7.2 Magnitude Earthquake Strikes Just North of Acapulco Mexico on 18 April 2014

7.2 Magnitude Earthquake Strikes Just North of Acapulco Mexico on 18 April 2014

MEXICO

LOCATION MAP (Note Acapulco)

The quake struck around 9:28 a.m. local time (10:28

a.m. ET), 39 kilometers east of Petatlan, Mexico, in the

southwestern state of Guerrero, north of the resort

city Acapulco

INITIAL REPORTSBuildings in Mexico City

shook for 30 minutes

No Deaths; No Injuries

BACKGROUND

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN MEXICO

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN MEXICO

FLOODS

STORMS

EARTHQUAKES

DUST STORMS

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT

HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

Mexico has a long historical record of earthquakes

CAUSE OF SEISMICITY

• The ongoing interaction of the Cocos and North American plates is the causative factor for the seismicity of Mexico.

INTERACTING PLATES

THE COCOS PLATE IS SUB-DUCTING BENEATH THE NA PLATE

ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER

HAZARDSHAZARDS

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK

EXPOSUREEXPOSURE

VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION

RISKRISK

EARTHQUAKEHAZARD MODEL

EARTHQUAKEHAZARD MODEL

SEISMICITYSEISMICITY TECTONICSETTING &

FAULTS

TECTONICSETTING &

FAULTS

FAULTS: COCOS PLATE SUBDUCTION ZONE

EXPOSUREMODEL

EXPOSUREMODEL

LOCATION OF STRUCTURE

LOCATION OF STRUCTURE

IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF

STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS

IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF

STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS(the potential disaster

agents)SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE,

GROUND SHAKING, GROUND FAILURE (LIQUEFACTION,

LANDSLIDES), AFTERSHOCKS

TECTONIC DEFORMATION

EARTHQUAKE

TSUNAMI

GROUND

SHAKING

FAULT RUPTURE

FOUNDATION FAILURE

SITE AMPLIFICATION

LIQUEFACTION

LANDSLIDES

AFTERSHOCKS

SEICHE

DAMAGE/LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/LOSS

GROUND SHAKING

GTOUND SHAKING HAZARD

VULNERABILITYMODEL

VULNERABILITYMODEL

QUALITY OF DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION

QUALITY OF DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION

ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE

RESISTING SYSTEM

ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE

RESISTING SYSTEM

UNREINFO

RCED MASO

NRY, B

RICK O

R STO

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REINFORCED C

ONCRETE WIT

H UNREIN

FORCED WALLS

INTENSITY

REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS

STEEL FRAME

ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME

V VI VII VIII IX

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

MEA

N D

AM

AG

E R

ATIO

,

%

O

F R

EPLA

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MEN

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ALU

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND

FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES

LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH MEXICO’S COMMUNITIES

(INCLUDING THE CAPITAL)

A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH MEXICO’S COMMUNITIES

(INCLUDING THE CAPITAL)

A DISASTER is ---

--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, floods,…) intersect at a point in space and time.

Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause

extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,

joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction when it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

EXAMPLES OF MEXOCO’S PAST EARTHQUAKE

DISASTERS

THE 7:19 AM, M8.1 EARTHQUAKE

OF

SEPTEMBER 19, 1985

1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE• SEPTEMBER 19,

1985• M8.1• A SUBDUCTION

ZONE QUAKE

• SEPTEMBER 19, 1985

• M8.1• A SUBDUCTION

ZONE QUAKE

• ALTHOUGH LARGER THAN USUAL, THE EARTHQUAKE WAS NOT A “SURPRISE”

• A MODERN BUILDING CODE ADOPTED AND IMPLEMENTED BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE WAS INADEQUATE

• ALTHOUGH LARGER THAN USUAL, THE EARTHQUAKE WAS NOT A “SURPRISE”

• A MODERN BUILDING CODE ADOPTED AND IMPLEMENTED BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE WAS INADEQUATE

1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE• EPICENTER

LOCATED 240 KM FROM MEXICO CITY

• EPICENTER LOCATED 240 KM FROM MEXICO CITY

• 412 BUILDINGS COLLAPSED IN OLD LAKE BED ZONE OF MEXICO CITY

• 2 SECOND PERIOD SOIL-STRUCTURE RESONANCE IN OLD LAKE BED ZONE WAS A MAJOR FACTOR IN COLLAPSES

• 412 BUILDINGS COLLAPSED IN OLD LAKE BED ZONE OF MEXICO CITY

• 2 SECOND PERIOD SOIL-STRUCTURE RESONANCE IN OLD LAKE BED ZONE WAS A MAJOR FACTOR IN COLLAPSES

1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE: SOIL AMPLIFICATION

1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE: SOIL AMPLIFICATION

COLLAPSE OF CRITICAL STRUCTURES--HOSPITALSCOLLAPSE OF CRITICAL

STRUCTURES--HOSPITALS

COLLAPSE: ESSENTIAL STRUCTURES--SCHOOLSCOLLAPSE: ESSENTIAL

STRUCTURES--SCHOOLS

STEEL FRAME BUILDINGS STEEL FRAME BUILDINGS

POUNDING POUNDING

NUEVA LEON APARTMENT BUILDINGS

NUEVA LEON APARTMENT BUILDINGS

SEARCH AND RESCUESEARCH AND RESCUE

SEARCH AND RESCUE SEARCH AND RESCUE

TELECOMMUNICATIONS (SCT)TELECOMMUNICATIONS (SCT)

RAILROAD TRACKSRAILROAD TRACKS

IMPACTS

• Although the epicenter was located far from Mexico city, the soft soil of the old lake bed the city is sited on amplified the ground shaking in Mexico City, damaging 3,124 buildings, collapsing 412 of them and killing between 10,000 – 40,000 people.

IMPACTS

• The economic loss was between $3-4 billion.

LARGE MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES IN MEXICO ARE INEVITABLE

LARGE MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES IN MEXICO ARE INEVITABLE

• ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER OF THE IMPORTANCE OF BECOMING EARTHQUAKE DIS-ASTER RESILIENT.

THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER IS

EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER IS

EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

TURKEY’S COMMUNITIES

TURKEY’S COMMUNITIES

DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONDATA BASES AND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

• EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

• INVENTORY• VULNERABILITY• LOCATION

EARTHQUAKE RISK

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

• PREPAREDNESS• PROTECTION• FORECASTS/SCENARIOS• EMERGENCY RESPONSE• RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONS

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTHQUAKES

PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL OF THE LIKELY AND UNLIKELY HAZARDS AND RISKS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTHQUAKES

PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE AGAINST COLLAPSE AND LOSS OF FUNCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTHQUAKES TECHNOLOGIES THAT FACILITATE PREPARATION OF DISASTER SCENARIOS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTHQUAKES

TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A

COMMON GOAL)

FOR BECOMING EARTHQUAKE DISASTER

RESILIENT

STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A

COMMON GOAL)

FOR BECOMING EARTHQUAKE DISASTER

RESILIENT

QUESTION

• WHAT DOES A CITY OR A MEGACITY DO TO MAKE ITS BUILDINGS LESS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES?