Page 1
:
The Relationships between the Morals in Aspect of Having Human Relations, the Accounting Professional Ethics and the Work Efficiency of Accountants: The Case Study of Accountants in the Listed Companies in Stock Exchange
of Thailand in Bangkok Metropolis.
2557
Page 2
:
2557
( . )
( )
( . )
( )
( . )
. .
Page 3
: :
:
: . :
: 2557
478
385 1) ,
2)
2.1) , , ,
0.05 2.2)
0.05 2.3) ,
, , / 0.05
3) 3.1)
0.05
3.2)
0.05
Page 4
THESIS
Title : The Relationships between the Morals in Aspect of Having Human Relations, the Accounting Professional Ethics and the Work Efficiency of Accountants: The Case Study of Accountants in the Listed Companies in Stock Exchange of Thailand in Bangkok Metropolis.
Researcher : Mr. Chatarmorn Yamcharoen Advisor : Dr. Prapatsorn Kittimanorom Program : Master of Business Administration Year : 2014
ABSTRACT This research aims to study the opinions, compare opinions and study
relationships between the morals in aspect of having human relations, the accounting professional ethics and the work efficiency of accountants. The research population and samples were accountants in the listed companies in Stock Exchange of Thailand in Bangkok Metropolis, numbering 478 companies. The tools used in the research were questionnaires. There were 385 responses returning. The research result found that:
1) The accountants had opinions related with the morals in aspect of havinghuman relations in the high level; the accounting professional ethics was in the most level and the work efficiency was in the high level.
2) From the compare opinions of accountants in the overview, it was foundthat:
2.1) The opinions of the morals in aspect of having human relations; the accountants with different age, education level, marriage status, industry of the organization and salary level had opined differently at significant level of 0.05.
2.2) The opinions of the accounting professional ethics; the accountants with different age and salary level had opined differently at significant level of 0.05.
2.3) The opinions of the work efficiency; the accountants with different age, industry of the organization, work experience, salary level and numbers of accountants in accounting department had opined differently at significant level of 0.05.
Page 5
3) From the tests of relationships in the overview, it was found that:3.1) The morals in aspect of having human relations, in self-sacrifice and
apportionment, behave according with the rules and responsibilities that should be done, opinion and using of discretion; had relations and positive effects on the work efficiency at significant level of 0.05.
3.2) The accounting professional ethics, in independence, regarding knowledge and capability, work performance standard and responsibility towards shareholders, partners, individuals or juristic persons working for them; had relations and positive effects on the work efficiency at significant level of 0.05.
Page 7
1 1 1.1 1 1.2 3 1.3 3 1.4 4 1.5 4 1.6 5 1.7 5 1.8 7 1.9 7 1.10 8
2 11 2.1 11 2.2 16 2.3 18 2.4 28 2.5 31 2.6 37 2.7 45 2.8 53
3 56 3.1 56 3.2 56 3.3 57 3.4 60 3.5 61
Page 8
( )
4 63
4.1 63 4.2 65 4.3 65 4.4 92 4.5 198 4.6 228 4.7 234
5 237 5.1 237 5.2 246 5.3 250
252
258 . .2547 259 ( 19)
. .2553 281 289
300 312
318
Page 9
2.1 162.2
532.3
542.4
554.1 664.2 664.3 664.4 674.5 674.6 674.7 684.8 684.9 694.10 / 694.11
704.12
71 4.13
72 4.14
73 4.15
74 4.16
75
4.17 76
Page 10
( )
4.18 77
4.19 78
4.20 79
4.21 80
4.22 81
4.23 82
4.24 83
4.25 84
4.26 85
4.27
864.28
87
4.29 88
4.30 89
4.31 90
4.32 91
Page 11
( )
4.33 94
4.34 95
4.35 96
4.36
964.37
97
4.38
974.39
98
4.40
984.41
99
4.42 100
4.43
1014.44
101
Page 12
( )
4.45
1024.46
102
4.47
1034.48
103
4.49 104
4.50 105
4.51
1064.52
106
4.53
1074.54
1084.55
109
Page 13
( )
4.56
1104.57
111
4.58
1124.59
113
4.60
114 4.61
115
4.62 116
4.63
1174.64
117
4.65
1184.66
119
Page 14
( )
4.67 120
4.68
1214.69
122
4.70
1234.71
124
4.72
1254.73
126
4.74
1274.75
1284.76
129
4.77
130
Page 15
( )
4.78 134
4.79 135
4.80 136
4.81 136
4.82 137
4.83 138
4.84 138
4.85 139
4.86
1394.87
140 4.88
141
4.89
1414.90
142
4.91 143
Page 16
( )
4.92
1444.93
144
4.94
1454.95
1464.96
1474.97
148
4.98 149
4.99
1504.100
151
4.101
1524.102
153
Page 17
( )
4.103
154 4.104
155
4.105 156
4.106
1574.107
157
4.108 158
4.109 159
4.110 160
4.111 161
4.112
1624.113
163
4.114
164
Page 18
( )
4.115
1654.116
166
4.117
1674.118
168
4.119 169
4.120 170
4.121
1714.122
171
4.123 172
4.124
1734.125
176
Page 19
( )
4.126 177
4.127 178
4.128 178
4.129 179
4.130 180
4.131 180
4.132 181
4.133 182
4.134 183
4.135
184 4.136
185
4.137 186
4.138 187
4.139
187
Page 20
( )
4.140 188
4.141 189
4.142 190
4.143 191
4.144 192
4.145 193
4.146 194
4.147
194 4.148
195
4.149
1964.150
1994.151
2004.152
201
Page 21
( )
4.153 202
4.154 203
4.155
204
4.156 205
4.157 206
4.158
207 4.159
2084.160
2094.161
2104.162
2114.163
2134.164
214
Page 22
( )
4.165
215
4.166 216
4.167 217
4.168
2184.169
2194.170
2204.171
2224.172
2234.173
2244.174
226 4.175
227
Page 23
1.1 62.1 5 Maslow 12 2.2 Alderfer Maslow 14 2.3 27
Page 24
1
1.1
( ,
)
“ ” ( ( . . ), 2550 : 437 – 438)
Page 25
( ) ( , 2548 : 62)
. .2547
( 19) . .2553
2
Page 26
:
1.2 1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.3 1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
3
Page 27
1.4 1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2 (1)
4 . .2556 478 (
, )
(2)
( 2554 : 13 – 14) 5 % 95 % 385
1.5.3
1.5.4 . .2557
– . .2557
4
Page 28
1.6
1.6.1 1)
/
2) 2.1) 2.2) 2.3)
1.6.2
1)
( . . ) (2551 : 201) 2)
( 19) . .2553 3)
(2546 : 8 – 9)
1.7
(Concept Framework)
5
Page 29
1.1 : (Concept Framework)
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
- - - - -
-
- - -
- - - - - - - - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - /
6
Page 30
1.8
(Questionnaires) 5
1
/
2 6
3 10
4 3
5
1.9 1.9.1
1.9.2
1.9.3
1.9.4
1.9.5
7
Page 34
2
:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
2.1
2.1.1 (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs) (Abraham Harold Maslow)
. .1943 (A Theory of Human Motivation) (Maslow, 1943 : 370 – 396)
(Motivation and Personality) . .1954 (Maslow, 1954)
( , 2542 : 51) ( . . . , 2548 : 49)
(1) (2)
(3)
5
( . . . , 2548 : 49)
Page 35
2.1 : 5 Maslow
1) (Physiological needs)
( . . . , 2548 : 50) 2) (Safty needs)
( . . . ,
2548 : 51) 3) (Love and belonging needs)
( . . . , 2548 : 52) - - - - -
Self - actualization needs
Esteem needs
Love and belonging needs
Safty needs
Physiological needs
12
Page 36
4) (Esteem needs) ( . . . , 2548 : 52)
- - - - - - -
5) (Self – actualization needs) ( . . . , 2548 : 52)
- - - - - - -
5
( . . . , 2548 : 53) 5
( . . . , 2548 : 53) 1 5
1 2 3
( , 2542 : 54)
13
Page 37
2.1.2 (Alderfer’s ERG Theory) (Clayton Paul Alderfer) . .1969
An Empirical Test of a New Theory of Human Needs. (Alderfer, 1969 : 142 – 175) 5
Alderfer’s Modified Need Hierarchy Theory ( , 2542 : 54)
3 Existence – Relatedness – Growth ERG Theory
2.2 : Alderfer Maslow ( , 2542 : 55)
3 5.
