669009 Yuxiang ZHOU Logbook

LOGBOOK Yuxiang ZHOU

669009

W03 Footings and

foundation

Structural

elements

Strut Slab/plate Tie

Panels

Beam

Settlement

Types of

foundation

Mass

construction

Main

properties

Can be

Masonry

Stone

Earth Clay

Concrete

Materials

Elements

Bearing

capacity

Even

settlement

Uneven

settlement

Cracking Shallow

footings

Deep

footings

Stable

soil

Unstable

soil

Pad

footing Strip

footing Raft

foundations

End bearing

piles

Friction

piles

Compression

element Transfer

loads

Tension

element

Carry loads

Bearing

system

Compression/

tension

Compression Tension

Weak Strong

Slabs

Ashlars

Modular Non-

modular

Adobe

Bricks Honeycomb

Blocks

Vertical Horizontal

Enclosing

Wall Columns

/piers

Beam Arches

Vaults

Domes

Geometry &

Equilibrium

Centre of mass

Reaction

force

Moment M=F*d

Definition Bond

Course

Joint

Mortar

Raked

Ironed

Weather

struck

Flush

Igneous

Sedimentary

Metamorphic

Glossary :

• Moment: the tendency to make an object or a point rotate.

• Strip footing: used when loads from a wall or a series of columns is

spread in a linear manner.

• Retaining wall: used when sites are excavated to create basements

or where changes in site levels need to be stabilized.

• Slab on ground: a wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical

load in bending usually supported by beams.

• Pad footing: also called isolated footings, these types of footing help

to spread a point load over a wider area of ground.

Activities ‘on site’

The LOT6 café is a steel-concrete building, which can be seen from the photo is the style of the construction is different with surroundings. The columns in natural grey color transfer the applied gravity and lateral loads down to the foundation. The main material used for the enclosure system is transparent glass, which is divided by aluminum frames. These properties of main materials of concrete and glass is very durable. At the same time, the building can be maintained and cleaned easily as the utilizing of materials use.

The LOT6 café

The south lawn is famous for its efficient space use. The two photos displayed the interior and exterior of south lawn underground car park. South lawn plaza above ground, which is the largest open space in Parkville campus, is supported by numerous reinforced concrete columns underneath. In addition, the excellent design of these columns allow the stormwater flow down to the drainage under the car park. The main material concrete is very durable.

underground car park

Exterior vegetations http://www.pcs.unimelb.edu.au/standards_and_policies/docs/master_plans/Underground_Car_Park_and_South_Lawn_CMP.pdf

The stairs on the west of union house is mainly built by steel frames. The applied gravity and live loads will be supported and pulled by the steel columns and cables attached to cantilevers. It means both ground and bracing wall will be employed by the forces from the stairs. Accurate engineering calculations were quite important for this project, the design of the stairs from a architect will be integrated into a real workable construction by engineers’ calculations.

The stairs on the west of union house

The roof(roof system) in front of north count union house is mainly made by a composite material, which is might be the combination of rubber and plastic. This composite material should have two major properties-impermeable and durable under exposure of sun. This roof is hanged and supported by these cables shown on the left. The gravity and loads of the roof will be transferred in two ways.

north count union house

Beaurepaire centre pool is built by different materials. For the enclosure system, main materials employed are alumiunm frame and glass. And clay bricks were used in the wall systems. Alloy columns transfer the gravity of the roof and loads down to the ground. The utilizing of alloy and alumiunm is great, because the corrosion won’t occur in the high humidity.

Beaurepaire centre pool

The oval pavilion is a brick-concrete building. •Roof systems, floor systems, wall systems, and foundation systems are used. •The main material of the building is clay bricks. •Columns, walls, and beams are the major elements of the building.

Oval pavilion

New Melbourne school of design is a precast concrete and steel frames construction. •Roof system, wall system, flooring system, and foundation system are employed in this project. •Concrete slab, steel columns/beams are the main structural elements. •Precast concrete, steel frames, and glass of enclosure system are the major materials for this site.

New Melbourne school of design

The entry structure of old geology south lecture theatre is a steel structure. The loads and

gravity of the extension roof are transferred down to the ground via the bracing walls and

columns of the brick structure building.

The entry structure of old geology south lecture theatre

Frank Tate pavilion is a timber-steel frame construction. •Roof systems, floor system are used •Columns, beams are the major structural elements on this project. •Timber, steel are the main materials.

Frank Tate pavilion

W04

Floor

system

Materials

Concrete

system

Mixed with

water

Concrete

Beam &

Cantilever IN-SITU

concrete

Precast

concrete

Steel

system

Timber

system

Slabs

One-way

span

Two-way

span

Steel framing

Joists Girder

Primary

beam

Secondary

beam

Bearers Joists

Spacing Span

Component s

Cement

Aggregate

Water

Chemical

reaction

Too much

water

Too little

water

Weak

concrete Too stiff

Pro & Cons

Advantages

Disadvantages

Fluid

Shapeless

Poor

vibration

Air

bubbles

Worse

performance

Element

failing

Permeable Moisture

Oxidation Formwork

Weak in

tension

Steel

mesh/bars

Reinforced

concrete

Fixed/rigid

joints

Materials

Formply Timber

Metal Plastic

Beam

Horizontal

structural

element

Carry loads

Transfer to

supports

Supported

Types Both

ends

Points along

the beam Points away

form ends

One end

Cantilever Horizontal

Vertical Angled

Process Uses

Joints

Fabrication of

the formwork

Placing

reinforcement

Pouring

Vibration

Curing

Shotcrete

Limited

time

Footings

Retaining

walls

Bespoke

structural

elements

Construction

Control

Temperature

differential

Material

coefficient

Dimensions

of the piece

Divide the

whole to

sections Purposes

Uses

Joints

More

standardized

Much faster

site process

Construction Structural

Desired

aesthetic

outcome

Retaining

wall

Columns Retaining

wall

Glossary : • Joist: a long thick piece of wood, steel or concrete which is used in

buildings to support a floor.

• Girder: a long thick piece of steel or concrete which supports a roof,

floor, bridge or other large structure.

• Steel decking: serves as a working platform during construction

and as formwork for a sitecast concrete slab.

• Concrete plank: framing system to support the concrete slabs.

• Span: is the distance measured between two structural supports

(vertical and horizontal) not necessarily the same as the

member length.

• Spacing: is the repeating distance between a series of like or

similar elements(vertical and horizontal) measured centre-

line to centre-line.

Activities 1 “SCALE, ANNOTATION AND

WORKING DRAWING CONVENTIONS”

•Why ‘scale’ is used for documenting building projects: for the building project, it is impossible to draw the sketches of all details of the building in 1:1 on the paper. A larger scale will be used for accurately documenting the dimensions. The scale drawings allow the building project fit and presented on the paper.

https://www.maptools.com/images/7830428.gif

•How ‘scale’ is used for documenting building projects: considering the real dimensions of the building project and the size of drawing paper. Then choose a proper scale(larger or smaller) to start the scale drawings.

According to our group discussion, centimeter is the preferred working units in the building projects. The scale range between 1:5 to 1:300 is appropriate to use for construction documentation.

ACTIVITY2: 'CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION TOUR'

What types of information on the elevations are expressed using words?

Illustrate how this is done.

•Selected questions from the case study questionnaire

1. The amendment for the existing building and surroundings.

2. The specific construction requirements and notes in building process.

3. Detailed explanations for the features in the new project.

4. The name of special building element.

5. The name of different level.

Cited from OVAL PAVILION construction drawings.

Illustrate how the section drawing differentiates between building

elements that are cut through and those that are shown in

elevation(beyond).

Use numbers and letters to mark different parts of the building elements, and utilize same symbol in elevation drawing.

Provide examples of how different materials are shown on drawings at

this scale.

Using words or codes to indicate different materials, the references of code will be described in the reference sheet.

Cited from OVAL PAVILION construction drawings.

The drawing set is more informative than the site observation, because designers have to complete the

building details(exterior and interior) in different views, but users could not observe all details from a completed

construction via limited views. In the other hand, it is more likely to interact with the site by a real visit than

traveling the drawings.

For the architectural drawings, it will focus more on displaying all designing and planning details including

the function of different spaces. But the structural drawings focus more on the building techniques and methods, how to achieve the design proposes in the

building process.

W05 Columns

Short

Columns Long

Columns

Shorter

and

thicker Taller and

slimmer

Ratio of effective column

length to the smallest cross section

dimension is greater than 12:1

Ratio of effective column

length to the smallest cross section

dimension is less than 12:1

Crushing

Buckling

Wall

systems

Structural

frames

Load

bearing

walls

Stud walls

Concrete

frames

Steel

frames

Timber

frames

Concrete

Masonry

Light

gauge

steel

framing

Timber

framing

GRID of

concrete

columns

GRID of

steel

columns

GRID of

timber

posts/poles

In situ

Precast

Reinforced

Masonry

Solid

Masonry

Cavity

Masonry

Brick veneer

construction

Wood and

timber

Grain

direction

Early

wood

Late

wood

Thin, large

cells, lighter

color

Thick, small

cells, darker

color

Parallel perpendicular

Strong &

stiff Weak

Seasoning

Why What How

Increased

stability

Free

moisture

Bound

moisture

Air

Kiln

Solar

Green

sawing

Quarter

sawn

Back

sawn

Radial

sawn

Less

common

More

common

Efficient

Timber

Properties

Hardness Fragility Ductility

High

Medium

low

Medium

low Low High flexible

and medium

plastic

Porosity/permeability

Density

Conductivity

Flexibility Varies

depending

on timber

type

Poor

Durability

Reusability Sustainability Cost

Very

Durable

Very high

Very low

embodied

energy Effective

Knots

Weak

points

Arris

knots

Centre

knots

Edge

knots

Slope of

grain

Considerations

Damage

Fungal

attack Swelling,

shrinkage

Moisture

>20% Cracks

Engineering

timber

Solid

product

Sheet

product

LVL

GLULAM CLT

PLYWOOD MDF

CHIPBOARD &

STRANDBOARD

Manufactured

product

“I” beam

Box beam

Timber

flanged steel

web joists

Glossary : • Stud: a wall stud is a vertical framing member in a building's wall of

smaller cross section than a post.

• Axial load: a force administered along the lines of an axis.

• Nogging: an architectural term used for the filling in-between wall

framing in buildings.

• Buckling: is characterized by a sudden failure of a structural member

subjected to high compressive stress.

• Lintel: a load-bearing building component.

• Seasoned timber: timber with a moisture<15%

ACTIVITY: ‘STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS’

For the assigned section of the case. Foundation systems, wall systems, floor systems, and roof systems are employed. Concrete is the main material for the floor and foundation systems, blocks and bricks are the major materials for the wall system. In addition, metal decking roof and thermal insulation are also important in this part. It is also important to note that, from the e-module of this week, stud walls are employed in this case. And the light gauge steel frame might be used in the wall system.

In the foundation system, concrete footing beams and concrete slab used to carry loads and support the building as the substructure. The lateral forces can cause the foundation to impose no uniform pressure on the supporting soil (Ching, 2008, 3.02).

Cited from OVAL PAVILION construction

drawings(A46-03).

The blockwork will be used as the retaining wall, according to Ching, active and passive earth pressure exerted by a soil mass and developed by a soil mass in response to the horizontal movement of a foundation.

Cavity masonry walls are employed in this case. According to the e-module video about wall this week. Better thermal performance and opportunities for insulation within the cavity, better waterproofing are the advantages of cavity walls.

Loading path

Glue the beam footings

and double the footing

to reinforce.

The retaining wall

of foundation Bracing on the wall

systems

Steel frames to

support the roof

W06

Roof

systems

Flat roofs

Pitched

and

sloping

roofs

Concrete

roofs

Pitch:1°~ 3°

Pitch:>3°

Flat plates of

reinforced

concrete

Structural steel

framed roofs

Flat

Sloping Portal

frames

Trussed

roofs

Framed roofs

constructed from a

series of open web type

steel timber elements

Space

frames

3D plate type

structure that

are long

spanning in two

directions

Light

framed

roofs

Gable

roofs

Materials

Timber

Cold –formed

steel sections

Heavier steel

Hip roofs

Materials

Timber Cold –formed

steel sections

Metal Types

Ferrous

Non-

ferrous

Alloys

Hardness Fragility

Ductility

Porosity/permeability

Density

Conductivity

Flexibility

Durability

Reusability

Sustainability

Cost

Properties

Varied Low High Medium

Impermeable

High

Very good Very

durable

High

Very high

embodied

energy

Generally

effective

Metal

Considerations

Water related

damage

Oxidation and

corrosion

Types

Ferrous

Alloys

Iron

Wrought

Iron

Cast Iron

Steel

Structural

Steel

Hot rolled

Cold

formed

Reinforcing

bars

Steel

sheeting

Cladding Roofing

Stainless

steel alloys

Aluminum

Non-

Ferrous

Window

frames

Door

handles

Cladding

panels

Copper Roofing

material

Zinc

Lead

Tin

Titanium Bronze

Copper + tin

Brass

Copper + zinc

Glossary :

• Rafter: is one of a series of sloped structural members (beams) that

extend from the ridge or hip to the wall plate.

• Eaves: the bottom edge of a roof.

• Purlin: a purlin (or historically purline, purloyne, purling, perling) is

any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof.

• Alloys: combinations of two or more metals

• Cantilever: a beam anchored at only one end.

• Soffit: the underside of any construction element.

• Portal frame: consist of braced rigid frames (two columns and one

beam) with purlins for the roof and girts for the walls.

• Top chord: the top beams in a truss are called top chords.

A02: FULL SIZE

IN-CLASS INTERIM SUBMISSION

Commentary: other groups had not finished their models until W06 studio.

Site1

(Edge Water)

First visit: foundation

and ground floor timber

frames were finished

Second visit: steel frames were added

to some parts of the construction. The

floor systems and wall systems of first

floor almost done

Different types of

structure systems

employed.

Steel structure

Steel columns and beams

employed in the wall and floor

systems. The utilizing of steel

benefit the increasing of stability

because steel is strong in both

tension and compression. However,

steel is too heavy to widely

introduce into the project.

Timber structure

Timber frames are widely used in

the project. Although the hardness

of timber is not quite high, timber is

very durable, and flexible. While the

material is popular in Australia

because of its effective cost.

Concrete bricks were used

in the foundation retaining

wall and bearing wall in the

superstructure wall

systems. And concrete

slabs were used in floor

systems. Concrete is very

durable and quite strong in

compression.

Concrete structure

Joints

Bolted

Joints Fixed

Joints

Site2

(Newport)

First visit: foundation,

timber frames and roof

systems almost finished

Second visit: no more

significant development

Foundation systems

Shallow foundation

Concrete piers, timber

floor bearers, timber floor

joists, and timber slabs.

Materials

Timber

Timber frames are widely used in the

project. Although the hardness of

timber is not quite high, timber is

strong and flexible when parallel to

grain direction. It is easy to recycle.

While the material is popular in

Australia because of its effective cost.

Steel

Reinforcement

of timber frame,

partly utilizing.

Bricks Flooring systems Timber frame

wall systems

Top plates

Bottom plates

Vertical studs

Nogging

Bracings

Diagonal

Bracings

Crossing

Bracings

Plywood

Bracings

W07

Detailing for

moisture

Conditions for

penetrate

An opening

Water present

at the opening

A force to move

water through the

opening

Prevent water

penetrating

Remove

opening

Keep water

away from

openings

Neutralise forces

to move water

through the

opening

Planned

elements

Unplanned

openings

Windows,

doors,

skylights, etc

Poor

construction

workmanship

Deterioration

of materials

Grading

roofs

Downpipes

and

stormwater

system

Overlapping

cladding and

roof

elements

Sloping

window and

door sills Sloping the

ground

surface

Gravity

Surface tension

and capillary

action

Momentum

Air pressure

differential

Detailing for

heat

Conditions

Heat is conducted through

the building envelope

Building envelope and

building elements are

subjected to radiant heat

sources

Themal mass is used to

regulate the flow of heat

Controlling heat

Conduction

Radiation Thermal

insulation

Thermal

brakes

Double

glazing

Reflective

surfaces

Shading

system

Thermal

mass

Masonry

Concrete

Water

bodies

Rubber Rubber

types

Natural

Rubber

Synthetic

Rubber

Porosity/permeability Cost

Hardness Fragility Ductility

Density

Conductivity

Flexibility

Durability

Reusability

Sustainability Properties

Harder resist

abrasion

Softer

provide

better seals

Low High in heat,

varied in cold

High

Impermeable

1.5x water

Very poor

Very

durable

High

Varies

Generally

effective

Seals, gaskets,

flooring,

insulation,

hosing

EPDM,

NEOPRENE,

SILICONE

Glossary : • Drip: is used between surfaces to prevent water clinging to the

underside of surfaces.

• Down pipes: a pipe that carries waste water or sewage away

from buildings.

• Vapour barrier: resists diffusion of moisture through wall, ceiling

and floor assemblies of buildings.

• Flashing: prevent the passage of water into a structure from a joint.

• Gutter: a narrow trough or duct which collects rainwater from the

roof of a building and diverts it away from the structure,

typically into a drain.

• Insulation: materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer.

• Parapet: a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a

roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure.

• Sealant: a substance such as paint or polish that is painted onto a

surface to protect it from other liquids from going into it, or

is put in the space between two materials for the same

reason.

Detailing for moisture

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be

W08

Doors &

windows

Door

frame

Door

leaf Handel

latch &

lock

Door

swing

Roof

opening Jamb Head

Top rail

Stile

Feature panel glass

or hollow/solid core

infill

Mid rail

Bottom

rail Door

materials

Timber

doors

Aluminum

doors Steel

doors Window

frame

Jamb Head

Sill

Window

materials

Timber

windows

Aluminum

windows

Steel

windows

Curtain

walls

Glass

Glass

history

Blown

glass

Sheet

glass

Lead

crystal Plate

glass

Lamination

glass

Float

glass

Porosity/permeability Cost

Hardness Fragility Ductility

Density

Conductivity

Flexibility

Durability

Reusability

Sustainability

Properties

Non-

porous

2.7x

water

Transmit

heat and

light but not

electricity

High High Very low High when

molten, low

when cooled

Very

durable

Very high

High embodied

energy and

carbon footprint

Expensive

Glass Glass

types

FLAT

Glass SHAPED

Glass

FLOAT

Glass

CLEAR

FLOAT

Glass

LAMINATED

FLOAT Glass

TEMPERED

Glass

Tinted

Glass

Wired

Glass

Patterned

Glass

Curved

Glass

Photovoltaic

Glass

Glass

channels

Slumped and

formed Glass

Glass fibers

Glossary :

• Window sash: a frame to hold panes of glass.

• Door furniture: any of the items that are attached to a door or a

drawer to enhance its functionality or appearance.

• Deflection: the degree to which a structural element is displaced

under a load.

• Stress: a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that

neighbouring particles of a continuous material exert on

each other.

• Moment of inertia: torque needed for a desired angular

acceleration about an axis of rotation.

• Shear forces: unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one

direction, and another part the body in the opposite

direction.

CHING, ‘Building Construction Illustrated’, 8.02

CHING, ‘Building Construction Illustrated’, 8.04

DOOR & DOOR FRAME

TERMINILOGY

Fixed 0% ventilating

Casement 100% ventilating

Awning & Hopper

100% ventilating

Sliding 50% ventilating

Double-hung 50%

ventilating

Jalousie 100% ventilating

Pivoting 100% ventilating

Swinging

Exterior and interior use

Bypass sliding

Exterior and interior use

Surface sliding

Exterior and interior use

Pocket sliding

Interior use

Folding

Interior use

Activity: “In details”

The part assigned only can be observed inside the building because this corner of the function room roof

is covered by the tall structure.

Annotated copy of your drawing

W09

Construction

detailing

Movement

joints

Health and

safety

Ageing

gracefully

Repairable

surfaces &

resistance to

damage Cleanable

surfaces

Maintenance

access

Constructability

Materials

Monolithic

Composite

A single

material

Material combined

so that components

are indistinguishable

Two or more materials

are combined in such a

way that the individual

materials remain easily

distinguishable

Types

Fibrous

Laminar

Particulate

Hybrid

Fibre

reinforced

cement

Fibreglass

Aluminum

sheet

composites

Timber

composites

Fibre

reinforced

polymers

Glossary : • Sandwich panel: a type of flat panel that consists of two thin

aluminium sheets bonded to a non-aluminium

core.

