7th Grade II

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Daily Routine

Future I Simple will Will future expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to thefuture or an action in the future that cannot be influenced.

Forms

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Passive VoiceUse Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or notknown; however, who or what is performing the action.

Examples:

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SUPERLATIVE FORMS

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Genetic

Genetics - What are Genes?Inside every cell of each living thing (plant or animal) are sets of instructions calledgenes. The genes provide the instructions on what is the plant or animal, what itlooks like, how it is to survive, and how it will interact with its surroundingenvironment.The genes are strung together in long stands of material called deoxyribonucleicacid (DNA) and these long strands are called chromosomes.Most living things have pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent), though theymay have a different number of chromosomes from another living thing.For example, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and the fruit fly has 4 pairs.Each gene is made up of long combinations of four different nucleotide bases. It isthe various combinations of the nucleotide bases that determine everything abouta living creature.The four nucleotides are called:

adenine(A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).

Word Definitions Dominant - a gene in one strand of DNA that is stronger than the

corresponding gene in another strand of DNA. Recessive - a gene in one strand of DNA that is weaker than the

corresponding gene in another strand of DNA. Trait - a distinguishing feature in a person.

DNA

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DNA is one of the largest known molecules. If you think of one molecule of sugar, aDNA molecule is weighs 100,000 times more than that. In normal weight (the waywe normally think of things), a DNA molecule is actually very light. Even onequintillion DNA molecules weigh three ounces! DNA molecules are cramped tightlyinside the cells that hold them because if they were completely straight they would

be several thousand times the length of the cell!

DNA consists of two long thin strands that are wound around each other to form aspiral. This is called a double helix (check your dictionary for this term!). The strandsof a double helix are made up of a large amount of chemical building blockscalled bases .

Every strand of DNA contains about twelve billion individual bases. Since there arefour different types of bases, A, G, C, and T, various sequences of differentarrangements of bases can occur. The strands of a helix are held together by

weak chemical bond between nearby strands. The G base will only pair up withthe C base and the A base will only pair up with the T base (for example, C can'tpair with a G base). So, if you put it all together, you have DNA.

Chromosomes

What exactly are chromosomes? Well, Now that you know what DNA does, youmay be wondering how these traits pass down to generation to generation. Well,the truth is that they are passed down through the cells. In animals and plants, theDNA forms "chains" inside the nucleus of the cell.

Then they coil up to form nothing else but... a chromosome! Every person and typeof animal have a certain number of chromosomes.

If youre curious, an insect like a mosquito has 6, and a plant like a cabbage has18. Humans have 46. The DNA that is contained in 23 of them is passed on by yourfather to you before you are born.

Then the DNA that is contained in another 23 chromosomes is passed on to you byyour mother. So, guess why you have 46 chromosomes? Because of this: 23 + 23 =

46! So, once all chromosomes are in your body, you have half of your father's traits,and half of your mother's traits. Now you know how you inherit your mother's black or blond hair, or your dad's blue eyes.

So, you think you understand? Well, then maybe you can try to test yourself on ourQUIZ section! You can also see the GLOSSARY section for some important wordsdealing with genetics. Well, guess what? Were DONE with this lesson!

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICAThe United States ofAmerica (commonlyreferred to as the United

States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federalconstitutional republiccomprising fifty states anda federal district.

The country is situatedmostly in central NorthAmerica, where its forty-eight contiguous states

and Washington, D.C., thecapital district, lie between

the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico tothe south.

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The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the eastand Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is anarchipelago in the mid-Pacific.

With about 309 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largestcountry by total area, and the third largest both by land area and population. The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world, with an estimated2008 gross domestic product (GDP) of US $14.4 trillion (a quarter of nominal globalGDP and a fifth of global GDP at purchasing power parity) .

Main facts about USA

Location: North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the NorthPacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico

Main Industries : petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications,chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining

Agricultural products: wheat, corn, other grains, fruits, vegetables, cotton; beef,

pork, poultry, dairy products, forest products, fish.

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Most Important American PresidentsOf the 43 men who have been president of the United States, there are some trulyclear choices of who were the most important and influential presidents. Therewere also many who would never have made the list.This was a tough list to create - especially once we move past the 7th president. Ifone more could be added it would be Ronald Reagan. He helped bring the Cold

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War to an end after years of struggle. He definitely gets an honorable mention for this list of influential presidents.

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Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 April 15, 1865) wasthe 16th President of the United States, serving fromMarch 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its greatestconstitutional, military, and moral crises the AmericanCivil War preserving the Union, abolishing slavery,strengthening the national government andmodernizing the economy.Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincolnwas self-educated, and became a country lawyer,a Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator during the1830s, and a one-term member of the United States

House of Representatives during the 1840sAfter a series of debates in 1858 that gave national visibility to his opposition to theexpansion of slavery, Lincoln lost a Senate race to his arch-rival, Stephen A.Douglas. Lincoln, a moderate from a swing state, secured the RepublicanParty presidential nomination in 1860.

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With almost no support in the South, Lincoln swept the North and was electedpresident in 1860. His election was the signal for seven southern slave states todeclare their secession from the Union and form the Confederacy. The departure of the Southerners gave Lincoln's party firm control of Congress, butno formula for compromise or reconciliation was found. Lincoln explained inhis second inaugural address: "Both parties deprecated war, but one of themwould make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would acceptwar rather than let it perish, and the war came."An exceptionally astute politician deeply involved with power issues in each state,Lincoln reached out to War Democrats and managed his own re-election inthe 1864 presidential election. As the leader of the moderate faction of theRepublican party, Lincoln found his policies and personality were "blasted from allsides": Radical Republicans demanded harsher treatment of the South, War Democrats desired more compromise, Copperheads despised him, andirreconcilable secessionists plotted his death.Lincoln was assassinated by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes

Booth. Lincoln's death was the first assassination of a U.S. president and sent thenation into mourning. Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars andthe public as one of the greatest U.S. presidents.

Lincoln Memorial

The Lincoln Memorial is anAmerican national monument built to honor the 16th President of the UnitedStates. It is located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. across fromthe Washington Monument.

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The architect was Henry Bacon, the sculptor ofthe primary statue Abraham Lincoln , 1920 was Daniel Chester French, and the painter ofthe interior murals was Jules Guerin.

Dedicated in 1922, it is one ofseveral monuments built to honor anAmerican president because he freed the

slaves and saved our nation during the Civil War.

The building is in the form of a Greek Doric temple and contains a large seatedsculpture of Abraham Lincoln and inscriptions of two well-known speeches byLincoln, The Gettysburg Address and his Second Inaugural Address .

The memorial has been the site of many famous speeches, including Martin Luther King' s "I Have a Dream" speech, delivered on August 28, 1963 during the rally at theend of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

Rational Numbers

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