4. 2 3. 1 2.
1.
5 3 ( , 2542 : 55)
1 (Existence) 1 2
2 (Relatedness) 3
3 (Growth) 4 5
3 ( , 2542 : 55)
1 3 (Frustration)
( , 2542 : 56)
14
Page 38
2.1.3 (McClelland’s Socially Acquired Needs Theory) (David Clarence McClelland) 1962 Business Drive and National Achievements. (McClelland, 1962 :
99 – 112) 3 ( ,
2542 : 56) 3 1) (Need for Achievement)
2) (Need for Affiliation)
3) (Need for Power)
3 1 2
2.1.4 (Herzberg’s Two Factors Theory) Frederick Irving Herzberg . .1959 The Motivation to Work. (Herzberg, 1959)
( . . . , 2548 :
53 - 54) 1) (Motivational factors)
2) (Hygiene factors)
15
Page 39
2.1.5
2.1 : Abraham H. Maslow Clayton P. Alderfer David C. McClelland Frederick I. Herzberg
(Physiological needs)
(Existence) -
(Hygiene factors)
(Safty needs)
(Love and belonging needs)
(Relatedness)
(Need for Affiliation)
(Esteem needs)
(Growth)
(Need for Power)
(Motivational factors)
(Self – actualization needs)
(Need for
Achievement)
2.2
2.2.1 . .2554 “ ”
, , ( , 2556 : 303) (2524)
(2540)
16
Page 40
Kohlberg (1970)
Carroll (1993) (Moral Duty and
Obligation) (Morality) (Moral Conduct)
2.2.2
( , 2554 : 14)
( , 2554 : 14)
1) (The Utilitarian View)
2) (The Individualism View)
17
Page 41
3) (Moral – Rights View) (Basic Human
Rights)
4) (The Justice View)
2.3
2.3.1 . .2554 “ ”
( , 2556 : 879)
(2553 : 17)
(2538 : 2)
(2525 : 4)
(2541 : 2)
(2536 : 120)
18
Page 42
(2542 : 134)
(2549 : 2)
(2535 : 1)
(2551 : 13)
(2540 : 4)
(2530 : 10)
(2542 : 25)
19
Page 43
(2527 : 2)
(2535 : 17)
. . . (2548 : 3)
( . . . 2548 : 5) Benton (1998)
Dalton, Hoyle Watts (2000)
Davis (1957)
DeCenzo (1997)
20
Page 44
Dubrin (1981 : 4)
Flippo (1966 : 15)
Gellerman (1966 : 12)
2.3.2
( , 2526 : 15 – 18) 4 (Keith Davis, 1952)
1) 2) 3) 4)
1) (Individual Difference)
(Socialization Process)
2) (whole person)
21
Page 45
3) (Caused behaviour)
4) (Human dignity)
2.3.3
(2527 : 2 – 3)
(2550 : 19 – 20)
( 2550 : 22)
(2549 : 5)
(2542 : 95)
22
Page 46
(2548 : )
( 2548 : 2)
(2530 : 42)
(2542 : 11)
(2543 : 15 – 16)
. . . (2542 : 16)
Kossen (1978 : 6)
23
Page 47
2.3.4
( , 2548 : 2) 1) 2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
( , 2540 : 16) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
2.3.5
( . . . , 2548 : 25) 1)
24
Page 48
2) “
”
2.3.6
( , 2548 : 2) 1)
2)
3) (job role)
4)
5)
25
Page 49
2.3.7 ( , 2551 : 44 – 45)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
3 1) 2) 3) ( , 2549 : 128)
26
Page 50
2.3 : ( , 2549 : 129)
3 ( , 2549 : 130)
27
Page 51
2.4
2.4.1 3 ( ,
2550 : 53 – 54) 1)
2)
3)
3
2.4.2
( , 2539 : 44) - MAN IS POWER - MAN IS ASSETS - MAN IS MONEY - MAN IS TECHNOLOGY CREATOR - MAN IS DIGNITY -
2.4.3
“ ”
1)
. .2554 “” ( , 2556 : 1224)
28
Page 52
( . . ) (2550 : 437 – 438) “ ” “ ”
, 6
- - - - - ( ) - ( )
( . . ) (2551 : 201) 6
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
, ,
, ,
( )
29
Page 53
6
6 - ( ) - ( ) - ( ) - ( ) -
( ) - ( )
2)
6 ( ,
2552 : 55) 6 “ ” , “ - ” , “ ” , “ ”
, “ ”, “ ” “ ” ( ( . . ), 2551 : 201)
2 2.1) “ ” ,
“ ” “ ” 2.2) “ ”
, “ ”, “ ” “ ”
3)
3.1)
( , 2554 : 19)
3.2)
( , 2554 : 20)
30
Page 54
2.5
2.5.1
( , 2549 : 133)
( , 2549 : 133)
4 . .2540 ( ,
2549 : 133) “
”
( 2549 : 133 – 134)
1.
. .2554 “ ”
( , 2556 : 301)
31
Page 55
2.
( , 2549 : 54)
3.
( , 2549 : 134)
( , 2549 : 134) (1)
(2)
(3)
4.
4.1)
2 ( , 2549 : 54)
4.2)
( , 2549 : 55)
32
Page 56
4.3)
( , 2549 : 56) 4.3.1)
4.3.2)
5.
