8/10/2019 6) Kerahsiaan, Etika Dan Isu Perundangan http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/6-kerahsiaan-etika-dan-isu-perundangan 1/22 Oleh: Nasrudin Subhi Pusat Pengajian Psikologi dan Pembangunan Manusia, Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
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8/10/2019 6) Kerahsiaan, Etika Dan Isu Perundangan
Client have the right to expect that communications will be kept within the bounds of the professionalrelationship.
• The APA (1992) ethics code provides the followingguidelines for disclosure of confidential information: – Psychologists disclose confidential information without
the consent of the individual only as mandated by law, or where permitted by law for a valid purpose, such as (1) toprovide needed professional services to the patient or the
individual or organizational client, (2) to obtainappropriate professional consultations, (3) to protect thepatient or client or others from harm, or (4) to obtainpayment for services in which instance disclosure islimited to the minimum that is necessary to achieve the
purpose.
8/10/2019 6) Kerahsiaan, Etika Dan Isu Perundangan
– The professional school counselor informs the counseleeof the purposes, goals, techniques and rules ofprocedure under which she/ he may receive counselingat or before the time when the counseling relationship isentered. Notice includes confidentiality issues such asthe possible necessity for consulting with other
professionals, privileged communication and legal orauthoritative restraints. The meaning and limits ofconfidentiality are clearly defined to counselees througha written and shared statement of disclose . (2a.)
8/10/2019 6) Kerahsiaan, Etika Dan Isu Perundangan
When counseling is initiated and throughout thecounseling process as necessary, counselors informclients of the limitations of confidentiality and identifyforeseeable situations in which confidentiality must bebreached.
8/10/2019 6) Kerahsiaan, Etika Dan Isu Perundangan
American Association for Marriage and FamilyTherapy (2001)
Marriage and family therapists have uniqueconfidentiality concerns because the client in atherapeutic relationship may be more than one person.Therapists respect and guard confidences of eachindividual client.
8/10/2019 6) Kerahsiaan, Etika Dan Isu Perundangan
Kod Etika Kaunselor (PERKAMA) Tanggungjawab Kaunselor Terhadap Klien
2. Kaunselor hendaklah menghormati privasi klien danmerahsiakan segala maklumat yang diperolehi semasakaunseling melainkan jikalau maklumat itu akanmembahayakan klien atau orang-orangdipersekitarannya.
9. Kaunselor hendaklah mencapai persetujuan dengankliennya diperingkat awal sesi kaunseling mengenai
batasan umur kerahsiaan.10. Apa-apa persetujuan di antara kaunselor dan kien
mengenai kerahsiaan boleh disemak semula dan diubahdengan persetujuan bersama.
8/10/2019 6) Kerahsiaan, Etika Dan Isu Perundangan
6. Kaunselor hendaklah mewujudkan hubunganinterpersonal dan persetujuan kerja dengan penyelia danstafnya mengenai khidmat kaunseling khususnyakerahsiaan, perbezaan di antara fakta umum atauperibadi, beban kerja dan akauntabiliti.
8/10/2019 6) Kerahsiaan, Etika Dan Isu Perundangan
5. Sentiasa menjalankan penyelidikan, maklumat peribadisubjek hendaklah dirahsiakan kecuali dengan persetujuansubjek. Jika terdapat sekiranya ada kemungkinan oranglain boleh memperolehi maklumat itu, kemungkinan inibersama dengan perancangan untuk mengawalkerahsiaan perlu diterangkan kepada subjek sebagaisebahagian daripada prosedur memperolehi persetujuanbermaklum.
8/10/2019 6) Kerahsiaan, Etika Dan Isu Perundangan
Privileged communication The legal concept of privileged communication does
not apply to group counselling, couples counselling,marital and family therapy or child and adolescenttherapy.
Members from the above groups can assume that theycould be asked to testify in court concerning certaininformation revealed in the course of a group session
8/10/2019 6) Kerahsiaan, Etika Dan Isu Perundangan
Privacy• Fax machine: It is the counsellor’s responsibility to
make sure fax transmissions arrive in a securedenvironment in such a way as to protect confidentialinformation.
• Before sending a confidential fax, it is a good idea tomake a phone call to ensure that the appropriateperson will be able to retrieve this information in a safeand sensitive manner (Cottone & Tarvydas, 1998).
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The duty to warn and protect Most states permit counsellors to breach
confidentiality to warn or protect victims.
Many states grant counsellors protection from beingsued for breaching confidentiality if the counsellor candemonstrate that he or she acted in good faith toprotect third parties (Stromberg et al., 1993).
8/10/2019 6) Kerahsiaan, Etika Dan Isu Perundangan
Kajian kes• Maria seorang kaunselor di sebuah agensi kesihatan di mana
beliau seringkali berhadapan dengan kes-kes mencabarberhubung kesihatan mental klien-kliennya. Untukmembantu Maria menangani stress kerjanya, beliau telahberkongsi maklumat dengan suami beliau yang juga seorang
kaunselor (bekerja di tempat lain). Di dalam perbualannyabersama suami, Maria tidak menggunakan nama klien tetapiberkongsi hal-hal intervensi dengan mendalam. Mariaberasa yakin tindakannya ini tidak bercanggah dengan etika
dan merasakan dia akan kurang berkesan sekiranya tidakbertindak sedemikian rupa. Tambahan suaminya jugaseorang kaunselor yang faham keperluan kerahsiaan dalamsesebuah kes. Adakah anda bersetuju dengan pandangan