Page 1
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 110
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
983124983112983109 983109983110983110983109983107983124 983119983110 983122983109983110983113983118983109983122983129 983105983118983108 983120983109983124983122983119983107983112983109983117983113983107983105983116 983109983110983110983116983125983109983118983124 983119983118 983127983105983124983109983122 983121983125983105983116983113983124983129 983119983110
983125983106983109983114983113 983107983122983109983109983115 983127983105983122983122983113983084 983123983119983125983124983112983109983122983118 983118983113983111983109983122983113983105983086
983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983086 983105983086 983137983150983140 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105
983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983140983160983086983140983151983145983086983151983154983143983087983089983088983086983092983091983089983092983087983141983146983141983155983149983086983158983092983145983090983086983089983090
983105983138983155983156983154983137983139983156
983124983144983145983155 983155983156983157983140983161 983145983150983158983141983155983156983145983143983137983156983141983140 983156983144983141 983141983142983142983141983139983156983155 983151983142 983156983154983141983137983156983141983140 983141983142983142983148983157983141983150983156 983140983145983155983139983144983137983154983143983141 983151983150 983156983144983141 983159983137983156983141983154 983153983157983137983148983145983156983161 983151983142 983125983138983141983146983145 C983154983141983141983147 983127983137983154983154983145
983127983137983156983141983154 983137983150983140 983155983141983140983145983149983141983150983156 983155983137983149983152983148983141983155 983159983141983154983141 983139983151983148983148983141983139983156983141983140 983142983154983151983149 983157983152983155983156983154983141983137983149 983137983150983140 983140983151983159983150983155983156983154983141983137983149 983155983141983139983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 983156983144983141 983139983154983141983141983147 983120983144983161983155983145983139983151983085
983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148 983152983137983154983137983149983141983156983141983154983155 983137983150983140 983139983151983150983139983141983150983156983154983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 983144983141983137983158983161 983149983141983156983137983148983155 983151983142 983156983144983141 983154983141983139983141983145983158983145983150983143 983159983137983156983141983154 983138983151983140983161 (983157983152983155983156983154983141983137983149 983137983150983140
983140983151983159983150983155983156983154983141983137983149) 983159983141983154983141 983139983151983149983152983137983154983141983140 983159983145983156983144 983156983144983137983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983154983141983137983156983141983140 983141983142983142983148983157983141983150983156 983122983141983139983151983154983140983141983140 983149983141983137983150 983152983112 983158983137983148983157983141983155 983151983142 983156983144983141 983141983142983142983148983157983141983150983156
983154983141983139983141983145983158983145983150983143 983159983137983156983141983154 983138983151983140983161 983137983150983140 983155983141983140983145983149983141983150983156 983159983141983154983141 626 983217 004 690 983217 006 (983157983152983155983156983154983141983137983149) 687 983217 001 (983140983151983159983150983155983156983154983141983137983149) 983137983150983140
654 983217 044 983154983141983155983152983141983139983156983145983158983141983148983161 983109983148983141983139983156983154983145983139983137983148 983139983151983150983140983157983139983156983145983158983145983156983161 983154983137983150983143983141983140 983142983154983151983149 115041 983217 001 991251 15150 983217 071983221983123983139983149 983142983151983154 983159983137983156983141983154
983155983137983149983152983148983141983155 983137983150983140 983149983141983137983150 983158983137983148983157983141 983151983142 187000 983217 111723983221983123983139983149 983142983151983154 983155983141983140983145983149983141983150983156 983124983151983156983137983148 983144983161983140983154983151983139983137983154983138983151983150 (983124983112C) 983137983150983140 983156983151983156983137983148
983140983145983155983155983151983148983158983141983140 983155983151983148983145983140983155 (983124983108983123) 983158983137983154983145983141983140 983142983154983151983149 983149983137983160983145983149983157983149 983158983137983148983157983141983155 983151983142 881 983217 001 991251 283 983217 004 983149983143983148 983137983150983140 57515 983217 007 991251
7572 983217 026 983149983143983148 983154983141983155983152983141983139983156983145983158983141983148983161 983118983145983156983154983137983156983141 983137983150983140 983152983144983151983155983152983144983137983156983141 983148983141983158983141983148 983159983137983155 983151983138983155983141983154983158983141983140 983156983151 983138983141 983144983145983143983144983141983154 983145983150 983156983144983141 983155983141983140983145983149983141983150983156 (4530
983217 396 983149983143983148 983137983150983140 962 983217 257 983149983143983148 983154983141983155983152983141983139983156983145983158983141983148983161) 983156983144983137983150 983156983144983141 983148983141983158983141983148 983151983138983156983137983145983150983141983140 983142983151983154 983157983152983155983156983154983141983137983149 (035 983217 001 983137983150983140 001 983217
000 983149983143983148) 983137983150983140 983140983151983159983150983155983156983154983141983137983149 (025 983217 003 983137983150983140 001 983217 000 983149983143983148) 983124983144983141 983154983137983150983143983141983155 983142983151983154 983141983160983139983144983137983150983143983141983137983138983148983141 983145983151983150983155 983159983141983154983141 983118983137
(773 983217 024 991251 661 983217 024 983149983143983148) 983120 (526 983217 004 991251 225 983217 003 983149983143983148) C983137 (3474 983217 009 991251 1345 983217 033 983149983143983148) 983137983150983140
983117983143 (274 983217 018 991251 180 983217 006 983149983143983148) 983142983151983154 983159983137983156983141983154 983155983137983149983152983148983141983155 983142983151983154 983156983144983141 983155983141983140983145983149983141983150983156 983156983144983141 983154983137983150983143983141 983145983155 3633 983217 250 991251 276 983217
096 (983118983137 gt 983120 gt C983137 gt 983117983143) 983124983144983141 983148983141983158983141983148983155 983151983142 983144983141983137983158983161 983149983141983156983137983148983155 (983116983141983137983140 (983120983138) 983130983145983150983139 (983130983150) C983151983152983152983141983154 (C983157) 983113983154983151983150 (983110983141) C983144983154983151983149983145983157983149
(C983154) A983154983155983141983150983145983139 (A983155) 983118983145983139983147983141983148 (983118983145) 983126983137983150983137983140983145983157983149 (983126) 983137983150983140 C983137983140983149983145983157983149 (C983140)) 983145983150 983159983137983156983141983154 983155983137983149983152983148983141983155 983137983150983140 983155983141983140983145983149983141983150983156 983159983141983154983141
983141983155983156983145983149983137983156983141983140 983157983155983145983150983143 A983156983151983149983145983139 A983138983155983151983154983152983156983145983151983150 983123983152983141983139983156983154983151983155983139983151983152983161 983124983144983141 983154983141983155983157983148983156983155 983151983138983156983137983145983150983141983140 983154983137983150983143983141983155 983142983154983151983149 983110983141 (429 983217 000 991251 276 983217
003) 983156983151 983120983138 (001 983217 001 991251 001 983217 000) 983142983151983154 983159983137983156983141983154 983155983137983149983152983148983141983155 983137983150983140 983130983150 (940 983217 150) 983156983151 C983140 (005 983217 000) 983142983151983154 983155983141983140983145983149983141983150983156
983124983144983145983155 983158983137983148983157983141 983151983138983156983137983145983150983141983140 983142983151983154 983155983141983140983145983149983141983150983156 983159983137983155 983151983138983155983141983154983158983141983140 983156983151 983138983141 983144983145983143983144983141983154 983156983144983137983150 983156983144983137983156 983145983150 983156983144983141 983159983137983156983141983154 983155983137983149983152983148983141983155
983115983141983161983159983151983154983140983155983098 983109983142983142983148983157983141983150983156 983140983145983155983139983144983137983154983143983141983084 983159983137983156983141983154 983153983157983137983148983145983156983161983084 983155983141983140983145983149983141983150983156983084 983112983141983137983158983161 983149983141983156983137983148983155983086
INTRODUCTION
Nigeria has a vast crude oil and gas deposits and
attempts to explore it have left the country with
unique vulnerabilities (Nduka and Orisakwe 2009)
Rapid urbanization and industrialization of Warri and
its environment between 1968 and 1990 createdpollution potential that are as high as some sources of
pollution The rivers estuaries creeks and air have
been contaminated for decades (Egborge 1995)
Refinery and petrochemical plants generate solid
waste and sludge composed of organic inorganic
compounds including heavy metals Waste water
accumulation of toxic products in the receiving water
bodies with potentially serious consequences on the
ecosystem (Bay et al 2003) Crude oil is a complex
mixture of several polycyclic aromatic compounds
and other hydrocarbons The major hydrocarbon
classes found in crude oil are the normal alkanes
(rapidly degraded) branched alkanes andcycloalkanes (difficult to identify) the isoprenoids
(very resistant to biodegradation) the aromatics
(fairly identified and much more soluble than other
hydrocarbons) and finally the polar ones containing
mainly sulphur oxygen andor nitrogen compounds
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 210
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
exploitation of crude oil The frequency of oil spilland untreated waste water discharge into water
bodies and the attendant negative impact on the
aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem is well known and
well documented over the years (Nduka and
Orisakwe 2009)
Presence of pollutants in natural waters alters
the quality and often pose serious threats to aquatic
life Various studies have shown positivecorrelation between pollutions from petrochemical
and refinery effluents and the health of aquatic
organisms (Otukunefor and Obiukwu 2005)
Previous observations suggested a correlation
between contaminants of water and sediments witharomatic hydrocarbons from refinery effluents and
compromised fish health (Kuehn et al 1995)
Though petroleum has played an important role
in the economy of the country over the past three
decades Niger delta ecosystem has been subjected
to destruction by petroleum product spillage and
other effluents resulting from operational activities(Adeniyi and Afolabi 2002) with increase in
processed petroleum products (effluents) that are
discharged with little regard to aquatic
environment The contents of the effluents haveserious toxicological effects on aquatic environmentand humans Refinery effluent containing oil when
discharged into water body can cause depletion of
dissolved oxygen due to transformation of organic
component into inorganic compounds loss of
biodiversity through a decrease in amphipodpopulation that is important in food chain and
eutrophication Short term toxicity in fishes
includes lymphocytosis epidermal hyperplasia
hemorrhagic septicaemia (Beeby 1993)
In Nigeria data on ecological risk assessment
of effluent discharge in aquatic environment
especially environmentally stressed Niger Delta
i i t Th i it f d t th
parameters of portable water of contiguous hostcommunitiesrsquo shows serious pollution burden from
effect of refinery effluent Recently study of Ubeji
creek revealed that fish and aquatic life were absent
at the site of effluent discharge and at each site
downstream to Ubeji River (Achudume 2009)
Present development suggests that Warri refineryand petrochemical company (WRPC) has taken the
issue of effluent treatment more seriously As part of
sustainable regulatory measure the aim of this studyis to determine the effect of effluent discharge on
water quality of Warri creek by identifying andevaluating the levels of major contamination it
receives
Materials and Methods Description of study area
The study area Ubeji is located in Warri DeltaState Nigeria at a surface location of 36614012 m
Easting and 17420008 m Northing The Ubeji
Community is situated beside the Warri Refinery
and Petrochemical Company (WRPC) Thelandforms consist essentially of sedimentary basins
and basement complex rocks (Ija and Antai 2003)
The implication of these rocks formations allows
permeability of fluids (Achudume 2009) All
industrial wastes untreated or minimally treated aredischarged into Ubeji Creek which runs immediately
downstream and eventually ends up in Ubeji River
which through Crawford Creek flows into Warri
River The occupation of the human population is
mainly fishing and they depend on the creek as an
outlet to the larger water The average atmospheric
temperature is 255ordmC in the rainy season and
3010ordmC in the dry season The daily relativehumidity values ranged from 555 in the dry
season to 96 in the rainy season The Ubeji creek
receives effluent directly from the refinery and
petrochemical company
Sample collection
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 310
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
Sample of industrial effluent that had undergone
both chemical and biological treatments were
collected for comparison Sediment samples were
collected with benthic sampler from various
sampling locations (point of effluent discharge
100m upstream and 100m downstream) and bulked
together to form a composite sample The samplewas put in a polyethylene bag All samples were
taken to the laboratory in ice chest for analyses
Water AnalysisConductivity turbidity TSS TDS and pH were
measured using HACH water analysis kits (Model
following the procedures outlined in APHA (1995) A
Perkin Elmer 3100 atomic absorption spectrophotometer
was used for the determination of heavy metals including
nickel (Ni) lead (Pb) zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) copper
(Cu) chromium (Cr) arsenic (As) vanadium (V) and
cadmium (Cd)
Sediment AnalysisSediment sample was air dried by thinly spreading on
a clean laboratory bench surface at room temperature and
brought to a relatively homogenous state by thoroughly
mixing and sieving with 2mm mesh before being treated
The pH and the conductivity of the sediment were
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 410
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
Results and DiscussionThe mean plusmn standard deviations of physico-
chemical parameters of the water samples arepresented in table 1 The pH mean value of the
upstream was 690 and the downstream 687 while
that of the treated effluent is 626 There was no
significant difference between the treated effluent
and both upstream the downstream sections (plt005)
and all within Federal Ministry of Environment
Nigeria (FMEnv) permissible limit of 65 ndash 85 The
result compares with the findings of Ogunlaja andOgunlaja (2007) and Nduka and Orisakwe (2009)
The authors found that the pH of the surface water
in the same environment and ranged between 65 -
85 and are within recommended limits both
nationally and internationally The temperature at
the time of study ranged from 2525ordmC for treated
effluent to 2315 ordmC for both upstream and
downstream of Ubeji Creek The observed higher
mean temperature at the point of discharge might bedue to fresh effluent from refinery plants and these
values pose no threat to the homeostatic balance of
the receiving wateand were in agreement with thereport of Jaji et al (2007)
Higher values of total suspended solids (TSS)
and turbidity were measured at the discharge point
(1060mgl and 5017NTU) and lower values of
(458mgl and 2165NTU) (458mgl and2167NTU) were obtained for upstream and
downstream respectively There were significant
difference in values obtained at the discharge point
and at upstream and downstream (Plt005) for both
TSS and turbidity The turbidity values obtained forall the locations were higher than WHO standards of
5NTU (WHO 2004) Excessive turbidity in water
can cause problem for water purification processes
such as flocculation and filtration which mayincrease treatment cost High turbid waters areassociated with microbial contamination (DWAF
1988) Again turbidity causes decrease in
photosynthesis process since turbidity precludes
deep penetration of light in water (Muoghalu and
Total Dissolve Solids (TDS) measured at the
discharge point was 57515mgl and the values at
the upstream and downstream were 7575mgl anddownstream 7572mgl respectively showing a
corresponding reduction of about 132 and 131
This reduction may be due to several
physiochemical reactions such as sedimentation
coagulation fixation amongst other factors like
oxidation and precipitation (Wasserman et al 2006)
There was significant difference for both upstream
and downstream (Pgt005) but within the FMEnvlimit
The highest mean value of total hydrocarbon
(THC) obtained at the point of discharge (881mgl)
indicates pollution traceable to oil and gas and the
lower mean value at the upstream (283mgl) and
that of the downstream (285mgl) may be due to