4 ( , 2549 : 135)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
33
Page 57
2.5.2 (Accounting)
( , , 2550 : 4) (Book Keeping)
( , 2550 : 4 – 5)
-
-
-
2.5.3 . .2547 “ ”
34
Page 58
2.5.4 (Information Technology)
( , 2550 : 4)
2.5.5
. .2547 47
( 19) . .2553
-
-
35
Page 59
-
,
- ,
-
,
-
-
-
-
, ,
,
,
( )
36
Page 60
- ,
,
,
,
,
. . 2547
2.6
2.6.1 . .2554 “ ”
( , 2556 : 713) (2542 : 49) “ ” (Efficiency)
(Efficiency is Do Things Right) (2539 : 315)
(2542 : 7)
37
Page 61
2.6.2 (2548 : 15 – 16)
(2546 : 6)
(2548 : 37)
(2548 : 16)
Input Output
(2549 : 22)
(2552 : 11)
(2545 : 3)
(2550 : 4) ,
38
Page 62
(2523 : 246) (Job Efficiency)
(2552 : 30)
(2545 : 57) (Job Efficiency)
(2546 : 7)
(2538 : 323) (Job Efficiency)
Millett (1954 : 4)
(Human satisfaction and benefit produced) Ryan Smith (1954 : 276) (Human Efficiency)
2.6.3
( , 2523 : 246)
39
Page 63
( , 2542 : 7 – 8)
3 ( , 2542 : 40 – 41) 1) (Cognitive Abilities)
1.1)
1.2)
1.3) 1.4) 1.5)
1.6) 1.7)
2) (Performance Abilities) 2.1)
2.2) (Information
Technology) 2.3) 2.4) 2.5) 2.6) 2.7)
3) (Affective Characteristics) 3.1) 3.2) 3.3) 3.4) 3.5)
40
Page 64
( 2542 : 206-209) 1)
1.1)
1.2)
1.3)
1.4) 1.5)
1.6)
2) 2.1)
2.2)
2.3)
2.4)
2.5)
3)
3.1)
3.2)
41
Page 65
3.3)
4)
4.1) (Technical Skill)
4.2) (Human Skill)
4.3) (Conceptual Skill)
5)
- - -
6)
42
Page 66
2.6.4 (2550 : 37 – 38) (Job
satisfaction) Herzberg (1957 : 103)
Pigors Meyer (1969 : 160 – 161) Becker Neuhauser (1975)
(Model of organizational efficiency)
(Open system) 1) (Low task –
environment complexity) (Certainty)
(High task –
environment complexity) (Uncertainty) 2) (Specification of procedure)
(Visibility of consequences)
3) 4)
2.6.5
(2521 : 30) 12
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
43
Page 67
7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)
2.6.6
3 ( , 2546 : 8 – 9)
1) (Implementation Cost)
2) (Service Timing)
3) (Service Quality)
2.6.7
(2540 : 29)
1) 2)
3)
4)
5)
44
Page 68
2.7
2.7.1
(2546 : )
/ 1.
0.05
2.
(2546 : ) “ ”
(2547 : ) “”
6
45
Page 69
6
(2548 : ) “ SMEs
” SMEs
(2549 : ) “
”
(2549 : ) “
”
46
Page 70
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2549 : ) “”
1) 2)
3)
4)
1) 2) 3)
4) 5) 6)
(2550 : ) “
”
47
Page 71
(2550 : ) “ ( . . .)
( 3)”
(2550 : ) “”
(2551 : ) “ ”
8
5
9
(2551 : ) “
SMEs ”
SMEs
48
Page 72
(2551 : ) “
”
1)
2)
3)
4)
(2551 : ) “
”
(2552 : ) “ SMEs ”
SMEs SMEs
SMEs
49
Page 73
(2552 : ) “ ”
(2552 : ) “”
(2553 : ) “”
50
Page 74
(2554 : ) “ ”
6
0.05
(2554 : ) “
”
(2554 : ) “
” 21 – 35
/ 5,000
1)
51
Page 75
2) 3)
4)
2.7.2
Atkinson, A.S. (2002 : 212 - 218) “”
Buchan (2009 : 1 – 7) “ :
”
52
Page 76
2.8
2.8.1
2.2 :
/
(255
1 )
(2
547)
(2
553)
..
(2
554)
(
2554
)
(2
554)
1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5.
( )
6. ( )
2.2
6 ( . . ) (2551 : 201)
6
53
Page 77
2.8.2
2.3 :
/
.
..2
547
( 1
9)
..2
553
(2
548)
(
2550
)
(2
551)
(2
552)
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2.3 . .2547 ( 19)
. .2553 . .2547
( 19) . .2553
( 19) . .2553 10
54
Page 78
2.8.3
2.4 :
/
(2
546)
(2
548)
(2
549)
(2
549)
(2
551)
(2
551)
(2
552)
1.
2. /
3. / /
4.
5.
6.
2.4 (2546)
3 3
55
Page 79
3
:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
3.1
: (Quantitative Research)
(Survey Research) (Questionnaires)
3.2
(Population)
4 . .2556
478 ( , ) (Representative Sample)
( 2554 : 13 – 14) 5% 95%
Page 80
385
3.3
(Questionnaires)
3.3.1
1) 2) 3) 4)
57
Page 81
5) (Validity) 3
5.1) 5.2) 5.3) / (CPA) 4976
6) (Index of Item-Objective Congruence : IOC)
IOC N +1 0 -1 0.50
7)
8) (Try out) 30
9) Item – Total Correlation
(r) 0.385 – 0.799 (r) 0.474 – 0.906
(r) 0.394 – 0.921
58
Page 82
10) (Reliability) Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient
( – Coefficient) 0.759 – 0.858 ( – Coefficient) 0.771 – 0.918
( – Coefficient) 0.763 – 0.924 11)
3.3.2
5 1
(Closed – ended Question) (Check List) (Open – ended Question)
/ 10
2
6
35 (Rating Scale) 5
Likert Scale
3
( 19) . .2553 10
44 (Rating Scale) 5
Likert Scale
59
Page 83
2 3 (Rating Scale) Likert Scale 5
5 4 3 2 1
4
(2546 : 8 – 9) 3 18
(Rating Scale) 5 Likert Scale
4 (Rating Scale) Likert Scale 5
5 4 3 2 1
5 (Open – ended Question)
3.4
1)
2)
468
10
60
Page 84
Internet http://goo.gl/tCh1q4 – . .2557
3) Internet 385
3.5
1)
2) (Coding) 3)
4)
4.1)
4.1.1) (Frequency) 4.1.2) (Percentage)
4.2)
4.2.1) (Frequency) 4.2.2) (Percentage)
4.2.3) (Mean or ) 4.2.4) (Standard Deviation : S.D.) 4.2.5)
(Range) = –
61
Page 85
4.21 – 5.00 3.41 – 4.20 2.61 – 3.40 1.81 – 2.60 1.00 – 1.80
4.3)
t – test 2 2 (One Way Analysis of Variance : ANOVA F – test)
(Least Signi cant Difference : LSD)
4.4)
4.4.1) Variance Inflation Factors (VIFs) 4.4.2) (Correlation Analysis) 4.4.3)
(Multiple Regression Analysis) 4.5)
4.6)
0.05
62
Page 86
4
:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
4.1
n (Mean) S.D. (Standard Deviation) t t – distribution F F – distribution Sig. (Significance) VIF (Variance Inflation Factor)
R
R2 (R Square)
Adj. R2 (Adjusted R Square) SEest
(Standard Error of the estimate) MHR1
Page 87
MHR2
MHR3
MHR4
MHR5
MHR6
MHRT
APE1 APE2 APE3 APE4 APE5 APE6 APE7 APE8 APE9
APE10 APET
64
Page 88
WEA1
WEA2 WEA3 WEAT
4.2
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
4.3
385
4.3.1
/
4.1 – 4.10
65
Page 89
4.1 ( ) (%)
1. 2.
125 260
32.47 67.53
385 100.00
4.1 385 260 67.53 125 32.47
4.2
( ) (%)
1. 21 – 28 2. 29 – 36 3. 37 – 44 4. 45 – 52 5. 53 – 60
75 122 95 61 32
19.48 31.69 24.68 15.84 8.31
385 100.00
4.2 385 29 – 36 122 31.69 37 –
44 95 24.68, 21 – 28 75 19.48, 45 – 52 61 15.84
53 – 60 32 8.31
4.3 ( ) (%)
1. 2. 3.
6 257 122
1.56 66.75 31.69
385 100.00
4.3 385 257 66.75
122 31.69 6 1.56
66
Page 90
4.4 ( ) (%)
1. 2. 3.
381 2 2
98.96 0.52 0.52
385 100.00
4.4 385 381 98.96 2
0.52 2 0.52
4.5 ( ) (%)
1. 2. 3. 4.
218 162 3 2
56.62 42.08 0.78 0.52
385 100.00
4.5 385 218 56.62 162
42.08, 3 0.78 2 0.52
4.6
( ) (%)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. (Holding Company)
6 47 86 34 48 21 108 32 3
1.56 12.21 22.34 8.83 12.47 5.45 28.05 8.31 0.78
385 100.00
67
Page 91
4.6 385 108 28.05
86 22.34, 48 12.47, 47 12.21, 34 8.83, 32
8.31, 21 5.45, 6 1.56 (Holding
Company) 3 0.78
4.7 ( ) (%)
1. 6 2. 7 – 12 3. 13 – 18 4. 19 – 24 5. 25 – 30 6. 31 – 36
204 84 27 48 9 13
52.99 21.82 7.01 12.47 2.34 3.38
385 100.00
4.7 385 6 204 52.99
7 – 12 84 21.82, 19 – 24 48 12.47,
13 – 18 27 7.01, 31 – 36 13 3.38 25 – 30 9 2.34
4.8
( ) (%)
1. / 2.
89 296
23.12 76.88
385 100.00
4.8 385 296 76.88
/ 89 23.12
68
Page 92
4.9 ( ) (%)
1. 10,000 2. 10,001 – 15,000 3. 15,001 – 20,000 4. 20,001 – 25,000 5. 25,001 – 30,000 6. 30,000
6 33 47 71 96 132
1.56 8.57 12.21 18.44 24.94 34.29
385 100.00
4.9 385 30,000 132 34.29
25,001 – 30,000 96 24.94, 20,001 – 25,000 71 18.44,
15,001 – 20,000 47 12.21, 10,001 – 15,000 33 8.57
10,000 6 1.56
4.10 / / ( ) (%)
1. 10 2. 11 – 40 3. 41 – 70 4. 71 – 100 5. 100
182 155 32 11 5
47.27 40.26 8.31 2.86 1.30
385 100.00
4.10 385 / 10 182 47.27
/ 11 – 40 155 40.26, / 41 – 70
32 8.31, / 71 – 100 11 2.86 / 100 5 1.30
69
Page 93
4.3.2 6
4.11
4.11
(n = 385)
S.D.
1. 4.11 .493 2. 3.94 .517 3. 3.92 .574 4. 4.06 .533 5. 4.19 .501 6. 4.03 .545
4.04 .427
4.11
385 ( = 4.04)
( =4.19) ( =4.11), ( =4.06), ( =4.03),
( =3.94) ( =3.92) 4.12 – 4.17
70
Page 94
4.1
2
(n =
385
)
S.
D.
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
1.
111
28.8
3 21
4 55
.58
60
15.5
8 -
- -
- 4.
13
.654
2.
103
26.7
5 22
1 57
.40
58
15.0
6 3
0.78
-
- 4.
10
.664
3.
12
5 32
.47
209
54.2
9 43
11
.17
4 1.
04
4 1.
04
4.16
.7
40
4.
89
23.1
2 23
1 60
.00
69
17.9
2 1
0.26
1
0.26
4.
02
.655
5.
12
1 31
.43
214
55.5
8 50
12
.99
- -
- -
4.18
.6
41
6.
107
27.7
9 19
8 51
.43
77
20.0
0 3
0.78
-
- 4.
06
.712
4.
11
.493
4.1
2
(
= 4
.11)
(=4
.18)
(
= 4
.16)
,
( =
4.1
3),
(
=
4.10
),
(
= 4.
06)
(
=
4.02
)
71
Page 95
4.1
3
(n
= 3
85)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
50
12
.99
238
61.8
2 97
25
.19
- -
- -
3.88
.6
07
2.
44
11.4
3 23
1 60
.00
100
25.9
7 7
1.82
3
0.78
3.
79
.690
3.
43
11
.17
232
60.2
6 10
4 27
.01
3 0.
78
3 0.
78
3.80
.6
67
4.
67
17.4
0 23
5 61
.04
80
20.7
8 3
0.78
-
- 3.
95
.642
5.
11
4 29
.61
211
54.8
1 60
15
.58
- -
- -
4.14
.6
58
6.
11
0 28
.57
205
53.2
5 67
17
.40
3 0.
78
- -
4.10
.6
95
3.
94
.517
4.1
3
( =
3.9
4)
(
=4.1
4)
(
= 4
.10)
, (
= 3
.95)
,
(
= 3
.88)
,
(
= 3
.80)
(
= 3
.79)
72
Page 96
4.1
4
(n
= 3
85)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
68
17
.66
181
47.0
1 13
1 34
.03
5 1.
30
- -
3.81
.7
31
2.
63
16
.36
189
49.0
9 13
1 34
.03
2 0.
52
- -
3.81
.7
01
3.
73
18.9
6 22
6 58
.70
82
21.3
0 4
1.04
-
- 3.
96
.666
4.
83
21
.56
224
58.1
8 74
19
.22
4 1.
04
- -
4.00
.6
71
5.
90
23.3
8 21
7 56
.36
77
20.0
0 1
0.26
-
- 4.
03
.667
6.
93
24
.16
217
56.3
6 75
19
.48
- -
- -
4.05
.6
60
7.
61
15.8
4 19
9 51
.69
121
31.4
3 4
1.04
-
- 3.
82
.696
8.
66
17
.14
225
58.4
4 90
23
.38
4 1.
04
- -
3.92
.6
64
3.
92
.574
4.1
4
( =
3.9
2)
(
=4.0
5)
( =
4.0
3),
( =
4.0
0),
(
= 3
.96)
, (
= 3
.92)
, (
= 3
.82)
,
(
= 3
.81)
73
Page 97
4
.15
(n =
385
)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
114
29.6
1 22
9 59
.48
42
10.9
1 -
- -
- 4.
19
.609
2.
16
6 43
.12
169
43.9
0 46
11
.95
2 0.
52
2 0.
52
4.29
.7
33
3.
67
17
.40
237
61.5
6 81
21
.04
- -
- -
3.96
.6
20
4.
51
13
.25
247
64.1
6 84
21
.82
3 0.
78
- -
3.90
.6
10
5.
64
16
.62
246
63.9
0 72
18
.70
3 0.
78
- -
3.96
.6
20
4.
06
.533
4.1
5
(
=4.0
6)
( =
4.2
9)
( =
4.1
9),
(
= 3
.96)
( =
3.9
0)
74
Page 98
4.1
6
(n
= 3
85)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
80
20
.78
246
63.9
0 59
15
.32
- -
- -
4.05
.5
99
2.
98
25.4
5 25
1 65
.19
34
8.83
2
0.52
-
- 4.
16
.583
3.
10
2 26
.49
245
63.6
4 35
9.
09
3 0.
78
- -
4.16
.6
02
4.
139
36.1
0 20
5 53
.25
38
9.87
2
0.52
1
0.26
4.
24
.667
5.
15
9 41
.30
194
50.3
9 30
7.
79
1 0.
26
1 0.
26
4.32
.6
50
4.
19
.501
4.1
6
(
= 4
.19)
(
= 4
.32)
( =
4.2
4)
( =
4.1
6)
( =
4.0
5)
75
Page 99
4.1
7
(n
= 3
85)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
10
2 26
.49
217
56.3
6 65
16
.88
1 0.
26
- -
4.09
.6
61
2.
76
19.7
4 24
3 63
.12
66
17.1
4 -
- -
- 4.
03
.608
3.
71
18
.44
243
63.1
2 69
17
.92
2 0.
52
- -
3.99
.6
21
4.
76
19
.74
246
63.9
0 61
15
.84
2 0.
52
- -
4.03
.6
14
5.
82
21.3
0 22
1 57
.40
80
20.7
8 2
0.52
-
- 3.
99
.665
4.
03
.545
4.1
7
(=4
.03)
(=4
.09)
(
=
4.03
),
(
= 3
.99)
76
Page 100
4.3.3 10
4.18
4.18
(n = 385)
S.D.
1. 4.45 .554 2. 4.22 .617 3. 4.32 .578 4. 4.47 .552 5. 4.30 .566 6. 4.32 .628 7. 4.50 .589 8. 4.35 .574 9.
4.30 .568
10. 4.29 .565
4.35 .481
4.18 385
( =4.35)
( =4.50) ( =4.47), ( = 4.45), ( =4.35),
( =4.32), ( =4.30),
( =4.29) ( =4.22) 4.19 – 4.28
77
Page 101
4
.19
(n =
385
)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
215
55.8
4 14
7 38
.18
23
5.97
-
- -
- 4.
50
.609
2.
17
1 44
.42
194
50.3
9 20
5.
19
- -
- -
4.39
.5
86
3.
192
49.8
7 17
3 44
.94
20
5.19
-
- -
- 4.
45
.593
4.
45
.554
4.1
9
(
=4.4
5)
(=4
.50)
(
= 4
.45)
(
= 4
.39)
78
Page 102
4
.20
(n =
385
)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
137
35.5
8 20
8 54
.03
37
9.61
3
0.78
-
- 4.
24
.652
2.
11
7 30
.39
198
51.4
3 67
17
.40
3 0.
78
- -
4.11
.7
05
3.
160
41.5
6 18
8 48
.83
34
8.83
3
0.78
-
- 4.
31
.663
4.
22
.617
4.2
0
(
=4.2
2)
(
=4.3
1)
(=4
.24)
(=4
.11)
79
Page 103
4
.21
(n =
385
)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
14
4 37
.40
198
51.4
3 40
10
.39
3 0.
78
- -
4.25
.6
67
2.
22
1 57
.40
148
38.4
4 13
3.
38
3 0.
78
- -
4.52
.6
04
3.
148
38.4
4 18
2 47
.27
52
13.5
1 3
0.78
-
- 4.
23
.705
4.
16
4 42
.60
181
47.0
1 37
9.
61
3 0.
78
- -
4.31
.6
75
5.
170
44.1
6 18
1 47
.01
30
7.79
4
1.04
-
- 4.
34
.667
6.
15
6 40
.52
182
47.2
7 44
11
.43
3 0.
78
- -
4.28
.6
90
4.
32
.578
4.2
1
(
= 4
.32)
(
= 4
.52)
(
=4.3
4),
( =
4.3
1),
( =
4.2
8),
( =
4.2
5),
( =
4.2
3)
80
Page 104
4
.22
(n
= 3
85)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
19
9 51
.69
163
42.3
4 23
5.
97
- -
- -
4.46
.6
07
2.
203
52.7
3 15
9 41
.30
23
5.97
-
- -
- 4.
47
.608
3.
202
52.4
7 16
8 43
.64
15
3.90
-
- -
- 4.
49
.573
4.
47
.552
4.2
2
(
= 4
.47)
(
=4.4
9)
(
= 4
.47)
(
= 4
.46)
81
Page 105
4
.23
(n =
385
)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
15
9 41
.30
188
48.8
3 38
9.
87
- -
- -
4.31
.6
43
2.
157
40.7
8 19
1 49
.61
34
8.83
3
0.78
-
- 4.
30
.660
3.
20
8 54
.03
142
36.8
8 35
9.
09
- -
- -
4.45
.6
56
4.
177
45.9
7 18
0 46
.75
28
7.27
-
- -
- 4.
39
.619
5.
12
6 32
.73
200
51.9
5 59
15
.32
- -
- -
4.17
.6
72
6.
145
37.6
6 17
1 44
.42
69
17.9
2 -
- -
- 4.
20
.720
7.
14
3 37
.14
195
50.6
5 44
11
.43
3 0.
78
- -
4.24
.6
78
4.
30
.566
4.2
3
(
= 4.
30)
( =
4.4
5)
( =
4.3
9)
( =
4.3
1)
( =
4.3
0)
(
= 4
.24)
,
( =
4.2
0)
( =
4.1
7)
82
Page 106
4
.24
(n =
385
)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
180
46.7
5 16
5 42
.86
37
9.61
3
0.78
-
- 4.
36
.685
2.
167
43.3
8 17
4 45
.19
41
10.6
5 3
0.78
-
- 4.
31
.690
3.
18
3 47
.53
163
42.3
4 39
10
.13
- -
- -
4.37
.6
62
4.
150
38.9
6 18
1 47
.01
51
13.2
5 3
0.78
-
- 4.
24
.704
4.
32
.628
4.2
4
(
= 4
.32)
(=4
.37)
(
=
4.36
),
( =
4.3
1)
( =
4.2
4)
83
Page 107
4
.25
(n
= 3
85)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
22
0 57
.14
136
35.3
2 29
7.
53
- -
- -
4.50
.6
34
2.
237
61.5
6 12
2 31
.69
26
6.75
-
- -
- 4.
55
.619
3.
20
8 54
.03
142
36.8
8 35
9.
09
- -
- -
4.45
.6
56
4.
50
.589
4.2
5
(
= 4
.50)
(
= 4
.55)
( =
4.5
0)
( =
4.4
5)
84
Page 108
4
.26
(n =
385
)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
157
40.7
8 18
6 48
.31
42
10.9
1 -
- -
- 4.
30
.655
2.
148
38.4
4 19
8 51
.43
39
10.1
3 -
- -
- 4.
28
.638
3.
20
5 53
.25
155
40.2
6 22
5.
71
2 0.
52
1 0.
26
4.46
.6
53
4.
35
.574
4.2
6
(
= 4
.35)
(
= 4
.46)
(
= 4
.30)
(
= 4
.28)
85
Page 109
4
.27
(n
= 3
85)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
16
8 43
.64
187
48.5
7 30
7.
79
- -
- -
4.36
.6
22
2.
167
43.3
8 18
8 48
.83
30
7.79
-
- -
- 4.
36
.621
3.
13
4 34
.81
201
52.2
1 50
12
.99
- -
- -
4.22
.6
57
4.
155
40.2
6 18
4 47
.79
43
11.1
7 2
0.52
1
0.26
4.
27
.697
5.
151
39.2
2 19
7 51
.17
37
9.61
-
- -
- 4.
30
.634
4.
30
.568
4.2
7
( =
4.3
0)
( =
4.3
6)
(
= 4
.30)
, (
= 4
.27)
(
= 4
.22)
86
Page 110
4.2
8
(n
= 3
85)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
152
39.4
8 19
1 49
.61
39
10.1
3 3
0.78
-
- 4.
28
.672
2.
12
4 32
.21
216
56.1
0 42
10
.91
3 0.
78
- -
4.20
.6
52
3.
149
38.7
0 19
9 51
.69
35
9.09
1
0.26
1
0.26
4.
28
.658
4.
14
1 36
.62
196
50.9
1 46
11
.95
1 0.
26
1 0.
26
4.23
.6
83
5.
163
42.3
4 18
8 48
.83
31
8.05
3
0.78
-
- 4.
33
.655
6.
16
8 43
.64
187
48.5
7 29
7.
53
1 0.
26
- -
4.36
.6
30
7.
17
4 45
.19
182
47.2
7 29
7.
53
- -
- -
4.38
.6
22
4.
29
.565
4.2
8
( =
4.2
9)
(
= 4
.38)
( =
4.3
6)
( =
4.3
3)
( =
4.2
8)
( =
4.2
8)
( =
4.2
3)
(
= 4
.20)
87
Page 111
4.3.4 3
4.29
4.29
(n = 385)
S.D.
1. 4.10 .574 2. 4.23 .534 3. 4.12 .537
4.14 .496
4.29
385 ( =4.14)
( =4.23)
( =4.12) ( =4.10) 4.30 – 4.32
88
Page 112
4.3
0
(n
= 3
85)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
98
25
.45
224
58.1
8 61
15
.84
2 0.
52
- -
4.09
.6
54
2.
95
24.6
8 22
6 58
.70
62
16.1
0 2
0.52
-
- 4.
08
.651
3.
98
25
.45
234
60.7
8 52
13
.51
1 0.
26
- -
4.11
.6
23
4.
96
24
.94
238
61.8
2 50
12
.99
1 0.
26
- -
4.11
.6
14
4.
10
.574
4.3
0
(
= 4
.10)
(
=4.1
1)
(
= 4
.09)
(
= 4
.08)
89
Page 113
4.3
1
(n
= 3
85)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
12
0 31
.17
228
59.2
2 37
9.
61
- -
- -
4.22
.6
02
2.
133
34.5
5 21
3 55
.32
39
10.1
3 -
- -
- 4.
24
.623
3.
116
30.1
3 22
7 58
.96
39
10.1
3 3
0.78
-
- 4.
18
.633
4.
13
4 34
.81
218
56.6
2 33
8.
57
- -
- -
4.26
.6
05
4.
23
.534
4.3
1
(
=4.2
3)
(
=4.2
6)
(=4
.24)
,
(
=4.2
2)
(
=4.1
8)
90
Page 114
4
.32
(n =
385
)
S.
D.
n %
n
%
n %
n
%
n %
1.
105
27.2
7 21
5 55
.84
62
16.1
0 3
0.78
-
- 4.
10
.676
2.
86
22
.34
212
55.0
6 84
21
.82
3 0.
78
- -
3.99
.6
88
3.
90
23.3
8 21
5 55
.84
80
20.7
8 -
- -
- 4.
03
.665
4.
83
21
.56
215
55.8
4 84
21
.82
3 0.
78
- -
3.98
.6
83
5.
133
34.5
5 21
1 54
.81
41
10.6
5 -
- -
- 4.
24
.629
6.
11
0 28
.57
214
55.5
8 61
15
.84
- -
- -
4.13
.6
55
7.
113
29.3
5 22
5 58
.44
47
12.2
1 -
- -
- 4.
17
.622
8.
13
6 35
.32
203
52.7
3 46
11
.95
- -
- -
4.23
.6
47
9.
106
27.5
3 22
9 59
.48
50
12.9
9 -
- -
- 4.
15
.621
10.
120
31.1
7 21
5 55
.84
50
12.9
9 -
- -
- 4.
18
.640
4.
12
.537
91
Page 115
4.32
( =4.12) ( =4.24)
( =4.23) ,
( =4.18) ( =4.17) ( =4.15)
( =4.13)
( =4.10) ( =4.03) ( =3.99)
( = 3.98)
4.4
/ t – test 2 2
(One Way Analysis of Variance : ANOVA F – test)
(Least Significant Difference : LSD)
4.4.1
/ 4.33 – 4.77
92
Page 116
1 :
2 :
3 :
4 :
5 :
6 :
7 :
8 :
9 :
10 : /
93
Page 117
4.33
(n = 385)
t Sig.
( n = 125 )
( n = 260 )
S.D. S.D.
1. 4.01 .450 4.16 .505 -2.983 .003** 2. 3.97 .475 3.93 .537 .812 .417 3. 3.91 .567 3.93 .578 -.324 .746 4. 4.04 .456 4.07 .567 -.543 .587 5.
4.04 .527 4.26 .473 -3.938 .000**
6. 4.02 .490 4.03 .571 -.205 .837
4.00 .410 4.06 .435 -1.364 .173 ** 0.01
4.33
1
0.01 1 1
94
Page 118
4.3
4
(n =
385
)
F Si
g.
21 –
28
( n =
75
) 29
– 3
6
( n
= 1
22 )
37 –
44
( n =
95
) 45
– 5
2
( n
= 6
1 )
53 –
60
( n =
32
)
S.D.
S.D.
S.D.
S.D.
S.D.
1.
4.
28
.524
4.
19
.569
4.
02
.389
3.
90
.415
4.
11
.298
6.
978
.000
**
2.
3.
92
.474
3.
93
.519
3.
92
.531
3.
88
.471
4.
23
.589
2.
815
.025
* 3.
4.15
.5
21
3.88
.5
61
3.85
.5
57
3.75
.5
92
4.13
.5
77
6.20
7 .0
00**
4.
4.27
.4
89
4.03
.5
62
4.06
.4
61
3.88
.5
86
4.02
.4
69
5.25
8 .0
00**
5.
4.38
.4
89
4.20
.4
37
4.01
.5
36
4.22
.5
35
4.18
.4
20
6.15
0 .0
00**
6.
4.
34
.438
4.
02
.561
3.
94
.548
3.
83
.529
3.
95
.443
9.
910
.000
**
4.
22
.339
4.
04
.444
3.
97
.430
3.
91
.435
4.
10
.390
6.
091
.000
**
* 0
.05
**
0.0
1
4.3
4
0.0
1
2
0
.05
0.