• Composite beam: a structural member composed of two or more

dissimilar materials joined together to act as a

unit.

• Bending: the behaviour of a slender structural element subjected to

an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal

axis of the element.

• Shirting: elements that covers the crawl space under a mobile

home.

• Cornice: horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or

furniture element.

ACTIVITY: ‘OFF CAMPUS’ This apartment building is a typical concrete construction. There are 6 stories above the ground and one

basement used as garage.

Drain pipe is used to drain the stormwater down then flow into the

gutter(drain system). It is not an efficient way to deal with

stormwater. Stormwater can be stored into the water tank and

reuse for flushing, gardening, etc.

There are two types of utilizing of concrete in

the basement plan: precast concrete panels

and concrete. It is clearly shown on the

right via colors. Pad footings are employed in

the basement with concrete columns

Steel plate weld up to connect

two precast panels together

Middle studs had installed for 3 weeks. To build the wall, these studs

will be installed in the first to connect two plasterboards.

Cables can be placed into the wall through these holes in studs. One of

the advantages for plaster stud walls.

The base between living room and balcony is to prevent water to come into the

apartment. This element, which belongs to enclosure system, plays an important role

in waterproofing of the building.

Temporary power box

Formwork of the waterproofing base. Strong steel bars reinforce these bases.

Steel beam connection method is shown on the left; steel column base connection method is shown on the right.

The material ‘concrete’ is strong in compression and weak in tension. Strong steel bars are put into concrete slabs to increase the stiffness in tension. There is basically 100 mm extension of steel bars in the section. The rest will be cut out. Then, concrete will fill the section like the photo shown on the right above.

W10

Timber fascia Collapses

and failures

Material selection,

too wide Exposure to hot

north sun

Painted black on

outside only

Fasteners

Defectives

Flat steel

sheeting on

plywood

Timber plywood

glued to timber

stud walls

Flat steel sheet

glued to plywood

Thermal

differences

Blistering

& peeling

sheets

Cut

edges

Materials

selection

Suitability of

material for the

application

Long term

performance

Maintenance Construction &

detailing

Exposure

Compatibility

Strength and

deflection

Considerations

Health and IEQ

Waste/recycling/

recycled Energy use

Pollution

Life cycle

Reduce VOCs,

reduce

particles/ dust,

green cleaning

practices

Renewable/

abundant

resources Recycled/

plantation/RFA

timber

Reduce/reuse

recycle waste,

minimise use of

composites

Issues: climate

change,

greenhouse effect,

global warming

Smog, ozone layer

depletion, acid

rain, toxicity, radio

activity, dioxins

Glossary :

• Shear wall: a structural system composed of braced panels (also

known as shear panels) to counter the effects of lateral

load acting on a structure.

• Braced frame: a structural system which is designed primarily to

resist wind and earthquake forces.

• Corrosion: the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by

chemical reaction with its environment.

• Soft storey: level is less than 70% as stiff as the floor immediately

above it, or less than 80% as stiff as the average

stiffness of the three floors above it (Wai-Fah Chen, E.

M. Lui, 2005)

• Fascia: an architectural term for a frieze or band running horizontally

and situated vertically under a roof edge, or which forms the

outer surface of a cornice, visible to an observer.

• IEQ: indoor environment quality.

•Aluminum fascia: Al will not corrode in the high moisture condition; the fascia was placed in a small angle, that’s to drain water down to the roof, drips on the two sides also play an important role to break water flowing. •Thermal/Acoustic insulation: important elements in the modern construction. The reduction of heat transfer and sound transfer is quite necessary for a frequent-use public space. •Impact & fire resistant plasterboard: the element is quite useful to control the fire spreading. These two plasterboards were designed to install between interior and thermal insulation wall because the main material of thermal insulation-foam is combustible, it will contribute to the fire spreading.