seasonal effects as well as surface runoffs and
flooding (Fatoki et al 2001) The results show
significant difference between the point ofdischarge and upstream (Plt005) and that of the
downstream (Plt005) However result obtained
reveal that effluent treatment plant is efficient atleast with regards to total hydrocarbon content
(THC) treatment The electrical conductivity at
the point of discharge was 115041microScm This
decreased markedly to 15150microScm for
downstream and upstream respectively Thiscorrelates with higher values of exchangeable ions
estimated in effluent discharge sample Dissolved
ions are responsible for electrical conductivity
However the values measured for receiving water
body were within the set limitsThe dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of
treated effluent (418mgl) was observed to lower
than DO of the receiving water body (upstream
593mgl and downstream 598mgl) The lowervalue in treated effluent could be attributed to thepresence of degradable organic matter Decrease in
DO concentration could be attributable to
breakdown of organic matter by aerobic microbes
The oxygen required for this process is taken from
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 510
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) test is useful
in determining the relative waste loading and higherdegree therefore indicates the presence of large
amount of organic pollutant and relatively higher
level of microbial activities with consequent
depletion of oxygen content The value measured in
the treated effluent was 16225mgl and this was
higher than 819mgl and 644mgl Similarly the
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which is the
amount of oxygen used up from a water sample by
organic and inorganic chemicals as they break downis far higher in sample collected from discharge point
(5843 mgl) than that of water receiving body
(Plt005)
Some of the impacts of excess salinization on
water sources include reduced crop yield increase in
formation of scale of added corrosion and increased
requirements for pre treatment of water for selected
industrial use such as boiler feed water There is nosignificant difference (plt005) between the salinity ofthe receiving water body for both upstream
(4526mgl) and downstream (4633mgl) and that of
treated discharge (4672mgl) these values are within
the DPR and FMENV standards
With regards to total hardness no distinctlydefined levels of what constitute a hard or soft water
supply The generally accepted classification for
hardness of water is 75 ndash 150mgL of CaCO3 for softand 150mgL and above for hard water (Deat 2000)
There was significant difference (Plt005) betweenthe point of discharge (1034mgl) and value
measured for upstream and downstream samples
Muoghalu and Omocho (2000) observed that when
waste are heavily laden with pollutant and dissolved
solids gain access to water bodies they need large
dose of oxygen for decomposition The mean value ofnutrients (total nitrogen total phosphate nitrate
sulphate bicarbonate orthophosphate and
ammonium) differs significantly between bodies
Unpolluted water usually contain only minute amount
of nitrate (Jaji et al 2007) Nitrate a very important
nutrient was observed to be within limits with
levels in nitrate have been reported to exhibit delayed
reactions to light and sound stimuli (Robillard et al2003)14 and can cause methaemogloobinemia
(Fatoki 2003) Phosphate was also found to be low
However nutrient and phosphate are essential
nutrients to plants lifebut when found in excess
quantities stimulates excessive plant growth such as
algae bloom(Igbinosu and Oko 2009)
The exchangeable ions concentrations of water
samples are shown in table 2 Exchangeable ionconcentration at the point of discharge ranges from
3474mgl for calcium to 274mgl for magnesium
Higher level of sodium and potassium was also
measured (773mgl and 526mgl respectively)
These values were lower in the upstream and
downstream 1369mgl (upstream) and 1345mgl
(downstream) for calcium with significant difference
(Pgt005) 668mgl (upstream) and 661mgl
(downstream) for sodium with no significant
difference (Plt005) 225mgl (upstream) and
261mgl (downstream) for potassium and 180mgl
(upstream) and 188mgl (downstream) formagnesium with a significant difference (Pgt005)
This suggests strongly that effluent is the source of
cation Sodium increase is as a result of oil leakage
(Callot and Ocampo 2000)7 However higher levels
were observed in calcium and sodium (Ca gt Na gt PgtMg)
Heavy metal concentrations in water samples arepresented in table 3 Heavy metal concentration in
water samples measured in ppm ranges from Nil to
429ppm Generally higher level of iron copper zinc
and chromium were determined (Fe gt Cu gt Zn gt Cr gt
Ni gt Pb ge As gt V ge Cd) The levels measured were
within the Federal Ministry of Environment(FMEnv) limit Nickel was Nil (000ppm) at the
point of discharge but was observed at a higher
concentration at the upstream (003ppm) and
downstream (003ppm) This higher concentrationfound in the receiving water body could be traceable
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 610
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
The results of physiochemical properties
exchangeable ion and metals of sediment sample arepresented in fig 1 Generally higher values were
measured for the sediments than the water samples
The value obtained for pH agrees with that of
Swingle (2000) who reported that organic waste
reduces the pH of water and sediment to acidic level
The temperature found in the sediment (275ordmC) was
within set down standards and therefore suitable for
aquatic environment Nitrates and phosphate level in
the sediment (4530mgkg and 962mgkg) although
within the limit of FMEnv was observed to be higher
than that found in effluent discharge sample
(087mgl for nitrate and 001mgl for phosphate)
Therefore there is significant difference between the
effluent discharge for nitrate (plt005) and that of
phosphate (Plt005) It is obvious that this high level
of nitrate and phosphate in the sediment does not
emanate from effluent discharge but probably as aresult poor sanitations and leaches from nearby pit
latrines (Malomo et al 2000) and other industrial
waste Crude oil pollution has also been associated
with increase in nutritive salts (CO32-
SO42-
NH4+
and NO5) and salinity levels of aquatic ecosystem
(Rhykered et al 1995 and Ward et al 1980) Again
results obtained for some of the exchangeable ions
were observed to be higher in the sediment than the
value obtained for the effluent discharge
Exchangeable ion concentration ranges from
3633mgkg for sodium to 276mgkg for magnesium
(Na gt P gt Ca gt Mg)
Mean values of heavy metals determined were found
to range from 940ppm for Zinc(Zn) to nil in
Cadmium(Cd) (Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt As gt Ni gt Cr gtV ge Cd ) Lead exposure has been associated with
hypochromic anaemia with basophilic stifling oferythrocytes (Emory et al 2001) Cadmium is highly
toxic and accumulates in the body and eventually
cause effects such as disturbances in calciumhomeostasis and metabolism (Emory et al 2001)
Most chromium compounds are carcinogenic long
kid li d d
Conclusion
This study revealed that there have been animprovement in the treatment of Warri Refinery and
Petrochemical effluent before it is been discharge
compared to the studies conducted in the recent past
(Achudume 2009 Nduka and Orisakwe 2009
Ogunlaja and Ogunlaja 2009) Efforts made to
collect untreated effluent sample from the plant were
unsuccessful though it was found that some of the
physicochemical parameters of effluent discharged
into this creek is within the limit set by Federal
Ministry of Environment Nigeria (FMEnv) while
some of the parameters determined for the receiving
water body renders Ubeji Creek water unsuitable for
domestic use This suggests other sources of pollution
beside refinery effluents may be responsible for
elevated levels of some physicochemical parameters
in the studied area The study also indicates the need
for continuous monitoring of surface water especiallyin rural community with high industrial activities
Acknowledgment
The authors are indeed very grateful to Dr Kelvin
Idehen and entire staff of Research Laboratory of
Petroleum Research Institute of Nigeria (PTI)
Effurum WarriDelta State Nigeria for their
assistance in samples collection and analyses of someparameters
References
Achudume A C (2009) The Effect of
Petrochemical Effluent on the Water Quality of UbejiCreek in Niger Delta RegionBull EnvironToxicol
83 410 ndash 415
Adeniyi A and Afolabi J (2002) Determination of
total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in
soils within the vicinity of facilities handling refinedpetroleum Environ Int 28 79 ndash 82
Adeniyi A and Okedeyi O (2004) Assessing the
speciation pattern of lead and zinc in surface water
collected from Abegede creek ijora Lagos Park J
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 710
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
groundwater from Warri Nigeria Int J Environ Health
Res 12 61 ndash 72Bay S Jones BH Schiff K and Washburn L (2003)
Marine Environmental Research 56205-223
BeebyA(1993) Measuring the effect of Pollution
InApplying EcologyChapman and Hall London New
York
Callot H and Ocampo R (2000) Wetlands and Water
Pollution Boston coll Environ Aff LawRev 23 885 ndash
919Deat A (2000) White paper on integrated pollution and
waste management for South Africa A policy on
pollution prevention waste minimization impact
management and remediation Department of
Environmental Affairs and Tourism 80 274 -275DWAF (1998) Quality of Domestic Water Supplies
Assessment Guide 1 (2nd Edn) Department of Water
Affairs and Forestry Department of Health and Water
Research CommisionEgborge ABM (2001) Water quality index applicationand industrialization and heavy metal pollution in the
warri river Nigeria Environ Pollut 12 27 ndash 40
Egborge ABM(1995)Water Pollution in Nigeria
Biodiversity and Chemistry of Warri RiverBen Miller
Books Nigltd WarriEmory E Pattole R Archiobold E Bayorn M and
Sung F (2001) Neurobehavioral effects of low levelexposure in human Neonates Am J Obstet Gynecol
181 5 ndash 11
Fatoki S Muyima N and lujiza N (2001) Suitation
analysis of water quality in the Umtata river catchment
Water SA 27 67 ndash 74
Fatoki SOP and Ogumfowokan AO (2008) Pollution
assessment in the Keiskamma River and in the
impoundment downstream Water SA 29(3) 183 ndash 187
IgbinosaEO and Oko AI(2009) Impact of dischargewastewater effluents on the physiscochemical qualities of
a receiving watershed in a typical rural community Int
JEnvironSci Tech 6(2)175-182
Ija UJ and Antai SP (2003)Removal of Nigeria Light
Crude Oil in Soil over 12 months period Int
Jaji M Bamgbose O Arowolo T and Odukoya O
(2007) Water quality assessment of Ogun River southwest Nigeria Environ Monit Assess 133 447 ndash 482
KuehnRLBerlinKDHawkinsWEand Ostrander
GK(1995) Relationships among petroleum refinery
water and sediments contamination and fish health
Journ Of Toxic amp Environ Health 46101-116
Malomo S Okufarasin V and Olorunmwo M
(2000) Ground water chemistry of weathered zone
aquifers of an area underlam by basement complexrocks J Afr Earth Sci 11 57- 71
Muoghalu LN And Omocho V (2000) Environmantal
Health Hazards Resulting from Awka Abattoir African
Journal Environ Stud 272-73
Nduka JK and Orisakwe EO (2009) Effect ofEffluents from Warri Refinery amp Petrochemical
Company (WPRC) on water and soil qualities of
ldquoContigious Hostrdquo and impact on communities of Delta
State Nigeria The Open EnvironPollutToxico Journ(1)11-17Nduka k and Orisakwe E (2007) Heavy metals
levels and physiochemical quality of portable water
supply in warri Nigeria Annalt Di Chem 97 86 ndash 87
Odukuma LO and Okpokwasili GC (1993)
Seasonal Influence on Inorganic AnionMonitoring of New Calabar River Nigeria Environ
Manage 17 (4) 491-496OgunlajaA and Ogunlaja OO(2007)
Physicochemical analysis of water sources in Ubeji
Communities and their Histological impact on organs of
albino mice JApplSci Environ Manag 11(4)91-94OtokuneforTV and Obiukwu C(2005) Impact of
Rifinery Efflluent on physiscochemical Properties of a
water body in Niger Delta Applied Ecologyamp Environ
Research3(1)61-72
Rao P (2005) Textbook of environmental engineeringeastern economy practice of hall of India private
limited New Delhi chapter 3 Page 280
Revision of the WHO guidelines for drinking water
quality Draft for review and comments Nitrites and
Nitrates in drinking water World Health Organization
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 810
Table 1 The mean values plusmn standard deviation) of physico- chemical properties of effluent discharge and
that of receiving river ( upstream and downstream)Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream Downstream P-
VALUE
FMEnv Limit
(formerly
FEPA)
pH 62plusmn004 69plusmn006 687plusmn001 Plt005 6-9
TempordmC 2526plusmn006 2315plusmn007 2315plusmn007 pgt005 30
TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000
Cond (microScm) 115041001 15100 071 1510615180Turbidity
(Nm)
50105023 21502180 21692164
DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20
BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10
CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30
TOC (mgl) 626plusmn000 134plusmn016 139plusmn023 pgt005 NA
THC( mgl) 881 283plusmn004 285plusmn004 pgt005 10
Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523
Phenol (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt005Cyanide (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt0050
NH+4 (mgL) 183plusmn001 096plusmn000 084plusmn005 pgt005
NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20
SO2-
4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50
HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50
3
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
Robillard PD Sharpe WE And Wistock BR(2003) Nitrates in Drinking Water Pennsylvania State
University Agric Biology Eng
Suleimanov RA(1995) Medicsina Trudai PromyShl
ennaia Ekologiia 1231-36
Swingle H (2000) Standardization of chemical
analysis for waters and pond meals FAO Fish Rep
44 394 ndash 421
Vilia- Elena S (2006) Parkinsonrsquos disease andexposure to manganese during welding Tech
DWelding Allied Process 2 106 ndash 111
WalkleyA and Black IA(1934) An examination of
the Dagtjareft method for determining soil organic
matter and a proposed modification of chromic acidtitration method Soil Science 3729-38
Ward DM Atlas RM Boehm PD And Calder
JA (1980) Microbial Biodegradation and The
Chemical Evolution of Amoco Cadiz Oil Pollutants
Ambio 9 277-283
Wasserman A liu X and Parvex F (2006) Water
manganese exposure and children intellectual
function in ararhazar bangle desh environhealth prospect Annalt Di Chem 114 24 ndash 29
World Health Organization(WHO) (2004)
ROLLING
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 910
Table 2 Exchangeable ion Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmn deviation)
Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
Discharge
Downstream p- value DPR FMENV
Sodium mgl 773plusmn024 668plusmn034 Plt005 773plusmn024 661plusmn024 pgt005 NA NA
Potassium mgl 526plusmn004 225plusmn003 pgt005 526plusmn004 261plusmn023 pgt005 NA NACalcium mgl 3474plusmn009 1369plusmn033 pgt005 3474plusmn009 1345plusmn033 pgt005 NA NA
Magnesium mgl 274plusmn018 180plusmn006 pgt005 274plusmn018 188plusmn008 pgt005 NA NA
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria DPR = Department of Petroleum Resources
NA = Not Available
Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant difference
983089983089983093
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 1010
Table 3 Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmnstandard deviation)
Parameters Effluent
discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
discharge
Downstream p- value DPR
(ref)
FMENV
(ref)
Lead (Pb) ppm 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Zinc (Zn) ppm 056plusmn047 015plusmn001 Plt005 056plusmn047 014plusmn001 Plt005 5 lt1Copper (Cu) ppm 074plusmn006 018plusmn001 pgt005 074plusmn006 016plusmn001 pgt005 NA lt1
Iron (Fe) ppm 429plusmn000 283plusmn004 pgt005 429plusmn000 276plusmn003 pgt005 NA 20
Chromium (Cr)
ppm
054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 NA lt1
Arsenic (As) ppm 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Nickel (Ni) ppm 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Vanadium(v) ppm 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Cadmium (Cd) 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 05 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria NA = Not Available Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant
difference
983089983089983094
Page 2
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 210
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
exploitation of crude oil The frequency of oil spilland untreated waste water discharge into water
bodies and the attendant negative impact on the
aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem is well known and
well documented over the years (Nduka and
Orisakwe 2009)
Presence of pollutants in natural waters alters
the quality and often pose serious threats to aquatic
life Various studies have shown positivecorrelation between pollutions from petrochemical
and refinery effluents and the health of aquatic
organisms (Otukunefor and Obiukwu 2005)
Previous observations suggested a correlation
between contaminants of water and sediments witharomatic hydrocarbons from refinery effluents and
compromised fish health (Kuehn et al 1995)
Though petroleum has played an important role
in the economy of the country over the past three
decades Niger delta ecosystem has been subjected
to destruction by petroleum product spillage and
other effluents resulting from operational activities(Adeniyi and Afolabi 2002) with increase in
processed petroleum products (effluents) that are
discharged with little regard to aquatic
environment The contents of the effluents haveserious toxicological effects on aquatic environmentand humans Refinery effluent containing oil when
discharged into water body can cause depletion of
dissolved oxygen due to transformation of organic
component into inorganic compounds loss of
biodiversity through a decrease in amphipodpopulation that is important in food chain and
eutrophication Short term toxicity in fishes
includes lymphocytosis epidermal hyperplasia
hemorrhagic septicaemia (Beeby 1993)
In Nigeria data on ecological risk assessment
of effluent discharge in aquatic environment
especially environmentally stressed Niger Delta
i i t Th i it f d t th
parameters of portable water of contiguous hostcommunitiesrsquo shows serious pollution burden from
effect of refinery effluent Recently study of Ubeji
creek revealed that fish and aquatic life were absent
at the site of effluent discharge and at each site
downstream to Ubeji River (Achudume 2009)
Present development suggests that Warri refineryand petrochemical company (WRPC) has taken the
issue of effluent treatment more seriously As part of
sustainable regulatory measure the aim of this studyis to determine the effect of effluent discharge on
water quality of Warri creek by identifying andevaluating the levels of major contamination it
receives
Materials and Methods Description of study area
The study area Ubeji is located in Warri DeltaState Nigeria at a surface location of 36614012 m
Easting and 17420008 m Northing The Ubeji
Community is situated beside the Warri Refinery
and Petrochemical Company (WRPC) Thelandforms consist essentially of sedimentary basins
and basement complex rocks (Ija and Antai 2003)
The implication of these rocks formations allows
permeability of fluids (Achudume 2009) All
industrial wastes untreated or minimally treated aredischarged into Ubeji Creek which runs immediately
downstream and eventually ends up in Ubeji River
which through Crawford Creek flows into Warri
River The occupation of the human population is
mainly fishing and they depend on the creek as an
outlet to the larger water The average atmospheric
temperature is 255ordmC in the rainy season and
3010ordmC in the dry season The daily relativehumidity values ranged from 555 in the dry
season to 96 in the rainy season The Ubeji creek
receives effluent directly from the refinery and
petrochemical company
Sample collection
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 310
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
Sample of industrial effluent that had undergone
both chemical and biological treatments were
collected for comparison Sediment samples were
collected with benthic sampler from various
sampling locations (point of effluent discharge
100m upstream and 100m downstream) and bulked
together to form a composite sample The samplewas put in a polyethylene bag All samples were
taken to the laboratory in ice chest for analyses
Water AnalysisConductivity turbidity TSS TDS and pH were
measured using HACH water analysis kits (Model
following the procedures outlined in APHA (1995) A
Perkin Elmer 3100 atomic absorption spectrophotometer
was used for the determination of heavy metals including
nickel (Ni) lead (Pb) zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) copper
(Cu) chromium (Cr) arsenic (As) vanadium (V) and
cadmium (Cd)
Sediment AnalysisSediment sample was air dried by thinly spreading on
a clean laboratory bench surface at room temperature and
brought to a relatively homogenous state by thoroughly
mixing and sieving with 2mm mesh before being treated
The pH and the conductivity of the sediment were
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 410
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
Results and DiscussionThe mean plusmn standard deviations of physico-
chemical parameters of the water samples arepresented in table 1 The pH mean value of the
upstream was 690 and the downstream 687 while
that of the treated effluent is 626 There was no
significant difference between the treated effluent
and both upstream the downstream sections (plt005)
and all within Federal Ministry of Environment
Nigeria (FMEnv) permissible limit of 65 ndash 85 The
result compares with the findings of Ogunlaja andOgunlaja (2007) and Nduka and Orisakwe (2009)
The authors found that the pH of the surface water
in the same environment and ranged between 65 -
85 and are within recommended limits both
nationally and internationally The temperature at
the time of study ranged from 2525ordmC for treated
effluent to 2315 ordmC for both upstream and
downstream of Ubeji Creek The observed higher
mean temperature at the point of discharge might bedue to fresh effluent from refinery plants and these
values pose no threat to the homeostatic balance of
the receiving wateand were in agreement with thereport of Jaji et al (2007)
Higher values of total suspended solids (TSS)
and turbidity were measured at the discharge point
(1060mgl and 5017NTU) and lower values of
(458mgl and 2165NTU) (458mgl and2167NTU) were obtained for upstream and
downstream respectively There were significant
difference in values obtained at the discharge point
and at upstream and downstream (Plt005) for both
TSS and turbidity The turbidity values obtained forall the locations were higher than WHO standards of
5NTU (WHO 2004) Excessive turbidity in water
can cause problem for water purification processes
such as flocculation and filtration which mayincrease treatment cost High turbid waters areassociated with microbial contamination (DWAF
1988) Again turbidity causes decrease in
photosynthesis process since turbidity precludes
deep penetration of light in water (Muoghalu and
Total Dissolve Solids (TDS) measured at the
discharge point was 57515mgl and the values at
the upstream and downstream were 7575mgl anddownstream 7572mgl respectively showing a
corresponding reduction of about 132 and 131
This reduction may be due to several
physiochemical reactions such as sedimentation
coagulation fixation amongst other factors like
oxidation and precipitation (Wasserman et al 2006)
There was significant difference for both upstream
and downstream (Pgt005) but within the FMEnvlimit
The highest mean value of total hydrocarbon
(THC) obtained at the point of discharge (881mgl)
indicates pollution traceable to oil and gas and the
lower mean value at the upstream (283mgl) and
that of the downstream (285mgl) may be due to
seasonal effects as well as surface runoffs and
flooding (Fatoki et al 2001) The results show
significant difference between the point ofdischarge and upstream (Plt005) and that of the
downstream (Plt005) However result obtained
reveal that effluent treatment plant is efficient atleast with regards to total hydrocarbon content
(THC) treatment The electrical conductivity at
the point of discharge was 115041microScm This
decreased markedly to 15150microScm for
downstream and upstream respectively Thiscorrelates with higher values of exchangeable ions
estimated in effluent discharge sample Dissolved
ions are responsible for electrical conductivity
However the values measured for receiving water
body were within the set limitsThe dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of
treated effluent (418mgl) was observed to lower
than DO of the receiving water body (upstream
593mgl and downstream 598mgl) The lowervalue in treated effluent could be attributed to thepresence of degradable organic matter Decrease in
DO concentration could be attributable to
breakdown of organic matter by aerobic microbes
The oxygen required for this process is taken from
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 510
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) test is useful
in determining the relative waste loading and higherdegree therefore indicates the presence of large
amount of organic pollutant and relatively higher
level of microbial activities with consequent
depletion of oxygen content The value measured in
the treated effluent was 16225mgl and this was
higher than 819mgl and 644mgl Similarly the
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which is the
amount of oxygen used up from a water sample by
organic and inorganic chemicals as they break downis far higher in sample collected from discharge point
(5843 mgl) than that of water receiving body
(Plt005)
Some of the impacts of excess salinization on
water sources include reduced crop yield increase in
formation of scale of added corrosion and increased
requirements for pre treatment of water for selected
industrial use such as boiler feed water There is nosignificant difference (plt005) between the salinity ofthe receiving water body for both upstream
(4526mgl) and downstream (4633mgl) and that of
treated discharge (4672mgl) these values are within
the DPR and FMENV standards
With regards to total hardness no distinctlydefined levels of what constitute a hard or soft water
supply The generally accepted classification for
hardness of water is 75 ndash 150mgL of CaCO3 for softand 150mgL and above for hard water (Deat 2000)
There was significant difference (Plt005) betweenthe point of discharge (1034mgl) and value
measured for upstream and downstream samples
Muoghalu and Omocho (2000) observed that when
waste are heavily laden with pollutant and dissolved
solids gain access to water bodies they need large
dose of oxygen for decomposition The mean value ofnutrients (total nitrogen total phosphate nitrate
sulphate bicarbonate orthophosphate and
ammonium) differs significantly between bodies
Unpolluted water usually contain only minute amount
of nitrate (Jaji et al 2007) Nitrate a very important
nutrient was observed to be within limits with
levels in nitrate have been reported to exhibit delayed
reactions to light and sound stimuli (Robillard et al2003)14 and can cause methaemogloobinemia
(Fatoki 2003) Phosphate was also found to be low
However nutrient and phosphate are essential
nutrients to plants lifebut when found in excess
quantities stimulates excessive plant growth such as
algae bloom(Igbinosu and Oko 2009)
The exchangeable ions concentrations of water
samples are shown in table 2 Exchangeable ionconcentration at the point of discharge ranges from
3474mgl for calcium to 274mgl for magnesium
Higher level of sodium and potassium was also
measured (773mgl and 526mgl respectively)
These values were lower in the upstream and
downstream 1369mgl (upstream) and 1345mgl
(downstream) for calcium with significant difference
(Pgt005) 668mgl (upstream) and 661mgl
(downstream) for sodium with no significant
difference (Plt005) 225mgl (upstream) and
261mgl (downstream) for potassium and 180mgl
(upstream) and 188mgl (downstream) formagnesium with a significant difference (Pgt005)
This suggests strongly that effluent is the source of
cation Sodium increase is as a result of oil leakage
(Callot and Ocampo 2000)7 However higher levels
were observed in calcium and sodium (Ca gt Na gt PgtMg)
Heavy metal concentrations in water samples arepresented in table 3 Heavy metal concentration in
water samples measured in ppm ranges from Nil to
429ppm Generally higher level of iron copper zinc
and chromium were determined (Fe gt Cu gt Zn gt Cr gt
Ni gt Pb ge As gt V ge Cd) The levels measured were
within the Federal Ministry of Environment(FMEnv) limit Nickel was Nil (000ppm) at the
point of discharge but was observed at a higher
concentration at the upstream (003ppm) and
downstream (003ppm) This higher concentrationfound in the receiving water body could be traceable
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 610
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
The results of physiochemical properties
exchangeable ion and metals of sediment sample arepresented in fig 1 Generally higher values were
measured for the sediments than the water samples
The value obtained for pH agrees with that of
Swingle (2000) who reported that organic waste
reduces the pH of water and sediment to acidic level
The temperature found in the sediment (275ordmC) was
within set down standards and therefore suitable for
aquatic environment Nitrates and phosphate level in
the sediment (4530mgkg and 962mgkg) although
within the limit of FMEnv was observed to be higher
than that found in effluent discharge sample
(087mgl for nitrate and 001mgl for phosphate)
Therefore there is significant difference between the
effluent discharge for nitrate (plt005) and that of
phosphate (Plt005) It is obvious that this high level
of nitrate and phosphate in the sediment does not
emanate from effluent discharge but probably as aresult poor sanitations and leaches from nearby pit
latrines (Malomo et al 2000) and other industrial
waste Crude oil pollution has also been associated
with increase in nutritive salts (CO32-
SO42-
NH4+
and NO5) and salinity levels of aquatic ecosystem
(Rhykered et al 1995 and Ward et al 1980) Again
results obtained for some of the exchangeable ions
were observed to be higher in the sediment than the
value obtained for the effluent discharge
Exchangeable ion concentration ranges from
3633mgkg for sodium to 276mgkg for magnesium
(Na gt P gt Ca gt Mg)
Mean values of heavy metals determined were found
to range from 940ppm for Zinc(Zn) to nil in
Cadmium(Cd) (Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt As gt Ni gt Cr gtV ge Cd ) Lead exposure has been associated with
hypochromic anaemia with basophilic stifling oferythrocytes (Emory et al 2001) Cadmium is highly
toxic and accumulates in the body and eventually
cause effects such as disturbances in calciumhomeostasis and metabolism (Emory et al 2001)
Most chromium compounds are carcinogenic long
kid li d d
Conclusion
This study revealed that there have been animprovement in the treatment of Warri Refinery and
Petrochemical effluent before it is been discharge
compared to the studies conducted in the recent past
(Achudume 2009 Nduka and Orisakwe 2009
Ogunlaja and Ogunlaja 2009) Efforts made to
collect untreated effluent sample from the plant were
unsuccessful though it was found that some of the
physicochemical parameters of effluent discharged
into this creek is within the limit set by Federal
Ministry of Environment Nigeria (FMEnv) while
some of the parameters determined for the receiving
water body renders Ubeji Creek water unsuitable for
domestic use This suggests other sources of pollution
beside refinery effluents may be responsible for
elevated levels of some physicochemical parameters
in the studied area The study also indicates the need
for continuous monitoring of surface water especiallyin rural community with high industrial activities
Acknowledgment
The authors are indeed very grateful to Dr Kelvin
Idehen and entire staff of Research Laboratory of
Petroleum Research Institute of Nigeria (PTI)
Effurum WarriDelta State Nigeria for their
assistance in samples collection and analyses of someparameters
References
Achudume A C (2009) The Effect of
Petrochemical Effluent on the Water Quality of UbejiCreek in Niger Delta RegionBull EnvironToxicol
83 410 ndash 415
Adeniyi A and Afolabi J (2002) Determination of
total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in
soils within the vicinity of facilities handling refinedpetroleum Environ Int 28 79 ndash 82
Adeniyi A and Okedeyi O (2004) Assessing the
speciation pattern of lead and zinc in surface water
collected from Abegede creek ijora Lagos Park J
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 710
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
groundwater from Warri Nigeria Int J Environ Health
Res 12 61 ndash 72Bay S Jones BH Schiff K and Washburn L (2003)
Marine Environmental Research 56205-223
BeebyA(1993) Measuring the effect of Pollution
InApplying EcologyChapman and Hall London New
York
Callot H and Ocampo R (2000) Wetlands and Water
Pollution Boston coll Environ Aff LawRev 23 885 ndash
919Deat A (2000) White paper on integrated pollution and
waste management for South Africa A policy on
pollution prevention waste minimization impact
management and remediation Department of
Environmental Affairs and Tourism 80 274 -275DWAF (1998) Quality of Domestic Water Supplies
Assessment Guide 1 (2nd Edn) Department of Water
Affairs and Forestry Department of Health and Water
Research CommisionEgborge ABM (2001) Water quality index applicationand industrialization and heavy metal pollution in the
warri river Nigeria Environ Pollut 12 27 ndash 40
Egborge ABM(1995)Water Pollution in Nigeria
Biodiversity and Chemistry of Warri RiverBen Miller
Books Nigltd WarriEmory E Pattole R Archiobold E Bayorn M and
Sung F (2001) Neurobehavioral effects of low levelexposure in human Neonates Am J Obstet Gynecol
181 5 ndash 11
Fatoki S Muyima N and lujiza N (2001) Suitation
analysis of water quality in the Umtata river catchment
Water SA 27 67 ndash 74
Fatoki SOP and Ogumfowokan AO (2008) Pollution
assessment in the Keiskamma River and in the
impoundment downstream Water SA 29(3) 183 ndash 187
IgbinosaEO and Oko AI(2009) Impact of dischargewastewater effluents on the physiscochemical qualities of
a receiving watershed in a typical rural community Int
JEnvironSci Tech 6(2)175-182
Ija UJ and Antai SP (2003)Removal of Nigeria Light
Crude Oil in Soil over 12 months period Int
Jaji M Bamgbose O Arowolo T and Odukoya O
(2007) Water quality assessment of Ogun River southwest Nigeria Environ Monit Assess 133 447 ndash 482
KuehnRLBerlinKDHawkinsWEand Ostrander
GK(1995) Relationships among petroleum refinery
water and sediments contamination and fish health
Journ Of Toxic amp Environ Health 46101-116
Malomo S Okufarasin V and Olorunmwo M
(2000) Ground water chemistry of weathered zone
aquifers of an area underlam by basement complexrocks J Afr Earth Sci 11 57- 71
Muoghalu LN And Omocho V (2000) Environmantal
Health Hazards Resulting from Awka Abattoir African
Journal Environ Stud 272-73
Nduka JK and Orisakwe EO (2009) Effect ofEffluents from Warri Refinery amp Petrochemical
Company (WPRC) on water and soil qualities of
ldquoContigious Hostrdquo and impact on communities of Delta
State Nigeria The Open EnvironPollutToxico Journ(1)11-17Nduka k and Orisakwe E (2007) Heavy metals
levels and physiochemical quality of portable water
supply in warri Nigeria Annalt Di Chem 97 86 ndash 87
Odukuma LO and Okpokwasili GC (1993)
Seasonal Influence on Inorganic AnionMonitoring of New Calabar River Nigeria Environ
Manage 17 (4) 491-496OgunlajaA and Ogunlaja OO(2007)
Physicochemical analysis of water sources in Ubeji
Communities and their Histological impact on organs of
albino mice JApplSci Environ Manag 11(4)91-94OtokuneforTV and Obiukwu C(2005) Impact of
Rifinery Efflluent on physiscochemical Properties of a
water body in Niger Delta Applied Ecologyamp Environ
Research3(1)61-72
Rao P (2005) Textbook of environmental engineeringeastern economy practice of hall of India private
limited New Delhi chapter 3 Page 280
Revision of the WHO guidelines for drinking water
quality Draft for review and comments Nitrites and
Nitrates in drinking water World Health Organization
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 810
Table 1 The mean values plusmn standard deviation) of physico- chemical properties of effluent discharge and
that of receiving river ( upstream and downstream)Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream Downstream P-
VALUE
FMEnv Limit
(formerly
FEPA)
pH 62plusmn004 69plusmn006 687plusmn001 Plt005 6-9
TempordmC 2526plusmn006 2315plusmn007 2315plusmn007 pgt005 30
TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000
Cond (microScm) 115041001 15100 071 1510615180Turbidity
(Nm)
50105023 21502180 21692164
DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20
BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10
CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30
TOC (mgl) 626plusmn000 134plusmn016 139plusmn023 pgt005 NA
THC( mgl) 881 283plusmn004 285plusmn004 pgt005 10
Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523
Phenol (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt005Cyanide (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt0050
NH+4 (mgL) 183plusmn001 096plusmn000 084plusmn005 pgt005
NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20
SO2-
4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50
HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50
3
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
Robillard PD Sharpe WE And Wistock BR(2003) Nitrates in Drinking Water Pennsylvania State
University Agric Biology Eng
Suleimanov RA(1995) Medicsina Trudai PromyShl
ennaia Ekologiia 1231-36
Swingle H (2000) Standardization of chemical
analysis for waters and pond meals FAO Fish Rep
44 394 ndash 421
Vilia- Elena S (2006) Parkinsonrsquos disease andexposure to manganese during welding Tech
DWelding Allied Process 2 106 ndash 111
WalkleyA and Black IA(1934) An examination of
the Dagtjareft method for determining soil organic
matter and a proposed modification of chromic acidtitration method Soil Science 3729-38
Ward DM Atlas RM Boehm PD And Calder
JA (1980) Microbial Biodegradation and The
Chemical Evolution of Amoco Cadiz Oil Pollutants
Ambio 9 277-283
Wasserman A liu X and Parvex F (2006) Water
manganese exposure and children intellectual
function in ararhazar bangle desh environhealth prospect Annalt Di Chem 114 24 ndash 29
World Health Organization(WHO) (2004)
ROLLING
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 910
Table 2 Exchangeable ion Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmn deviation)
Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
Discharge
Downstream p- value DPR FMENV
Sodium mgl 773plusmn024 668plusmn034 Plt005 773plusmn024 661plusmn024 pgt005 NA NA
Potassium mgl 526plusmn004 225plusmn003 pgt005 526plusmn004 261plusmn023 pgt005 NA NACalcium mgl 3474plusmn009 1369plusmn033 pgt005 3474plusmn009 1345plusmn033 pgt005 NA NA
Magnesium mgl 274plusmn018 180plusmn006 pgt005 274plusmn018 188plusmn008 pgt005 NA NA
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria DPR = Department of Petroleum Resources
NA = Not Available
Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant difference
983089983089983093
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 1010
Table 3 Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmnstandard deviation)
Parameters Effluent
discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
discharge
Downstream p- value DPR
(ref)
FMENV
(ref)
Lead (Pb) ppm 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Zinc (Zn) ppm 056plusmn047 015plusmn001 Plt005 056plusmn047 014plusmn001 Plt005 5 lt1Copper (Cu) ppm 074plusmn006 018plusmn001 pgt005 074plusmn006 016plusmn001 pgt005 NA lt1
Iron (Fe) ppm 429plusmn000 283plusmn004 pgt005 429plusmn000 276plusmn003 pgt005 NA 20
Chromium (Cr)
ppm
054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 NA lt1
Arsenic (As) ppm 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Nickel (Ni) ppm 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Vanadium(v) ppm 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Cadmium (Cd) 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 05 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria NA = Not Available Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant
difference
983089983089983094
Page 3
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 310
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
Sample of industrial effluent that had undergone
both chemical and biological treatments were
collected for comparison Sediment samples were
collected with benthic sampler from various
sampling locations (point of effluent discharge
100m upstream and 100m downstream) and bulked
together to form a composite sample The samplewas put in a polyethylene bag All samples were
taken to the laboratory in ice chest for analyses
Water AnalysisConductivity turbidity TSS TDS and pH were
measured using HACH water analysis kits (Model
following the procedures outlined in APHA (1995) A
Perkin Elmer 3100 atomic absorption spectrophotometer
was used for the determination of heavy metals including
nickel (Ni) lead (Pb) zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) copper
(Cu) chromium (Cr) arsenic (As) vanadium (V) and
cadmium (Cd)
Sediment AnalysisSediment sample was air dried by thinly spreading on
a clean laboratory bench surface at room temperature and
brought to a relatively homogenous state by thoroughly
mixing and sieving with 2mm mesh before being treated
The pH and the conductivity of the sediment were
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 410
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
Results and DiscussionThe mean plusmn standard deviations of physico-
chemical parameters of the water samples arepresented in table 1 The pH mean value of the
upstream was 690 and the downstream 687 while
that of the treated effluent is 626 There was no
significant difference between the treated effluent
and both upstream the downstream sections (plt005)
and all within Federal Ministry of Environment
Nigeria (FMEnv) permissible limit of 65 ndash 85 The
result compares with the findings of Ogunlaja andOgunlaja (2007) and Nduka and Orisakwe (2009)
The authors found that the pH of the surface water
in the same environment and ranged between 65 -
85 and are within recommended limits both
nationally and internationally The temperature at
the time of study ranged from 2525ordmC for treated
effluent to 2315 ordmC for both upstream and
downstream of Ubeji Creek The observed higher
mean temperature at the point of discharge might bedue to fresh effluent from refinery plants and these
values pose no threat to the homeostatic balance of
the receiving wateand were in agreement with thereport of Jaji et al (2007)
Higher values of total suspended solids (TSS)
and turbidity were measured at the discharge point
(1060mgl and 5017NTU) and lower values of
(458mgl and 2165NTU) (458mgl and2167NTU) were obtained for upstream and
downstream respectively There were significant
difference in values obtained at the discharge point
and at upstream and downstream (Plt005) for both
TSS and turbidity The turbidity values obtained forall the locations were higher than WHO standards of
5NTU (WHO 2004) Excessive turbidity in water
can cause problem for water purification processes
such as flocculation and filtration which mayincrease treatment cost High turbid waters areassociated with microbial contamination (DWAF
1988) Again turbidity causes decrease in
photosynthesis process since turbidity precludes
deep penetration of light in water (Muoghalu and
Total Dissolve Solids (TDS) measured at the
discharge point was 57515mgl and the values at
the upstream and downstream were 7575mgl anddownstream 7572mgl respectively showing a
corresponding reduction of about 132 and 131
This reduction may be due to several
physiochemical reactions such as sedimentation
coagulation fixation amongst other factors like
oxidation and precipitation (Wasserman et al 2006)
There was significant difference for both upstream
and downstream (Pgt005) but within the FMEnvlimit
The highest mean value of total hydrocarbon
(THC) obtained at the point of discharge (881mgl)
indicates pollution traceable to oil and gas and the
lower mean value at the upstream (283mgl) and
that of the downstream (285mgl) may be due to
seasonal effects as well as surface runoffs and
flooding (Fatoki et al 2001) The results show
significant difference between the point ofdischarge and upstream (Plt005) and that of the
downstream (Plt005) However result obtained
reveal that effluent treatment plant is efficient atleast with regards to total hydrocarbon content
(THC) treatment The electrical conductivity at
the point of discharge was 115041microScm This
decreased markedly to 15150microScm for
downstream and upstream respectively Thiscorrelates with higher values of exchangeable ions
estimated in effluent discharge sample Dissolved
ions are responsible for electrical conductivity
However the values measured for receiving water
body were within the set limitsThe dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of
treated effluent (418mgl) was observed to lower
than DO of the receiving water body (upstream
593mgl and downstream 598mgl) The lowervalue in treated effluent could be attributed to thepresence of degradable organic matter Decrease in
DO concentration could be attributable to
breakdown of organic matter by aerobic microbes
The oxygen required for this process is taken from
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 510
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) test is useful
in determining the relative waste loading and higherdegree therefore indicates the presence of large
amount of organic pollutant and relatively higher
level of microbial activities with consequent
depletion of oxygen content The value measured in
the treated effluent was 16225mgl and this was
higher than 819mgl and 644mgl Similarly the
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which is the
amount of oxygen used up from a water sample by
organic and inorganic chemicals as they break downis far higher in sample collected from discharge point
(5843 mgl) than that of water receiving body
(Plt005)
Some of the impacts of excess salinization on
water sources include reduced crop yield increase in
formation of scale of added corrosion and increased
requirements for pre treatment of water for selected
industrial use such as boiler feed water There is nosignificant difference (plt005) between the salinity ofthe receiving water body for both upstream
(4526mgl) and downstream (4633mgl) and that of
treated discharge (4672mgl) these values are within
the DPR and FMENV standards
With regards to total hardness no distinctlydefined levels of what constitute a hard or soft water
supply The generally accepted classification for
hardness of water is 75 ndash 150mgL of CaCO3 for softand 150mgL and above for hard water (Deat 2000)
There was significant difference (Plt005) betweenthe point of discharge (1034mgl) and value
measured for upstream and downstream samples
Muoghalu and Omocho (2000) observed that when
waste are heavily laden with pollutant and dissolved
solids gain access to water bodies they need large
dose of oxygen for decomposition The mean value ofnutrients (total nitrogen total phosphate nitrate
sulphate bicarbonate orthophosphate and
ammonium) differs significantly between bodies
Unpolluted water usually contain only minute amount
of nitrate (Jaji et al 2007) Nitrate a very important
nutrient was observed to be within limits with
levels in nitrate have been reported to exhibit delayed
reactions to light and sound stimuli (Robillard et al2003)14 and can cause methaemogloobinemia
(Fatoki 2003) Phosphate was also found to be low
However nutrient and phosphate are essential
nutrients to plants lifebut when found in excess
quantities stimulates excessive plant growth such as
algae bloom(Igbinosu and Oko 2009)
The exchangeable ions concentrations of water
samples are shown in table 2 Exchangeable ionconcentration at the point of discharge ranges from
3474mgl for calcium to 274mgl for magnesium
Higher level of sodium and potassium was also
measured (773mgl and 526mgl respectively)
These values were lower in the upstream and
downstream 1369mgl (upstream) and 1345mgl
(downstream) for calcium with significant difference
(Pgt005) 668mgl (upstream) and 661mgl
(downstream) for sodium with no significant
difference (Plt005) 225mgl (upstream) and
261mgl (downstream) for potassium and 180mgl
(upstream) and 188mgl (downstream) formagnesium with a significant difference (Pgt005)
This suggests strongly that effluent is the source of
cation Sodium increase is as a result of oil leakage
(Callot and Ocampo 2000)7 However higher levels
were observed in calcium and sodium (Ca gt Na gt PgtMg)
Heavy metal concentrations in water samples arepresented in table 3 Heavy metal concentration in
water samples measured in ppm ranges from Nil to
429ppm Generally higher level of iron copper zinc
and chromium were determined (Fe gt Cu gt Zn gt Cr gt
Ni gt Pb ge As gt V ge Cd) The levels measured were
within the Federal Ministry of Environment(FMEnv) limit Nickel was Nil (000ppm) at the
point of discharge but was observed at a higher
concentration at the upstream (003ppm) and
downstream (003ppm) This higher concentrationfound in the receiving water body could be traceable
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 610
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
The results of physiochemical properties
exchangeable ion and metals of sediment sample arepresented in fig 1 Generally higher values were
measured for the sediments than the water samples
The value obtained for pH agrees with that of
Swingle (2000) who reported that organic waste
reduces the pH of water and sediment to acidic level
The temperature found in the sediment (275ordmC) was
within set down standards and therefore suitable for
aquatic environment Nitrates and phosphate level in
the sediment (4530mgkg and 962mgkg) although
within the limit of FMEnv was observed to be higher
than that found in effluent discharge sample
(087mgl for nitrate and 001mgl for phosphate)
Therefore there is significant difference between the
effluent discharge for nitrate (plt005) and that of
phosphate (Plt005) It is obvious that this high level
of nitrate and phosphate in the sediment does not
emanate from effluent discharge but probably as aresult poor sanitations and leaches from nearby pit
latrines (Malomo et al 2000) and other industrial
waste Crude oil pollution has also been associated
with increase in nutritive salts (CO32-
SO42-
NH4+
and NO5) and salinity levels of aquatic ecosystem
(Rhykered et al 1995 and Ward et al 1980) Again
results obtained for some of the exchangeable ions
were observed to be higher in the sediment than the
value obtained for the effluent discharge
Exchangeable ion concentration ranges from
3633mgkg for sodium to 276mgkg for magnesium
(Na gt P gt Ca gt Mg)
Mean values of heavy metals determined were found
to range from 940ppm for Zinc(Zn) to nil in
Cadmium(Cd) (Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt As gt Ni gt Cr gtV ge Cd ) Lead exposure has been associated with
hypochromic anaemia with basophilic stifling oferythrocytes (Emory et al 2001) Cadmium is highly
toxic and accumulates in the body and eventually
cause effects such as disturbances in calciumhomeostasis and metabolism (Emory et al 2001)
Most chromium compounds are carcinogenic long
kid li d d
Conclusion
This study revealed that there have been animprovement in the treatment of Warri Refinery and
Petrochemical effluent before it is been discharge
compared to the studies conducted in the recent past
(Achudume 2009 Nduka and Orisakwe 2009
Ogunlaja and Ogunlaja 2009) Efforts made to
collect untreated effluent sample from the plant were
unsuccessful though it was found that some of the
physicochemical parameters of effluent discharged
into this creek is within the limit set by Federal
Ministry of Environment Nigeria (FMEnv) while
some of the parameters determined for the receiving
water body renders Ubeji Creek water unsuitable for
domestic use This suggests other sources of pollution
beside refinery effluents may be responsible for
elevated levels of some physicochemical parameters
in the studied area The study also indicates the need
for continuous monitoring of surface water especiallyin rural community with high industrial activities
Acknowledgment
The authors are indeed very grateful to Dr Kelvin