01
2
(Lea
st S
ignifi
cant
Diff
eren
ce :
LSD)
4.3
5 – 4
.41
95
Page 119
4.35
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.22 4.04 3.97 3.91 4.10
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.22 4.04 3.97 3.91 4.10
0.18**
0.26** 0.07
0.32** 0.13* 0.06
0.12 -0.06 -0.14 -0.19*
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.35 21 – 28
29 – 36 , 37 – 44 45 – 52 0.01 29 – 36 45 – 52 53 – 60
45 – 52 0.05
4.36
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.28 4.19 4.02 3.90 4.11
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.28 4.19 4.02 3.90 4.11
0.09
0.26** 0.17**
0.38** 0.29** 0.12
0.17 0.08 -0.09 -0.21*
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.36 21–28
37–44 45–52 0.01 29–36 37–44 45–52
0.01 53–60 45–52 0.05
96
Page 120
4.37
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 3.92 3.93 3.92 3.88 4.23
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
3.92 3.93 3.92 3.88 4.23
-0.01
0.00 0.01
0.04 0.05 0.04
-0.31** -0.30** -0.31** -0.35**
** 0.01
4.37 53 – 60
21 – 28 , 29 – 36 , 37 – 44 45 – 52 0.01
4.38
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.15 3.88 3.85 3.75 4.13
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.15 3.88 3.85 3.75 4.13
0.27**
0.30** 0.03
0.40** 0.12 0.09
0.02 -0.25* -0.28* -0.37**
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.38 21 – 28
29 – 36 , 37 – 44 45 – 52 0.01 53 – 60 29 – 36 37 – 44
0.05 45 – 52 0.01
97
Page 121
4.39
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.27 4.03 4.06 3.88 4.02
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.27 4.03 4.06 3.88 4.02
0.25**
0.21** -0.04
0.40** 0.15 0.19*
0.26* 0.01 0.04 -0.14
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.39 21 – 28
29 – 36 , 37 – 44 45 – 52 0.01 53 – 60 0.05
37 – 44 45 – 52 0.05
4.40
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.38 4.20 4.01 4.22 4.18
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.38 4.20 4.01 4.22 4.18
0.18*
0.37** 0.19**
0.16 -0.02
-0.21**
0.19 0.02 -0.17 0.04
* 0.05 ** 0.01
98
Page 122
4.40 21 – 28
29 – 36 0.05 37 – 44 0.01
29 – 36 37 – 44 0.01 45 – 52 37 – 44
0.01
4.41
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.34 4.02 3.94 3.83 3.95
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.34 4.02 3.94 3.83 3.95
0.33**
0.40** 0.07
0.51** 0.19* 0.11
0.39** 0.07 -0.01 -0.12
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.41 21 – 28
29 – 36 , 37 – 44 , 45 – 52 53 – 60
0.01 29 – 36 45 – 52 0.05
99
Page 123
4.4
2
(n
= 3
85)
F Si
g.
( n
= 6
)
( n =
257
)
( n =
122
)
S.D.
S.D.
S.D.
1.
4.
00
.760
4.
15
.492
4.
03
.472
2.
875
.058
2.
3.92
.7
43
3.99
.5
39
3.84
.4
41
3.89
4 .0
21*
3.
3.
73
.496
3.
99
.599
3.
79
.497
5.
439
.005
**
4.
3.
53
.723
4.
10
.534
3.
99
.502
4.
918
.008
**
5.
3.
60
.829
4.
21
.501
4.
16
.466
4.
654
.010
**
6.
3.
67
.755
4.
08
.577
3.
94
.442
4.
127
.017
*
3.74
.6
57
4.09
.4
37
3.96
.3
75
5.49
4 .0
04**
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.4
2
0
.01
3
0.0
5
0.0
1
3
3
(L
east
Si
gnifi
cant
Di
ffere
nce
: LS
D)
4
.43
– 4.
48
100
Page 124
4.43
3.74 4.09 3.96
3.74 4.09 3.96
-0.35* -0.22 0.13**
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.43
0.05
0.01
4.44
3.92 3.99 3.84
3.92 3.99 3.84
-0.08 0.08 0.16**
** 0.01
4.44
0.05
101
Page 125
4.45
3.73 3.99 3.79
3.73 3.99 3.79
-0.26 -0.06 0.20**
** 0.01
4.45
0.05
4.46
3.53 4.10 3.99
3.53 4.10 3.99
-0.57** -0.46* 0.11
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.46
0.01
0.05
102
Page 126
4.47
3.60 4.21 4.16
3.60 4.21 4.16
-0.61** -0.56** 0.05
** 0.01
4.47
0.01
4.48
3.67 4.08 3.94
3.67 4.08 3.94
-0.41 -0.27 0.14*
* 0.05
4.48
0.05
103
Page 127
4
.49
(n
= 3
85)
F Si
g.
( n
= 3
81 )
( n
= 2
)
( n =
2 )
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
11
.492
4.
42
.825
4.
42
.589
.7
78
.460
2.
3.94
.5
16
4.17
1.
179
4.17
.2
36
.374
.6
88
3.
3.
92
.574
4.
00
1.06
1 4.
19
.265
.2
28
.796
4.
4.06
.5
33
4.30
.9
90
4.00
.0
00
.216
.8
06
5.
4.
18
.501
4.
50
.707
4.
30
.424
.4
44
.642
6.
4.02
.5
43
4.20
1.
131
4.50
.7
07
.860
.4
24
4.
04
.425
4.
26
.982
4.
26
.370
.5
38
.584
4.4
9
4
4
104
Page 128
4.5
0
(n
= 3
85)
F Si
g.
( n
= 2
18 )
( n
= 1
62 )
( n
= 3
)
( n =
2 )
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
08
.507
4.
15
.469
4.
61
.536
3.
83
.236
1.
906
.128
2.
3.85
.4
92
4.07
.5
20
4.00
.8
82
3.58
.8
25
5.84
6 .0
01**
3.
3.87
.5
79
4.00
.5
59
3.96
.8
32
3.50
.5
30
1.79
4 .1
48
4.
4.
04
.530
4.
09
.535
4.
33
.577
3.
50
.424
1.
269
.285
5.
4.10
.4
93
4.30
.4
93
4.47
.4
16
4.00
.2
83
5.37
9 .0
01**
6.
4.
03
.541
4.
03
.546
4.
13
1.02
6 3.
50
.141
.6
61
.577
4.
00
.421
4.
11
.425
4.
25
.658
3.
65
.407
2.
844
.038
* *
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.5
0
0.0
5
5
0.0
1
5
5
(Lea
st
Sign
ifica
nt
Diffe
renc
e :
LSD)
4
.51
– 4.
53
105
Page 129
4.51
4.00 4.11 4.25 3.65
4.00 4.11 4.25 3.65
-0.11* -0.25 -0.15
0.34 0.45 0.60
* 0.05
4.51
0.05
4.52
3.85 4.07 4.00 3.58
3.85 4.07 4.00 3.58
-0.21** -0.15 0.07
0.27 0.48 0.42
** 0.01
4.52
0.01
106
Page 130
4.53
4.10 4.30 4.47 4.00
4.10 4.30 4.47 4.00
-0.20** -0.36 -0.17
0.10 0.30 0.47
** 0.01
4.53
0.01
107
Page 131
4
.54
(n
= 3
85)
F Si
g.
/
( n =
6 )
( n
= 4
7 )
/
( n
= 8
6 )
( n
= 3
4 )
( n =
48
)
( n
= 2
1 )
( n =
108
)
( n =
32
)
Hold
ing
Com
pany
( n
= 3
)
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
14
.267
4.
16
.618
4.
16
.515
4.
15
.295
3.
94
.319
4.
37
.417
4.