Idehen and entire staff of Research Laboratory of
Petroleum Research Institute of Nigeria (PTI)
Effurum WarriDelta State Nigeria for their
assistance in samples collection and analyses of someparameters
References
Achudume A C (2009) The Effect of
Petrochemical Effluent on the Water Quality of UbejiCreek in Niger Delta RegionBull EnvironToxicol
83 410 ndash 415
Adeniyi A and Afolabi J (2002) Determination of
total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in
soils within the vicinity of facilities handling refinedpetroleum Environ Int 28 79 ndash 82
Adeniyi A and Okedeyi O (2004) Assessing the
speciation pattern of lead and zinc in surface water
collected from Abegede creek ijora Lagos Park J
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 710
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
groundwater from Warri Nigeria Int J Environ Health
Res 12 61 ndash 72Bay S Jones BH Schiff K and Washburn L (2003)
Marine Environmental Research 56205-223
BeebyA(1993) Measuring the effect of Pollution
InApplying EcologyChapman and Hall London New
York
Callot H and Ocampo R (2000) Wetlands and Water
Pollution Boston coll Environ Aff LawRev 23 885 ndash
919Deat A (2000) White paper on integrated pollution and
waste management for South Africa A policy on
pollution prevention waste minimization impact
management and remediation Department of
Environmental Affairs and Tourism 80 274 -275DWAF (1998) Quality of Domestic Water Supplies
Assessment Guide 1 (2nd Edn) Department of Water
Affairs and Forestry Department of Health and Water
Research CommisionEgborge ABM (2001) Water quality index applicationand industrialization and heavy metal pollution in the
warri river Nigeria Environ Pollut 12 27 ndash 40
Egborge ABM(1995)Water Pollution in Nigeria
Biodiversity and Chemistry of Warri RiverBen Miller
Books Nigltd WarriEmory E Pattole R Archiobold E Bayorn M and
Sung F (2001) Neurobehavioral effects of low levelexposure in human Neonates Am J Obstet Gynecol
181 5 ndash 11
Fatoki S Muyima N and lujiza N (2001) Suitation
analysis of water quality in the Umtata river catchment
Water SA 27 67 ndash 74
Fatoki SOP and Ogumfowokan AO (2008) Pollution
assessment in the Keiskamma River and in the
impoundment downstream Water SA 29(3) 183 ndash 187
IgbinosaEO and Oko AI(2009) Impact of dischargewastewater effluents on the physiscochemical qualities of
a receiving watershed in a typical rural community Int
JEnvironSci Tech 6(2)175-182
Ija UJ and Antai SP (2003)Removal of Nigeria Light
Crude Oil in Soil over 12 months period Int
Jaji M Bamgbose O Arowolo T and Odukoya O
(2007) Water quality assessment of Ogun River southwest Nigeria Environ Monit Assess 133 447 ndash 482
KuehnRLBerlinKDHawkinsWEand Ostrander
GK(1995) Relationships among petroleum refinery
water and sediments contamination and fish health
Journ Of Toxic amp Environ Health 46101-116
Malomo S Okufarasin V and Olorunmwo M
(2000) Ground water chemistry of weathered zone
aquifers of an area underlam by basement complexrocks J Afr Earth Sci 11 57- 71
Muoghalu LN And Omocho V (2000) Environmantal
Health Hazards Resulting from Awka Abattoir African
Journal Environ Stud 272-73
Nduka JK and Orisakwe EO (2009) Effect ofEffluents from Warri Refinery amp Petrochemical
Company (WPRC) on water and soil qualities of
ldquoContigious Hostrdquo and impact on communities of Delta
State Nigeria The Open EnvironPollutToxico Journ(1)11-17Nduka k and Orisakwe E (2007) Heavy metals
levels and physiochemical quality of portable water
supply in warri Nigeria Annalt Di Chem 97 86 ndash 87
Odukuma LO and Okpokwasili GC (1993)
Seasonal Influence on Inorganic AnionMonitoring of New Calabar River Nigeria Environ
Manage 17 (4) 491-496OgunlajaA and Ogunlaja OO(2007)
Physicochemical analysis of water sources in Ubeji
Communities and their Histological impact on organs of
albino mice JApplSci Environ Manag 11(4)91-94OtokuneforTV and Obiukwu C(2005) Impact of
Rifinery Efflluent on physiscochemical Properties of a
water body in Niger Delta Applied Ecologyamp Environ
Research3(1)61-72
Rao P (2005) Textbook of environmental engineeringeastern economy practice of hall of India private
limited New Delhi chapter 3 Page 280
Revision of the WHO guidelines for drinking water
quality Draft for review and comments Nitrites and
Nitrates in drinking water World Health Organization
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 810
Table 1 The mean values plusmn standard deviation) of physico- chemical properties of effluent discharge and
that of receiving river ( upstream and downstream)Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream Downstream P-
VALUE
FMEnv Limit
(formerly
FEPA)
pH 62plusmn004 69plusmn006 687plusmn001 Plt005 6-9
TempordmC 2526plusmn006 2315plusmn007 2315plusmn007 pgt005 30
TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000
Cond (microScm) 115041001 15100 071 1510615180Turbidity
(Nm)
50105023 21502180 21692164
DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20
BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10
CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30
TOC (mgl) 626plusmn000 134plusmn016 139plusmn023 pgt005 NA
THC( mgl) 881 283plusmn004 285plusmn004 pgt005 10
Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523
Phenol (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt005Cyanide (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt0050
NH+4 (mgL) 183plusmn001 096plusmn000 084plusmn005 pgt005
NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20
SO2-
4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50
HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50
3
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
Robillard PD Sharpe WE And Wistock BR(2003) Nitrates in Drinking Water Pennsylvania State
University Agric Biology Eng
Suleimanov RA(1995) Medicsina Trudai PromyShl
ennaia Ekologiia 1231-36
Swingle H (2000) Standardization of chemical
analysis for waters and pond meals FAO Fish Rep
44 394 ndash 421
Vilia- Elena S (2006) Parkinsonrsquos disease andexposure to manganese during welding Tech
DWelding Allied Process 2 106 ndash 111
WalkleyA and Black IA(1934) An examination of
the Dagtjareft method for determining soil organic
matter and a proposed modification of chromic acidtitration method Soil Science 3729-38
Ward DM Atlas RM Boehm PD And Calder
JA (1980) Microbial Biodegradation and The
Chemical Evolution of Amoco Cadiz Oil Pollutants
Ambio 9 277-283
Wasserman A liu X and Parvex F (2006) Water
manganese exposure and children intellectual
function in ararhazar bangle desh environhealth prospect Annalt Di Chem 114 24 ndash 29
World Health Organization(WHO) (2004)
ROLLING
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 910
Table 2 Exchangeable ion Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmn deviation)
Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
Discharge
Downstream p- value DPR FMENV
Sodium mgl 773plusmn024 668plusmn034 Plt005 773plusmn024 661plusmn024 pgt005 NA NA
Potassium mgl 526plusmn004 225plusmn003 pgt005 526plusmn004 261plusmn023 pgt005 NA NACalcium mgl 3474plusmn009 1369plusmn033 pgt005 3474plusmn009 1345plusmn033 pgt005 NA NA
Magnesium mgl 274plusmn018 180plusmn006 pgt005 274plusmn018 188plusmn008 pgt005 NA NA
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria DPR = Department of Petroleum Resources
NA = Not Available
Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant difference
983089983089983093
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 1010
Table 3 Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmnstandard deviation)
Parameters Effluent
discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
discharge
Downstream p- value DPR
(ref)
FMENV
(ref)
Lead (Pb) ppm 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Zinc (Zn) ppm 056plusmn047 015plusmn001 Plt005 056plusmn047 014plusmn001 Plt005 5 lt1Copper (Cu) ppm 074plusmn006 018plusmn001 pgt005 074plusmn006 016plusmn001 pgt005 NA lt1
Iron (Fe) ppm 429plusmn000 283plusmn004 pgt005 429plusmn000 276plusmn003 pgt005 NA 20
Chromium (Cr)
ppm
054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 NA lt1
Arsenic (As) ppm 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Nickel (Ni) ppm 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Vanadium(v) ppm 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Cadmium (Cd) 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 05 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria NA = Not Available Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant
difference
983089983089983094
Page 4
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 410
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
Results and DiscussionThe mean plusmn standard deviations of physico-
chemical parameters of the water samples arepresented in table 1 The pH mean value of the
upstream was 690 and the downstream 687 while
that of the treated effluent is 626 There was no
significant difference between the treated effluent
and both upstream the downstream sections (plt005)
and all within Federal Ministry of Environment
Nigeria (FMEnv) permissible limit of 65 ndash 85 The
result compares with the findings of Ogunlaja andOgunlaja (2007) and Nduka and Orisakwe (2009)
The authors found that the pH of the surface water
in the same environment and ranged between 65 -
85 and are within recommended limits both
nationally and internationally The temperature at
the time of study ranged from 2525ordmC for treated
effluent to 2315 ordmC for both upstream and
downstream of Ubeji Creek The observed higher
mean temperature at the point of discharge might bedue to fresh effluent from refinery plants and these
values pose no threat to the homeostatic balance of
the receiving wateand were in agreement with thereport of Jaji et al (2007)
Higher values of total suspended solids (TSS)
and turbidity were measured at the discharge point
(1060mgl and 5017NTU) and lower values of
(458mgl and 2165NTU) (458mgl and2167NTU) were obtained for upstream and
downstream respectively There were significant
difference in values obtained at the discharge point
and at upstream and downstream (Plt005) for both
TSS and turbidity The turbidity values obtained forall the locations were higher than WHO standards of
5NTU (WHO 2004) Excessive turbidity in water
can cause problem for water purification processes
such as flocculation and filtration which mayincrease treatment cost High turbid waters areassociated with microbial contamination (DWAF
1988) Again turbidity causes decrease in
photosynthesis process since turbidity precludes
deep penetration of light in water (Muoghalu and
Total Dissolve Solids (TDS) measured at the
discharge point was 57515mgl and the values at
the upstream and downstream were 7575mgl anddownstream 7572mgl respectively showing a
corresponding reduction of about 132 and 131
This reduction may be due to several
physiochemical reactions such as sedimentation
coagulation fixation amongst other factors like
oxidation and precipitation (Wasserman et al 2006)
There was significant difference for both upstream
and downstream (Pgt005) but within the FMEnvlimit
The highest mean value of total hydrocarbon
(THC) obtained at the point of discharge (881mgl)
indicates pollution traceable to oil and gas and the
lower mean value at the upstream (283mgl) and
that of the downstream (285mgl) may be due to
seasonal effects as well as surface runoffs and
flooding (Fatoki et al 2001) The results show
significant difference between the point ofdischarge and upstream (Plt005) and that of the
downstream (Plt005) However result obtained
reveal that effluent treatment plant is efficient atleast with regards to total hydrocarbon content
(THC) treatment The electrical conductivity at
the point of discharge was 115041microScm This
decreased markedly to 15150microScm for
downstream and upstream respectively Thiscorrelates with higher values of exchangeable ions
estimated in effluent discharge sample Dissolved
ions are responsible for electrical conductivity
However the values measured for receiving water
body were within the set limitsThe dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of
treated effluent (418mgl) was observed to lower
than DO of the receiving water body (upstream
593mgl and downstream 598mgl) The lowervalue in treated effluent could be attributed to thepresence of degradable organic matter Decrease in
DO concentration could be attributable to
breakdown of organic matter by aerobic microbes
The oxygen required for this process is taken from
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 510
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) test is useful
in determining the relative waste loading and higherdegree therefore indicates the presence of large
amount of organic pollutant and relatively higher
level of microbial activities with consequent
depletion of oxygen content The value measured in
the treated effluent was 16225mgl and this was
higher than 819mgl and 644mgl Similarly the
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which is the
amount of oxygen used up from a water sample by
organic and inorganic chemicals as they break downis far higher in sample collected from discharge point
(5843 mgl) than that of water receiving body
(Plt005)
Some of the impacts of excess salinization on
water sources include reduced crop yield increase in
formation of scale of added corrosion and increased
requirements for pre treatment of water for selected
industrial use such as boiler feed water There is nosignificant difference (plt005) between the salinity ofthe receiving water body for both upstream
(4526mgl) and downstream (4633mgl) and that of
treated discharge (4672mgl) these values are within
the DPR and FMENV standards
With regards to total hardness no distinctlydefined levels of what constitute a hard or soft water
supply The generally accepted classification for
hardness of water is 75 ndash 150mgL of CaCO3 for softand 150mgL and above for hard water (Deat 2000)
There was significant difference (Plt005) betweenthe point of discharge (1034mgl) and value
measured for upstream and downstream samples
Muoghalu and Omocho (2000) observed that when
waste are heavily laden with pollutant and dissolved
solids gain access to water bodies they need large
dose of oxygen for decomposition The mean value ofnutrients (total nitrogen total phosphate nitrate
sulphate bicarbonate orthophosphate and
ammonium) differs significantly between bodies
Unpolluted water usually contain only minute amount
of nitrate (Jaji et al 2007) Nitrate a very important
nutrient was observed to be within limits with
levels in nitrate have been reported to exhibit delayed
reactions to light and sound stimuli (Robillard et al2003)14 and can cause methaemogloobinemia
(Fatoki 2003) Phosphate was also found to be low
However nutrient and phosphate are essential
nutrients to plants lifebut when found in excess
quantities stimulates excessive plant growth such as
algae bloom(Igbinosu and Oko 2009)
The exchangeable ions concentrations of water
samples are shown in table 2 Exchangeable ionconcentration at the point of discharge ranges from
3474mgl for calcium to 274mgl for magnesium
Higher level of sodium and potassium was also
measured (773mgl and 526mgl respectively)
These values were lower in the upstream and
downstream 1369mgl (upstream) and 1345mgl
(downstream) for calcium with significant difference
(Pgt005) 668mgl (upstream) and 661mgl
(downstream) for sodium with no significant
difference (Plt005) 225mgl (upstream) and
261mgl (downstream) for potassium and 180mgl
(upstream) and 188mgl (downstream) formagnesium with a significant difference (Pgt005)
This suggests strongly that effluent is the source of
cation Sodium increase is as a result of oil leakage
(Callot and Ocampo 2000)7 However higher levels
were observed in calcium and sodium (Ca gt Na gt PgtMg)
Heavy metal concentrations in water samples arepresented in table 3 Heavy metal concentration in
water samples measured in ppm ranges from Nil to
429ppm Generally higher level of iron copper zinc
and chromium were determined (Fe gt Cu gt Zn gt Cr gt
Ni gt Pb ge As gt V ge Cd) The levels measured were
within the Federal Ministry of Environment(FMEnv) limit Nickel was Nil (000ppm) at the
point of discharge but was observed at a higher
concentration at the upstream (003ppm) and
downstream (003ppm) This higher concentrationfound in the receiving water body could be traceable
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 610
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
The results of physiochemical properties
exchangeable ion and metals of sediment sample arepresented in fig 1 Generally higher values were
measured for the sediments than the water samples
The value obtained for pH agrees with that of
Swingle (2000) who reported that organic waste
reduces the pH of water and sediment to acidic level
The temperature found in the sediment (275ordmC) was
within set down standards and therefore suitable for
aquatic environment Nitrates and phosphate level in
the sediment (4530mgkg and 962mgkg) although
within the limit of FMEnv was observed to be higher
than that found in effluent discharge sample
(087mgl for nitrate and 001mgl for phosphate)
Therefore there is significant difference between the
effluent discharge for nitrate (plt005) and that of
phosphate (Plt005) It is obvious that this high level
of nitrate and phosphate in the sediment does not
emanate from effluent discharge but probably as aresult poor sanitations and leaches from nearby pit
latrines (Malomo et al 2000) and other industrial
waste Crude oil pollution has also been associated
with increase in nutritive salts (CO32-
SO42-
NH4+
and NO5) and salinity levels of aquatic ecosystem
(Rhykered et al 1995 and Ward et al 1980) Again
results obtained for some of the exchangeable ions
were observed to be higher in the sediment than the
value obtained for the effluent discharge
Exchangeable ion concentration ranges from
3633mgkg for sodium to 276mgkg for magnesium
(Na gt P gt Ca gt Mg)
Mean values of heavy metals determined were found
to range from 940ppm for Zinc(Zn) to nil in
Cadmium(Cd) (Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt As gt Ni gt Cr gtV ge Cd ) Lead exposure has been associated with
hypochromic anaemia with basophilic stifling oferythrocytes (Emory et al 2001) Cadmium is highly
toxic and accumulates in the body and eventually
cause effects such as disturbances in calciumhomeostasis and metabolism (Emory et al 2001)
Most chromium compounds are carcinogenic long
kid li d d
Conclusion
This study revealed that there have been animprovement in the treatment of Warri Refinery and
Petrochemical effluent before it is been discharge
compared to the studies conducted in the recent past
(Achudume 2009 Nduka and Orisakwe 2009
Ogunlaja and Ogunlaja 2009) Efforts made to
collect untreated effluent sample from the plant were
unsuccessful though it was found that some of the
physicochemical parameters of effluent discharged
into this creek is within the limit set by Federal
Ministry of Environment Nigeria (FMEnv) while
some of the parameters determined for the receiving
water body renders Ubeji Creek water unsuitable for
domestic use This suggests other sources of pollution
beside refinery effluents may be responsible for
elevated levels of some physicochemical parameters
in the studied area The study also indicates the need
for continuous monitoring of surface water especiallyin rural community with high industrial activities
Acknowledgment
The authors are indeed very grateful to Dr Kelvin
Idehen and entire staff of Research Laboratory of
Petroleum Research Institute of Nigeria (PTI)
Effurum WarriDelta State Nigeria for their
assistance in samples collection and analyses of someparameters
References
Achudume A C (2009) The Effect of
Petrochemical Effluent on the Water Quality of UbejiCreek in Niger Delta RegionBull EnvironToxicol
83 410 ndash 415
Adeniyi A and Afolabi J (2002) Determination of
total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in
soils within the vicinity of facilities handling refinedpetroleum Environ Int 28 79 ndash 82
Adeniyi A and Okedeyi O (2004) Assessing the
speciation pattern of lead and zinc in surface water
collected from Abegede creek ijora Lagos Park J
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 710
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
groundwater from Warri Nigeria Int J Environ Health
Res 12 61 ndash 72Bay S Jones BH Schiff K and Washburn L (2003)
Marine Environmental Research 56205-223
BeebyA(1993) Measuring the effect of Pollution
InApplying EcologyChapman and Hall London New
York
Callot H and Ocampo R (2000) Wetlands and Water
Pollution Boston coll Environ Aff LawRev 23 885 ndash
919Deat A (2000) White paper on integrated pollution and
waste management for South Africa A policy on
pollution prevention waste minimization impact
management and remediation Department of
Environmental Affairs and Tourism 80 274 -275DWAF (1998) Quality of Domestic Water Supplies
Assessment Guide 1 (2nd Edn) Department of Water
Affairs and Forestry Department of Health and Water
Research CommisionEgborge ABM (2001) Water quality index applicationand industrialization and heavy metal pollution in the
warri river Nigeria Environ Pollut 12 27 ndash 40
Egborge ABM(1995)Water Pollution in Nigeria
Biodiversity and Chemistry of Warri RiverBen Miller
Books Nigltd WarriEmory E Pattole R Archiobold E Bayorn M and
Sung F (2001) Neurobehavioral effects of low levelexposure in human Neonates Am J Obstet Gynecol
181 5 ndash 11
Fatoki S Muyima N and lujiza N (2001) Suitation
analysis of water quality in the Umtata river catchment
Water SA 27 67 ndash 74
Fatoki SOP and Ogumfowokan AO (2008) Pollution
assessment in the Keiskamma River and in the
impoundment downstream Water SA 29(3) 183 ndash 187
IgbinosaEO and Oko AI(2009) Impact of dischargewastewater effluents on the physiscochemical qualities of
a receiving watershed in a typical rural community Int
JEnvironSci Tech 6(2)175-182
Ija UJ and Antai SP (2003)Removal of Nigeria Light
Crude Oil in Soil over 12 months period Int
Jaji M Bamgbose O Arowolo T and Odukoya O
(2007) Water quality assessment of Ogun River southwest Nigeria Environ Monit Assess 133 447 ndash 482
KuehnRLBerlinKDHawkinsWEand Ostrander
GK(1995) Relationships among petroleum refinery
water and sediments contamination and fish health
Journ Of Toxic amp Environ Health 46101-116
Malomo S Okufarasin V and Olorunmwo M
(2000) Ground water chemistry of weathered zone
aquifers of an area underlam by basement complexrocks J Afr Earth Sci 11 57- 71
Muoghalu LN And Omocho V (2000) Environmantal
Health Hazards Resulting from Awka Abattoir African
Journal Environ Stud 272-73
Nduka JK and Orisakwe EO (2009) Effect ofEffluents from Warri Refinery amp Petrochemical
Company (WPRC) on water and soil qualities of
ldquoContigious Hostrdquo and impact on communities of Delta
State Nigeria The Open EnvironPollutToxico Journ(1)11-17Nduka k and Orisakwe E (2007) Heavy metals
levels and physiochemical quality of portable water
supply in warri Nigeria Annalt Di Chem 97 86 ndash 87
Odukuma LO and Okpokwasili GC (1993)
Seasonal Influence on Inorganic AnionMonitoring of New Calabar River Nigeria Environ
Manage 17 (4) 491-496OgunlajaA and Ogunlaja OO(2007)
Physicochemical analysis of water sources in Ubeji
Communities and their Histological impact on organs of
albino mice JApplSci Environ Manag 11(4)91-94OtokuneforTV and Obiukwu C(2005) Impact of
Rifinery Efflluent on physiscochemical Properties of a
water body in Niger Delta Applied Ecologyamp Environ
Research3(1)61-72
Rao P (2005) Textbook of environmental engineeringeastern economy practice of hall of India private
limited New Delhi chapter 3 Page 280
Revision of the WHO guidelines for drinking water
quality Draft for review and comments Nitrites and
Nitrates in drinking water World Health Organization
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 810
Table 1 The mean values plusmn standard deviation) of physico- chemical properties of effluent discharge and
that of receiving river ( upstream and downstream)Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream Downstream P-
VALUE
FMEnv Limit
(formerly
FEPA)
pH 62plusmn004 69plusmn006 687plusmn001 Plt005 6-9
TempordmC 2526plusmn006 2315plusmn007 2315plusmn007 pgt005 30
TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000
Cond (microScm) 115041001 15100 071 1510615180Turbidity
(Nm)
50105023 21502180 21692164
DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20
BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10
CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30
TOC (mgl) 626plusmn000 134plusmn016 139plusmn023 pgt005 NA
THC( mgl) 881 283plusmn004 285plusmn004 pgt005 10
Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523
Phenol (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt005Cyanide (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt0050
NH+4 (mgL) 183plusmn001 096plusmn000 084plusmn005 pgt005
NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20
SO2-
4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50
HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50
3
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
Robillard PD Sharpe WE And Wistock BR(2003) Nitrates in Drinking Water Pennsylvania State
University Agric Biology Eng
Suleimanov RA(1995) Medicsina Trudai PromyShl
ennaia Ekologiia 1231-36
Swingle H (2000) Standardization of chemical
analysis for waters and pond meals FAO Fish Rep
44 394 ndash 421
Vilia- Elena S (2006) Parkinsonrsquos disease andexposure to manganese during welding Tech
DWelding Allied Process 2 106 ndash 111
WalkleyA and Black IA(1934) An examination of
the Dagtjareft method for determining soil organic
matter and a proposed modification of chromic acidtitration method Soil Science 3729-38
Ward DM Atlas RM Boehm PD And Calder
JA (1980) Microbial Biodegradation and The
Chemical Evolution of Amoco Cadiz Oil Pollutants
Ambio 9 277-283
Wasserman A liu X and Parvex F (2006) Water
manganese exposure and children intellectual
function in ararhazar bangle desh environhealth prospect Annalt Di Chem 114 24 ndash 29
World Health Organization(WHO) (2004)
ROLLING
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 910
Table 2 Exchangeable ion Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmn deviation)
Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
Discharge
Downstream p- value DPR FMENV
Sodium mgl 773plusmn024 668plusmn034 Plt005 773plusmn024 661plusmn024 pgt005 NA NA
Potassium mgl 526plusmn004 225plusmn003 pgt005 526plusmn004 261plusmn023 pgt005 NA NACalcium mgl 3474plusmn009 1369plusmn033 pgt005 3474plusmn009 1345plusmn033 pgt005 NA NA
Magnesium mgl 274plusmn018 180plusmn006 pgt005 274plusmn018 188plusmn008 pgt005 NA NA
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria DPR = Department of Petroleum Resources
NA = Not Available
Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant difference
983089983089983093
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 1010
Table 3 Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmnstandard deviation)
Parameters Effluent
discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
discharge
Downstream p- value DPR
(ref)
FMENV
(ref)
Lead (Pb) ppm 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Zinc (Zn) ppm 056plusmn047 015plusmn001 Plt005 056plusmn047 014plusmn001 Plt005 5 lt1Copper (Cu) ppm 074plusmn006 018plusmn001 pgt005 074plusmn006 016plusmn001 pgt005 NA lt1
Iron (Fe) ppm 429plusmn000 283plusmn004 pgt005 429plusmn000 276plusmn003 pgt005 NA 20
Chromium (Cr)
ppm
054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 NA lt1
Arsenic (As) ppm 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Nickel (Ni) ppm 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Vanadium(v) ppm 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Cadmium (Cd) 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 05 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria NA = Not Available Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant
difference
983089983089983094
Page 5
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 510
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) test is useful
in determining the relative waste loading and higherdegree therefore indicates the presence of large
amount of organic pollutant and relatively higher
level of microbial activities with consequent
depletion of oxygen content The value measured in
the treated effluent was 16225mgl and this was
higher than 819mgl and 644mgl Similarly the
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which is the
amount of oxygen used up from a water sample by
organic and inorganic chemicals as they break downis far higher in sample collected from discharge point
(5843 mgl) than that of water receiving body
(Plt005)
Some of the impacts of excess salinization on
water sources include reduced crop yield increase in
formation of scale of added corrosion and increased
requirements for pre treatment of water for selected
industrial use such as boiler feed water There is nosignificant difference (plt005) between the salinity ofthe receiving water body for both upstream
(4526mgl) and downstream (4633mgl) and that of
treated discharge (4672mgl) these values are within
the DPR and FMENV standards
With regards to total hardness no distinctlydefined levels of what constitute a hard or soft water
supply The generally accepted classification for
hardness of water is 75 ndash 150mgL of CaCO3 for softand 150mgL and above for hard water (Deat 2000)
There was significant difference (Plt005) betweenthe point of discharge (1034mgl) and value
measured for upstream and downstream samples
Muoghalu and Omocho (2000) observed that when
waste are heavily laden with pollutant and dissolved
solids gain access to water bodies they need large
dose of oxygen for decomposition The mean value ofnutrients (total nitrogen total phosphate nitrate
sulphate bicarbonate orthophosphate and
ammonium) differs significantly between bodies
Unpolluted water usually contain only minute amount
of nitrate (Jaji et al 2007) Nitrate a very important
nutrient was observed to be within limits with
levels in nitrate have been reported to exhibit delayed
reactions to light and sound stimuli (Robillard et al2003)14 and can cause methaemogloobinemia
(Fatoki 2003) Phosphate was also found to be low
However nutrient and phosphate are essential
nutrients to plants lifebut when found in excess
quantities stimulates excessive plant growth such as
algae bloom(Igbinosu and Oko 2009)
The exchangeable ions concentrations of water
samples are shown in table 2 Exchangeable ionconcentration at the point of discharge ranges from
3474mgl for calcium to 274mgl for magnesium
Higher level of sodium and potassium was also
measured (773mgl and 526mgl respectively)
These values were lower in the upstream and
downstream 1369mgl (upstream) and 1345mgl
(downstream) for calcium with significant difference
(Pgt005) 668mgl (upstream) and 661mgl
(downstream) for sodium with no significant
difference (Plt005) 225mgl (upstream) and
261mgl (downstream) for potassium and 180mgl
(upstream) and 188mgl (downstream) formagnesium with a significant difference (Pgt005)
This suggests strongly that effluent is the source of
cation Sodium increase is as a result of oil leakage
(Callot and Ocampo 2000)7 However higher levels
were observed in calcium and sodium (Ca gt Na gt PgtMg)
Heavy metal concentrations in water samples arepresented in table 3 Heavy metal concentration in
water samples measured in ppm ranges from Nil to
429ppm Generally higher level of iron copper zinc
and chromium were determined (Fe gt Cu gt Zn gt Cr gt
Ni gt Pb ge As gt V ge Cd) The levels measured were
within the Federal Ministry of Environment(FMEnv) limit Nickel was Nil (000ppm) at the
point of discharge but was observed at a higher
concentration at the upstream (003ppm) and
downstream (003ppm) This higher concentrationfound in the receiving water body could be traceable
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 610
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
The results of physiochemical properties
exchangeable ion and metals of sediment sample arepresented in fig 1 Generally higher values were
measured for the sediments than the water samples
The value obtained for pH agrees with that of
Swingle (2000) who reported that organic waste
reduces the pH of water and sediment to acidic level
The temperature found in the sediment (275ordmC) was
within set down standards and therefore suitable for
aquatic environment Nitrates and phosphate level in
the sediment (4530mgkg and 962mgkg) although
within the limit of FMEnv was observed to be higher
than that found in effluent discharge sample
(087mgl for nitrate and 001mgl for phosphate)
Therefore there is significant difference between the
effluent discharge for nitrate (plt005) and that of
phosphate (Plt005) It is obvious that this high level
of nitrate and phosphate in the sediment does not
emanate from effluent discharge but probably as aresult poor sanitations and leaches from nearby pit
latrines (Malomo et al 2000) and other industrial
waste Crude oil pollution has also been associated
with increase in nutritive salts (CO32-
SO42-
NH4+
and NO5) and salinity levels of aquatic ecosystem
(Rhykered et al 1995 and Ward et al 1980) Again
results obtained for some of the exchangeable ions
were observed to be higher in the sediment than the
value obtained for the effluent discharge
Exchangeable ion concentration ranges from
3633mgkg for sodium to 276mgkg for magnesium
(Na gt P gt Ca gt Mg)
Mean values of heavy metals determined were found
to range from 940ppm for Zinc(Zn) to nil in
Cadmium(Cd) (Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt As gt Ni gt Cr gtV ge Cd ) Lead exposure has been associated with
hypochromic anaemia with basophilic stifling oferythrocytes (Emory et al 2001) Cadmium is highly
toxic and accumulates in the body and eventually
cause effects such as disturbances in calciumhomeostasis and metabolism (Emory et al 2001)
Most chromium compounds are carcinogenic long
kid li d d
Conclusion
This study revealed that there have been animprovement in the treatment of Warri Refinery and
Petrochemical effluent before it is been discharge
compared to the studies conducted in the recent past
(Achudume 2009 Nduka and Orisakwe 2009
Ogunlaja and Ogunlaja 2009) Efforts made to
collect untreated effluent sample from the plant were
unsuccessful though it was found that some of the
physicochemical parameters of effluent discharged
into this creek is within the limit set by Federal
Ministry of Environment Nigeria (FMEnv) while
some of the parameters determined for the receiving
water body renders Ubeji Creek water unsuitable for
domestic use This suggests other sources of pollution
beside refinery effluents may be responsible for
elevated levels of some physicochemical parameters
in the studied area The study also indicates the need
for continuous monitoring of surface water especiallyin rural community with high industrial activities
Acknowledgment
The authors are indeed very grateful to Dr Kelvin
Idehen and entire staff of Research Laboratory of
Petroleum Research Institute of Nigeria (PTI)
Effurum WarriDelta State Nigeria for their
assistance in samples collection and analyses of someparameters
References
Achudume A C (2009) The Effect of
Petrochemical Effluent on the Water Quality of UbejiCreek in Niger Delta RegionBull EnvironToxicol
83 410 ndash 415
Adeniyi A and Afolabi J (2002) Determination of
total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in
soils within the vicinity of facilities handling refinedpetroleum Environ Int 28 79 ndash 82
Adeniyi A and Okedeyi O (2004) Assessing the
speciation pattern of lead and zinc in surface water
collected from Abegede creek ijora Lagos Park J
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 710
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
groundwater from Warri Nigeria Int J Environ Health
Res 12 61 ndash 72Bay S Jones BH Schiff K and Washburn L (2003)
Marine Environmental Research 56205-223
BeebyA(1993) Measuring the effect of Pollution
InApplying EcologyChapman and Hall London New
York
Callot H and Ocampo R (2000) Wetlands and Water
Pollution Boston coll Environ Aff LawRev 23 885 ndash
919Deat A (2000) White paper on integrated pollution and
waste management for South Africa A policy on
pollution prevention waste minimization impact
management and remediation Department of
Environmental Affairs and Tourism 80 274 -275DWAF (1998) Quality of Domestic Water Supplies
Assessment Guide 1 (2nd Edn) Department of Water
Affairs and Forestry Department of Health and Water
Research CommisionEgborge ABM (2001) Water quality index applicationand industrialization and heavy metal pollution in the
warri river Nigeria Environ Pollut 12 27 ndash 40
Egborge ABM(1995)Water Pollution in Nigeria
Biodiversity and Chemistry of Warri RiverBen Miller
Books Nigltd WarriEmory E Pattole R Archiobold E Bayorn M and
Sung F (2001) Neurobehavioral effects of low levelexposure in human Neonates Am J Obstet Gynecol
181 5 ndash 11
Fatoki S Muyima N and lujiza N (2001) Suitation
analysis of water quality in the Umtata river catchment
Water SA 27 67 ndash 74
Fatoki SOP and Ogumfowokan AO (2008) Pollution
assessment in the Keiskamma River and in the
impoundment downstream Water SA 29(3) 183 ndash 187
IgbinosaEO and Oko AI(2009) Impact of dischargewastewater effluents on the physiscochemical qualities of
a receiving watershed in a typical rural community Int
JEnvironSci Tech 6(2)175-182
Ija UJ and Antai SP (2003)Removal of Nigeria Light
Crude Oil in Soil over 12 months period Int
Jaji M Bamgbose O Arowolo T and Odukoya O
(2007) Water quality assessment of Ogun River southwest Nigeria Environ Monit Assess 133 447 ndash 482
KuehnRLBerlinKDHawkinsWEand Ostrander
GK(1995) Relationships among petroleum refinery
water and sediments contamination and fish health
Journ Of Toxic amp Environ Health 46101-116
Malomo S Okufarasin V and Olorunmwo M
(2000) Ground water chemistry of weathered zone
aquifers of an area underlam by basement complexrocks J Afr Earth Sci 11 57- 71
Muoghalu LN And Omocho V (2000) Environmantal
Health Hazards Resulting from Awka Abattoir African
Journal Environ Stud 272-73
Nduka JK and Orisakwe EO (2009) Effect ofEffluents from Warri Refinery amp Petrochemical
Company (WPRC) on water and soil qualities of
ldquoContigious Hostrdquo and impact on communities of Delta
State Nigeria The Open EnvironPollutToxico Journ(1)11-17Nduka k and Orisakwe E (2007) Heavy metals
levels and physiochemical quality of portable water
supply in warri Nigeria Annalt Di Chem 97 86 ndash 87
Odukuma LO and Okpokwasili GC (1993)
Seasonal Influence on Inorganic AnionMonitoring of New Calabar River Nigeria Environ
Manage 17 (4) 491-496OgunlajaA and Ogunlaja OO(2007)
Physicochemical analysis of water sources in Ubeji
Communities and their Histological impact on organs of
albino mice JApplSci Environ Manag 11(4)91-94OtokuneforTV and Obiukwu C(2005) Impact of
Rifinery Efflluent on physiscochemical Properties of a
water body in Niger Delta Applied Ecologyamp Environ
Research3(1)61-72
Rao P (2005) Textbook of environmental engineeringeastern economy practice of hall of India private
limited New Delhi chapter 3 Page 280
Revision of the WHO guidelines for drinking water
quality Draft for review and comments Nitrites and
Nitrates in drinking water World Health Organization
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 810
Table 1 The mean values plusmn standard deviation) of physico- chemical properties of effluent discharge and
that of receiving river ( upstream and downstream)Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream Downstream P-
VALUE
FMEnv Limit
(formerly
FEPA)
pH 62plusmn004 69plusmn006 687plusmn001 Plt005 6-9
TempordmC 2526plusmn006 2315plusmn007 2315plusmn007 pgt005 30
TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000
Cond (microScm) 115041001 15100 071 1510615180Turbidity
(Nm)
50105023 21502180 21692164
DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20
BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10
CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30
TOC (mgl) 626plusmn000 134plusmn016 139plusmn023 pgt005 NA
THC( mgl) 881 283plusmn004 285plusmn004 pgt005 10
Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523
Phenol (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt005Cyanide (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt0050
NH+4 (mgL) 183plusmn001 096plusmn000 084plusmn005 pgt005
NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20
SO2-
4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50
HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50
3
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
Robillard PD Sharpe WE And Wistock BR(2003) Nitrates in Drinking Water Pennsylvania State
University Agric Biology Eng
Suleimanov RA(1995) Medicsina Trudai PromyShl
ennaia Ekologiia 1231-36
Swingle H (2000) Standardization of chemical
analysis for waters and pond meals FAO Fish Rep
44 394 ndash 421
Vilia- Elena S (2006) Parkinsonrsquos disease andexposure to manganese during welding Tech
DWelding Allied Process 2 106 ndash 111
WalkleyA and Black IA(1934) An examination of
the Dagtjareft method for determining soil organic
matter and a proposed modification of chromic acidtitration method Soil Science 3729-38
Ward DM Atlas RM Boehm PD And Calder
JA (1980) Microbial Biodegradation and The
Chemical Evolution of Amoco Cadiz Oil Pollutants
Ambio 9 277-283
Wasserman A liu X and Parvex F (2006) Water
manganese exposure and children intellectual
function in ararhazar bangle desh environhealth prospect Annalt Di Chem 114 24 ndash 29
World Health Organization(WHO) (2004)
ROLLING
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 910
Table 2 Exchangeable ion Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmn deviation)
Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
Discharge
Downstream p- value DPR FMENV
Sodium mgl 773plusmn024 668plusmn034 Plt005 773plusmn024 661plusmn024 pgt005 NA NA
Potassium mgl 526plusmn004 225plusmn003 pgt005 526plusmn004 261plusmn023 pgt005 NA NACalcium mgl 3474plusmn009 1369plusmn033 pgt005 3474plusmn009 1345plusmn033 pgt005 NA NA
Magnesium mgl 274plusmn018 180plusmn006 pgt005 274plusmn018 188plusmn008 pgt005 NA NA
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria DPR = Department of Petroleum Resources
NA = Not Available
Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant difference
983089983089983093
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 1010
Table 3 Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmnstandard deviation)
Parameters Effluent
discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
discharge
Downstream p- value DPR
(ref)
FMENV
(ref)
Lead (Pb) ppm 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Zinc (Zn) ppm 056plusmn047 015plusmn001 Plt005 056plusmn047 014plusmn001 Plt005 5 lt1Copper (Cu) ppm 074plusmn006 018plusmn001 pgt005 074plusmn006 016plusmn001 pgt005 NA lt1
Iron (Fe) ppm 429plusmn000 283plusmn004 pgt005 429plusmn000 276plusmn003 pgt005 NA 20
Chromium (Cr)
ppm
054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 NA lt1
Arsenic (As) ppm 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Nickel (Ni) ppm 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Vanadium(v) ppm 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Cadmium (Cd) 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 05 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria NA = Not Available Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant
difference
983089983089983094
Page 6
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 610
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
The results of physiochemical properties
exchangeable ion and metals of sediment sample arepresented in fig 1 Generally higher values were
measured for the sediments than the water samples
The value obtained for pH agrees with that of
Swingle (2000) who reported that organic waste
reduces the pH of water and sediment to acidic level
The temperature found in the sediment (275ordmC) was
within set down standards and therefore suitable for
aquatic environment Nitrates and phosphate level in
the sediment (4530mgkg and 962mgkg) although
within the limit of FMEnv was observed to be higher
than that found in effluent discharge sample
(087mgl for nitrate and 001mgl for phosphate)
Therefore there is significant difference between the
effluent discharge for nitrate (plt005) and that of
phosphate (Plt005) It is obvious that this high level
of nitrate and phosphate in the sediment does not
emanate from effluent discharge but probably as aresult poor sanitations and leaches from nearby pit
latrines (Malomo et al 2000) and other industrial
waste Crude oil pollution has also been associated
with increase in nutritive salts (CO32-
SO42-
NH4+
and NO5) and salinity levels of aquatic ecosystem
(Rhykered et al 1995 and Ward et al 1980) Again
results obtained for some of the exchangeable ions
were observed to be higher in the sediment than the
value obtained for the effluent discharge
Exchangeable ion concentration ranges from
3633mgkg for sodium to 276mgkg for magnesium
(Na gt P gt Ca gt Mg)
Mean values of heavy metals determined were found
to range from 940ppm for Zinc(Zn) to nil in
Cadmium(Cd) (Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt As gt Ni gt Cr gtV ge Cd ) Lead exposure has been associated with
hypochromic anaemia with basophilic stifling oferythrocytes (Emory et al 2001) Cadmium is highly
toxic and accumulates in the body and eventually
cause effects such as disturbances in calciumhomeostasis and metabolism (Emory et al 2001)
Most chromium compounds are carcinogenic long
kid li d d
Conclusion
This study revealed that there have been animprovement in the treatment of Warri Refinery and
Petrochemical effluent before it is been discharge
compared to the studies conducted in the recent past
(Achudume 2009 Nduka and Orisakwe 2009
Ogunlaja and Ogunlaja 2009) Efforts made to
collect untreated effluent sample from the plant were
unsuccessful though it was found that some of the
physicochemical parameters of effluent discharged
into this creek is within the limit set by Federal
Ministry of Environment Nigeria (FMEnv) while
some of the parameters determined for the receiving
water body renders Ubeji Creek water unsuitable for
domestic use This suggests other sources of pollution
beside refinery effluents may be responsible for
elevated levels of some physicochemical parameters
in the studied area The study also indicates the need
for continuous monitoring of surface water especiallyin rural community with high industrial activities
Acknowledgment
The authors are indeed very grateful to Dr Kelvin
Idehen and entire staff of Research Laboratory of
Petroleum Research Institute of Nigeria (PTI)
Effurum WarriDelta State Nigeria for their
assistance in samples collection and analyses of someparameters
References
Achudume A C (2009) The Effect of
Petrochemical Effluent on the Water Quality of UbejiCreek in Niger Delta RegionBull EnvironToxicol
83 410 ndash 415
Adeniyi A and Afolabi J (2002) Determination of
total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in
soils within the vicinity of facilities handling refinedpetroleum Environ Int 28 79 ndash 82
Adeniyi A and Okedeyi O (2004) Assessing the
speciation pattern of lead and zinc in surface water
collected from Abegede creek ijora Lagos Park J
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 710
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
groundwater from Warri Nigeria Int J Environ Health
Res 12 61 ndash 72Bay S Jones BH Schiff K and Washburn L (2003)
Marine Environmental Research 56205-223
BeebyA(1993) Measuring the effect of Pollution
InApplying EcologyChapman and Hall London New
York
Callot H and Ocampo R (2000) Wetlands and Water
Pollution Boston coll Environ Aff LawRev 23 885 ndash
919Deat A (2000) White paper on integrated pollution and
waste management for South Africa A policy on
pollution prevention waste minimization impact
management and remediation Department of
Environmental Affairs and Tourism 80 274 -275DWAF (1998) Quality of Domestic Water Supplies
Assessment Guide 1 (2nd Edn) Department of Water
Affairs and Forestry Department of Health and Water
Research CommisionEgborge ABM (2001) Water quality index applicationand industrialization and heavy metal pollution in the
warri river Nigeria Environ Pollut 12 27 ndash 40
Egborge ABM(1995)Water Pollution in Nigeria
Biodiversity and Chemistry of Warri RiverBen Miller
Books Nigltd WarriEmory E Pattole R Archiobold E Bayorn M and
Sung F (2001) Neurobehavioral effects of low levelexposure in human Neonates Am J Obstet Gynecol
181 5 ndash 11
Fatoki S Muyima N and lujiza N (2001) Suitation
analysis of water quality in the Umtata river catchment
Water SA 27 67 ndash 74
Fatoki SOP and Ogumfowokan AO (2008) Pollution
assessment in the Keiskamma River and in the
impoundment downstream Water SA 29(3) 183 ndash 187
IgbinosaEO and Oko AI(2009) Impact of dischargewastewater effluents on the physiscochemical qualities of
a receiving watershed in a typical rural community Int
JEnvironSci Tech 6(2)175-182
Ija UJ and Antai SP (2003)Removal of Nigeria Light
Crude Oil in Soil over 12 months period Int
Jaji M Bamgbose O Arowolo T and Odukoya O
(2007) Water quality assessment of Ogun River southwest Nigeria Environ Monit Assess 133 447 ndash 482
KuehnRLBerlinKDHawkinsWEand Ostrander
GK(1995) Relationships among petroleum refinery
water and sediments contamination and fish health
Journ Of Toxic amp Environ Health 46101-116
Malomo S Okufarasin V and Olorunmwo M
(2000) Ground water chemistry of weathered zone
aquifers of an area underlam by basement complexrocks J Afr Earth Sci 11 57- 71
Muoghalu LN And Omocho V (2000) Environmantal
Health Hazards Resulting from Awka Abattoir African
Journal Environ Stud 272-73
Nduka JK and Orisakwe EO (2009) Effect ofEffluents from Warri Refinery amp Petrochemical
Company (WPRC) on water and soil qualities of
ldquoContigious Hostrdquo and impact on communities of Delta
State Nigeria The Open EnvironPollutToxico Journ(1)11-17Nduka k and Orisakwe E (2007) Heavy metals
levels and physiochemical quality of portable water
supply in warri Nigeria Annalt Di Chem 97 86 ndash 87
Odukuma LO and Okpokwasili GC (1993)
Seasonal Influence on Inorganic AnionMonitoring of New Calabar River Nigeria Environ
Manage 17 (4) 491-496OgunlajaA and Ogunlaja OO(2007)
Physicochemical analysis of water sources in Ubeji
Communities and their Histological impact on organs of
albino mice JApplSci Environ Manag 11(4)91-94OtokuneforTV and Obiukwu C(2005) Impact of
Rifinery Efflluent on physiscochemical Properties of a
water body in Niger Delta Applied Ecologyamp Environ
Research3(1)61-72
Rao P (2005) Textbook of environmental engineeringeastern economy practice of hall of India private
limited New Delhi chapter 3 Page 280
Revision of the WHO guidelines for drinking water
quality Draft for review and comments Nitrites and
Nitrates in drinking water World Health Organization
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 810
Table 1 The mean values plusmn standard deviation) of physico- chemical properties of effluent discharge and
that of receiving river ( upstream and downstream)Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream Downstream P-
VALUE
FMEnv Limit
(formerly
FEPA)
pH 62plusmn004 69plusmn006 687plusmn001 Plt005 6-9
TempordmC 2526plusmn006 2315plusmn007 2315plusmn007 pgt005 30
TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000
Cond (microScm) 115041001 15100 071 1510615180Turbidity
(Nm)
50105023 21502180 21692164
DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20
BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10
CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30
TOC (mgl) 626plusmn000 134plusmn016 139plusmn023 pgt005 NA
THC( mgl) 881 283plusmn004 285plusmn004 pgt005 10
Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523
Phenol (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt005Cyanide (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt0050
NH+4 (mgL) 183plusmn001 096plusmn000 084plusmn005 pgt005
NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20
SO2-
4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50
HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50
3
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
Robillard PD Sharpe WE And Wistock BR(2003) Nitrates in Drinking Water Pennsylvania State
University Agric Biology Eng
Suleimanov RA(1995) Medicsina Trudai PromyShl
ennaia Ekologiia 1231-36
Swingle H (2000) Standardization of chemical
analysis for waters and pond meals FAO Fish Rep
44 394 ndash 421
Vilia- Elena S (2006) Parkinsonrsquos disease andexposure to manganese during welding Tech
DWelding Allied Process 2 106 ndash 111
WalkleyA and Black IA(1934) An examination of
the Dagtjareft method for determining soil organic
matter and a proposed modification of chromic acidtitration method Soil Science 3729-38
Ward DM Atlas RM Boehm PD And Calder
JA (1980) Microbial Biodegradation and The
Chemical Evolution of Amoco Cadiz Oil Pollutants
Ambio 9 277-283
Wasserman A liu X and Parvex F (2006) Water
manganese exposure and children intellectual
function in ararhazar bangle desh environhealth prospect Annalt Di Chem 114 24 ndash 29
World Health Organization(WHO) (2004)
ROLLING
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 910
Table 2 Exchangeable ion Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmn deviation)
Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
Discharge
Downstream p- value DPR FMENV
Sodium mgl 773plusmn024 668plusmn034 Plt005 773plusmn024 661plusmn024 pgt005 NA NA
Potassium mgl 526plusmn004 225plusmn003 pgt005 526plusmn004 261plusmn023 pgt005 NA NACalcium mgl 3474plusmn009 1369plusmn033 pgt005 3474plusmn009 1345plusmn033 pgt005 NA NA
Magnesium mgl 274plusmn018 180plusmn006 pgt005 274plusmn018 188plusmn008 pgt005 NA NA
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria DPR = Department of Petroleum Resources
NA = Not Available
Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant difference
983089983089983093
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 1010
Table 3 Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmnstandard deviation)
Parameters Effluent
discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
discharge
Downstream p- value DPR
(ref)
FMENV
(ref)
Lead (Pb) ppm 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Zinc (Zn) ppm 056plusmn047 015plusmn001 Plt005 056plusmn047 014plusmn001 Plt005 5 lt1Copper (Cu) ppm 074plusmn006 018plusmn001 pgt005 074plusmn006 016plusmn001 pgt005 NA lt1
Iron (Fe) ppm 429plusmn000 283plusmn004 pgt005 429plusmn000 276plusmn003 pgt005 NA 20
Chromium (Cr)
ppm
054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 NA lt1
Arsenic (As) ppm 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Nickel (Ni) ppm 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Vanadium(v) ppm 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Cadmium (Cd) 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 05 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria NA = Not Available Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant
difference
983089983089983094
Page 7
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 710
983124983144983141 983109983142983142983141983139983156 983151983142 983122983141983142983145983150983141983154983161 983137983150983140 983120983141983156983154983151983139983144983141983149983145983139983137983148983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086983086 983125983162983151983141983147983159983141983084 983123983084983105 983078 983119983143983144983151983155983137983150983145983150983141983084 983110983086983105 983109983114983109983123983117 Vol 4 No2 2011
groundwater from Warri Nigeria Int J Environ Health
Res 12 61 ndash 72Bay S Jones BH Schiff K and Washburn L (2003)
Marine Environmental Research 56205-223
BeebyA(1993) Measuring the effect of Pollution
InApplying EcologyChapman and Hall London New
York
Callot H and Ocampo R (2000) Wetlands and Water
Pollution Boston coll Environ Aff LawRev 23 885 ndash
919Deat A (2000) White paper on integrated pollution and
waste management for South Africa A policy on
pollution prevention waste minimization impact
management and remediation Department of
Environmental Affairs and Tourism 80 274 -275DWAF (1998) Quality of Domestic Water Supplies
Assessment Guide 1 (2nd Edn) Department of Water
Affairs and Forestry Department of Health and Water
Research CommisionEgborge ABM (2001) Water quality index applicationand industrialization and heavy metal pollution in the
warri river Nigeria Environ Pollut 12 27 ndash 40
Egborge ABM(1995)Water Pollution in Nigeria
Biodiversity and Chemistry of Warri RiverBen Miller
Books Nigltd WarriEmory E Pattole R Archiobold E Bayorn M and
Sung F (2001) Neurobehavioral effects of low levelexposure in human Neonates Am J Obstet Gynecol
181 5 ndash 11
Fatoki S Muyima N and lujiza N (2001) Suitation
analysis of water quality in the Umtata river catchment
Water SA 27 67 ndash 74
Fatoki SOP and Ogumfowokan AO (2008) Pollution
assessment in the Keiskamma River and in the
impoundment downstream Water SA 29(3) 183 ndash 187
IgbinosaEO and Oko AI(2009) Impact of dischargewastewater effluents on the physiscochemical qualities of
a receiving watershed in a typical rural community Int
JEnvironSci Tech 6(2)175-182
Ija UJ and Antai SP (2003)Removal of Nigeria Light
Crude Oil in Soil over 12 months period Int
Jaji M Bamgbose O Arowolo T and Odukoya O
(2007) Water quality assessment of Ogun River southwest Nigeria Environ Monit Assess 133 447 ndash 482
KuehnRLBerlinKDHawkinsWEand Ostrander
GK(1995) Relationships among petroleum refinery
water and sediments contamination and fish health
Journ Of Toxic amp Environ Health 46101-116
Malomo S Okufarasin V and Olorunmwo M
(2000) Ground water chemistry of weathered zone
aquifers of an area underlam by basement complexrocks J Afr Earth Sci 11 57- 71
Muoghalu LN And Omocho V (2000) Environmantal
Health Hazards Resulting from Awka Abattoir African
Journal Environ Stud 272-73
Nduka JK and Orisakwe EO (2009) Effect ofEffluents from Warri Refinery amp Petrochemical
Company (WPRC) on water and soil qualities of
ldquoContigious Hostrdquo and impact on communities of Delta
State Nigeria The Open EnvironPollutToxico Journ(1)11-17Nduka k and Orisakwe E (2007) Heavy metals
levels and physiochemical quality of portable water
supply in warri Nigeria Annalt Di Chem 97 86 ndash 87
Odukuma LO and Okpokwasili GC (1993)
Seasonal Influence on Inorganic AnionMonitoring of New Calabar River Nigeria Environ
Manage 17 (4) 491-496OgunlajaA and Ogunlaja OO(2007)
Physicochemical analysis of water sources in Ubeji
Communities and their Histological impact on organs of
albino mice JApplSci Environ Manag 11(4)91-94OtokuneforTV and Obiukwu C(2005) Impact of
Rifinery Efflluent on physiscochemical Properties of a
water body in Niger Delta Applied Ecologyamp Environ
Research3(1)61-72
Rao P (2005) Textbook of environmental engineeringeastern economy practice of hall of India private
limited New Delhi chapter 3 Page 280
Revision of the WHO guidelines for drinking water
quality Draft for review and comments Nitrites and
Nitrates in drinking water World Health Organization
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 810
Table 1 The mean values plusmn standard deviation) of physico- chemical properties of effluent discharge and
that of receiving river ( upstream and downstream)Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream Downstream P-
VALUE
FMEnv Limit
(formerly
FEPA)
pH 62plusmn004 69plusmn006 687plusmn001 Plt005 6-9
TempordmC 2526plusmn006 2315plusmn007 2315plusmn007 pgt005 30
TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000
Cond (microScm) 115041001 15100 071 1510615180Turbidity
(Nm)
50105023 21502180 21692164
DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20
BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10
CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30
TOC (mgl) 626plusmn000 134plusmn016 139plusmn023 pgt005 NA
THC( mgl) 881 283plusmn004 285plusmn004 pgt005 10
Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523
Phenol (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt005Cyanide (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt0050
NH+4 (mgL) 183plusmn001 096plusmn000 084plusmn005 pgt005
NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20
SO2-
4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50
HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50
3
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
Robillard PD Sharpe WE And Wistock BR(2003) Nitrates in Drinking Water Pennsylvania State
University Agric Biology Eng
Suleimanov RA(1995) Medicsina Trudai PromyShl
ennaia Ekologiia 1231-36
Swingle H (2000) Standardization of chemical
analysis for waters and pond meals FAO Fish Rep
44 394 ndash 421
Vilia- Elena S (2006) Parkinsonrsquos disease andexposure to manganese during welding Tech
DWelding Allied Process 2 106 ndash 111
WalkleyA and Black IA(1934) An examination of
the Dagtjareft method for determining soil organic
matter and a proposed modification of chromic acidtitration method Soil Science 3729-38
Ward DM Atlas RM Boehm PD And Calder
JA (1980) Microbial Biodegradation and The
Chemical Evolution of Amoco Cadiz Oil Pollutants
Ambio 9 277-283
Wasserman A liu X and Parvex F (2006) Water
manganese exposure and children intellectual
function in ararhazar bangle desh environhealth prospect Annalt Di Chem 114 24 ndash 29
World Health Organization(WHO) (2004)
ROLLING
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 910
Table 2 Exchangeable ion Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmn deviation)
Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
Discharge
Downstream p- value DPR FMENV
Sodium mgl 773plusmn024 668plusmn034 Plt005 773plusmn024 661plusmn024 pgt005 NA NA
Potassium mgl 526plusmn004 225plusmn003 pgt005 526plusmn004 261plusmn023 pgt005 NA NACalcium mgl 3474plusmn009 1369plusmn033 pgt005 3474plusmn009 1345plusmn033 pgt005 NA NA
Magnesium mgl 274plusmn018 180plusmn006 pgt005 274plusmn018 188plusmn008 pgt005 NA NA
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria DPR = Department of Petroleum Resources
NA = Not Available
Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant difference
983089983089983093
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 1010
Table 3 Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmnstandard deviation)
Parameters Effluent
discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
discharge
Downstream p- value DPR
(ref)
FMENV
(ref)
Lead (Pb) ppm 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Zinc (Zn) ppm 056plusmn047 015plusmn001 Plt005 056plusmn047 014plusmn001 Plt005 5 lt1Copper (Cu) ppm 074plusmn006 018plusmn001 pgt005 074plusmn006 016plusmn001 pgt005 NA lt1
Iron (Fe) ppm 429plusmn000 283plusmn004 pgt005 429plusmn000 276plusmn003 pgt005 NA 20
Chromium (Cr)
ppm
054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 NA lt1
Arsenic (As) ppm 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Nickel (Ni) ppm 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Vanadium(v) ppm 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Cadmium (Cd) 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 05 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria NA = Not Available Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant
difference
983089983089983094
Page 8
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 810
Table 1 The mean values plusmn standard deviation) of physico- chemical properties of effluent discharge and
that of receiving river ( upstream and downstream)Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream Downstream P-
VALUE
FMEnv Limit
(formerly
FEPA)
pH 62plusmn004 69plusmn006 687plusmn001 Plt005 6-9
TempordmC 2526plusmn006 2315plusmn007 2315plusmn007 pgt005 30
TSS(mgl) 10251095 420495 425484 30TDS(mgl) 5752057510 75507600 75537590 2000
Cond (microScm) 115041001 15100 071 1510615180Turbidity
(Nm)
50105023 21502180 21692164
DO (mgl) 417419 595590 5905605 20
BODs (mgl) 16221630 815822 643645 10
CODs(mgl) 58735810 12851210 11781138 30
TOC (mgl) 626plusmn000 134plusmn016 139plusmn023 pgt005 NA
THC( mgl) 881 283plusmn004 285plusmn004 pgt005 10
Salinity (mgl) 47434000 45324519 47434523
Phenol (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt005Cyanide (mgl) 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 001plusmn000 Plt0050
NH+4 (mgL) 183plusmn001 096plusmn000 084plusmn005 pgt005
NO-3 (mgL) 425481 035034 023027 20
SO2-
4 (mgL) 18381845 834876 634652 50
HCO-3 18391834 122134 112145 50
3
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol 4 No2 2011
Robillard PD Sharpe WE And Wistock BR(2003) Nitrates in Drinking Water Pennsylvania State
University Agric Biology Eng
Suleimanov RA(1995) Medicsina Trudai PromyShl
ennaia Ekologiia 1231-36
Swingle H (2000) Standardization of chemical
analysis for waters and pond meals FAO Fish Rep
44 394 ndash 421
Vilia- Elena S (2006) Parkinsonrsquos disease andexposure to manganese during welding Tech
DWelding Allied Process 2 106 ndash 111
WalkleyA and Black IA(1934) An examination of
the Dagtjareft method for determining soil organic
matter and a proposed modification of chromic acidtitration method Soil Science 3729-38
Ward DM Atlas RM Boehm PD And Calder
JA (1980) Microbial Biodegradation and The
Chemical Evolution of Amoco Cadiz Oil Pollutants
Ambio 9 277-283
Wasserman A liu X and Parvex F (2006) Water
manganese exposure and children intellectual
function in ararhazar bangle desh environhealth prospect Annalt Di Chem 114 24 ndash 29
World Health Organization(WHO) (2004)
ROLLING
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 910
Table 2 Exchangeable ion Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmn deviation)
Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
Discharge
Downstream p- value DPR FMENV
Sodium mgl 773plusmn024 668plusmn034 Plt005 773plusmn024 661plusmn024 pgt005 NA NA
Potassium mgl 526plusmn004 225plusmn003 pgt005 526plusmn004 261plusmn023 pgt005 NA NACalcium mgl 3474plusmn009 1369plusmn033 pgt005 3474plusmn009 1345plusmn033 pgt005 NA NA
Magnesium mgl 274plusmn018 180plusmn006 pgt005 274plusmn018 188plusmn008 pgt005 NA NA
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria DPR = Department of Petroleum Resources
NA = Not Available
Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant difference
983089983089983093
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 1010
Table 3 Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmnstandard deviation)
Parameters Effluent
discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
discharge
Downstream p- value DPR
(ref)
FMENV
(ref)
Lead (Pb) ppm 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Zinc (Zn) ppm 056plusmn047 015plusmn001 Plt005 056plusmn047 014plusmn001 Plt005 5 lt1Copper (Cu) ppm 074plusmn006 018plusmn001 pgt005 074plusmn006 016plusmn001 pgt005 NA lt1
Iron (Fe) ppm 429plusmn000 283plusmn004 pgt005 429plusmn000 276plusmn003 pgt005 NA 20
Chromium (Cr)
ppm
054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 NA lt1
Arsenic (As) ppm 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Nickel (Ni) ppm 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Vanadium(v) ppm 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Cadmium (Cd) 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 05 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria NA = Not Available Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant
difference
983089983089983094
Page 9
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 910
Table 2 Exchangeable ion Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmn deviation)
Parameters Effluent
Discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
Discharge
Downstream p- value DPR FMENV
Sodium mgl 773plusmn024 668plusmn034 Plt005 773plusmn024 661plusmn024 pgt005 NA NA
Potassium mgl 526plusmn004 225plusmn003 pgt005 526plusmn004 261plusmn023 pgt005 NA NACalcium mgl 3474plusmn009 1369plusmn033 pgt005 3474plusmn009 1345plusmn033 pgt005 NA NA
Magnesium mgl 274plusmn018 180plusmn006 pgt005 274plusmn018 188plusmn008 pgt005 NA NA
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria DPR = Department of Petroleum Resources
NA = Not Available
Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant difference
983089983089983093
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 1010
Table 3 Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmnstandard deviation)
Parameters Effluent
discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
discharge
Downstream p- value DPR
(ref)
FMENV
(ref)
Lead (Pb) ppm 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Zinc (Zn) ppm 056plusmn047 015plusmn001 Plt005 056plusmn047 014plusmn001 Plt005 5 lt1Copper (Cu) ppm 074plusmn006 018plusmn001 pgt005 074plusmn006 016plusmn001 pgt005 NA lt1
Iron (Fe) ppm 429plusmn000 283plusmn004 pgt005 429plusmn000 276plusmn003 pgt005 NA 20
Chromium (Cr)
ppm
054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 NA lt1
Arsenic (As) ppm 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Nickel (Ni) ppm 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Vanadium(v) ppm 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Cadmium (Cd) 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 05 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria NA = Not Available Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant
difference
983089983089983094
Page 10
8132019 69158-144740-1-PB (1)
httpslidepdfcomreaderfull69158-144740-1-pb-1 1010
Table 3 Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples (mean plusmnstandard deviation)
Parameters Effluent
discharge
Upstream P-VALUE Effluent
discharge
Downstream p- value DPR
(ref)
FMENV
(ref)
Lead (Pb) ppm 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 001plusmn 001 001plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Zinc (Zn) ppm 056plusmn047 015plusmn001 Plt005 056plusmn047 014plusmn001 Plt005 5 lt1Copper (Cu) ppm 074plusmn006 018plusmn001 pgt005 074plusmn006 016plusmn001 pgt005 NA lt1
Iron (Fe) ppm 429plusmn000 283plusmn004 pgt005 429plusmn000 276plusmn003 pgt005 NA 20
Chromium (Cr)
ppm
054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 054plusmn003 001plusmn000 pgt005 NA lt1
Arsenic (As) ppm 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 001plusmn000 000plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Nickel (Ni) ppm 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 000plusmn001 003plusmn001 Plt005 NA lt1
Vanadium(v) ppm 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Cadmium (Cd) 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 05 000plusmn000 000plusmn000 Plt005 NA lt1
Results are given as mean plusmn standard deviation
FMEnv = Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria NA = Not Available Pgt005 = Significant difference Plt005 = No Significant
difference
983089983089983094