10
.541
4.
03
.441
3.
56
.192
2.
188
.028
* 2.
4.31
.4
00
3.80
.6
03
4.02
.4
67
4.01
.4
53
3.92
.5
67
4.07
.3
27
3.93
.5
04
3.86
.6
03
3.33
.0
00
1.99
5 .0
46*
3.
4.
00
.000
4.
04
.588
3.
91
.485
4.
08
.510
3.
79
.705
4.
22
.399
3.
87
.600
3.
88
.587
3.
21
.072
2.
375
.017
* 4.
3.93
.2
73
4.03
.6
11
4.01
.5
11
4.18
.3
37
4.03
.4
30
4.49
.3
98
4.01
.6
24
4.14
.3
84
3.20
.0
00
3.40
2 .0
01**
5.
4.00
.3
35
4.35
.5
20
4.11
.4
98
4.37
.4
35
3.90
.5
12
4.39
.4
54
4.21
.4
93
4.20
.4
22
4.20
.0
00
4.21
1 .0
00**
6.
3.
83
.320
4.
14
.630
3.
94
.473
3.
92
.542
4.
05
.482
4.
37
.466
4.
00
.599
4.
10
.521
4.
00
.000
2.
018
.043
*
4.04
.1
51
4.09
.4
76
4.02
.3
86
4.12
.3
50
3.94
.4
25
4.32
.2
43
4.02
.4
72
4.04
.4
47
3.58
.0
28
2.18
1 .0
28*
* 0
.05
**
0.0
1
4.5
4
0.0
5
6
0.0
5
0.0
1
6
(Lea
st S
ignifi
cant
Diff
eren
ce :
LSD)
4.5
5 – 4
.61
108
Page 132
4.5
5
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.04
4.
09
4.02
4.
12
3.94
4.
32
4.02
4.
04
3.58
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.04
4.
09
4.02
4.
12
3.94
4.
32
4.02
4.
04
3.58
-0
.05
0.01
0.
06
-0.0
8 -0
.03
-0.0
9
0.10
0.
15
0.09
0.
18
-0.2
8 -0
.23*
-0
.29*
* -0
.20
-0.3
8**
0.01
0.
07
0.00
0.
09
-0.0
8 0.
30**
0.00
0.
05
-0.0
1 0.
08
-0.1
0 0.
28*
-0.0
1
0.45
0.
50*
0.44
0.
53*
0.35
0.
73**
0.
44
0.45
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.5
5
(H
oldi
ng C
ompa
ny)
0.0
5,
(H
oldi
ng C
ompa
ny)
0.0
5,
0
.05
(H
oldi
ng C
ompa
ny)
0.0
1
109
Page 133
4.5
6
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.14
4.
16
4.16
4.
15
3.94
4.
37
4.10
4.
03
3.56
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.14
4.
16
4.16
4.
15
3.94
4.
37
4.10
4.
03
3.56
-0
.02
-0.0
2 0.
00
-0.0
1 0.
01
0.01
0.19
0.
22*
0.21
* 0.
20
-0.2
3 -0
.21
-0.2
1 -0
.22
-0.4
2**
0.03
0.
05
0.05
0.
04
-0.1
6 0.
26*
0.11
0.
13
0.12
0.
12
-0.0
9 0.
33*
0.07
0.58
0.
60*
0.60
* 0.
59*
0.39
0.
81**
0.
55
0.48
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.5
6
(H
oldi
ng
Com
pany
) 0
.05,
(Hol
ding
Com
pany
) 0
.05,
(Hol
ding
Co
mpa
ny)
0.0
5,
0
.05
(Hol
ding
Com
pany
) 0
.01
110
Page 134
4.5
7
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.31
3.
80
4.02
4.
01
3.92
4.
07
3.93
3.
86
3.33
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.31
3.
80
4.02
4.
01
3.92
4.
07
3.93
3.
86
3.33
0.
51*
0.28
-0
.22*
0.
30
-0.2
1 0.
01
0.39
-0
.12
0.10
0.
09
0.23
-0
.27*
-0
.05
-0.0
6 -0
.15
0.37
-0
.14
0.09
0.
08
-0.0
2 0.
14
0.45
-0
.06
0.16
0.
15
0.06
0.
21
0.07
0.97
**
0.46
0.
69*
0.68
* 0.
58
0.74
* 0.
60*
0.53
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.5
7
0
.05
(H
oldi
ng C
ompa
ny)
0.
01,
(Hol
ding
Co
mpa
ny)
0.0
5,
(H
oldi
ng
Com
pany
) 0
.05,
(H
oldi
ng
Com
pany
)
0.0
5
(H
oldi
ng
Com
pany
)
0.0
5
111
Page 135
4.5
8
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.00
4.
04
3.91
4.
08
3.79
4.
22
3.87
3.
88
3.21
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.00
4.
04
3.91
4.
08
3.79
4.
22
3.87
3.
88
3.21
-0
.04
0.09
0.
13
-0.0
8 -0
.04
-0.1
7
0.21
0.
25*
0.12
0.
29*
-0.2
2 -0
.18
-0.3
1*
-0.1
4 -0
.43*
*
0.13
0.
17
0.04
0.
21
-0.0
8 0.
35**
0.12
0.
16
0.03
0.
20
0.09
0.
34*
-0.0
1
0.79
* 0.
83*
0.70
* 0.
87*
0.58
1.
01**
0.
66*
0.67
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.5
8
(Hol
ding
Co
mpa
ny)
0
.05,
(H
oldi
ng C
ompa
ny)
0.0
5,
(H
oldi
ng
Com
pany
) 0
.05,
(Hol
ding
Com
pany
) 0
.05,
0.0
5
(Hol
ding
Co
mpa
ny)
0.0
1 (H
oldi
ng C
ompa
ny)
0.0
5
112
Page 136
4.5
9
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
3.93
4.
03
4.01
4.
18
4.03
4.
49
4.01
4.
14
3.20
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
3.93
4.
03
4.01
4.
18
4.03
4.
49
4.01
4.
14
3.20
-0
.10
-0.0
8 0.
02
-0.2
4 -0
.14
-0.1
7
-0.0
9 0.
01
0.02
0.
15
-0.5
5*
-0.4
5**
-0.4
8**
-0.3
1*
-0.4
6**
-0.0
8 0.
02
-0.0
0 0.
16
0.01
0.
47**
-0.2
1 -0
.11
-0.1
3 0.
03
-0.1
2 0.
34*
-0.1
3
0.73
* 0.
83**
0.
81**
0.
98**
0.
83**
1.
29**
0.
81**
0.
94**
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.5
9
(Hol
ding
Com
pany
) 0
.05,
(Hol
ding
Com
pany
) 0
.01,
(Hol
ding
Co
mpa
ny)
0.0
1,
(H
oldi
ng
Com
pany
) 0
.01,
(Hol
ding
Co
mpa
ny)
0.0
1,
0.0
5
(Hol
ding
Co
mpa
ny)
0.0
1,
(H
oldi
ng
Com
pany
) 0
.01
(Hol
ding
Com
pany
) 0
.01
113
Page 137
4.6
0
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.00
4.
35
4.11
4.
37
3.90
4.
39
4.21
4.
20
4.20
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.00
4.
35
4.11
4.
37
3.90
4.
39
4.21
4.
20
4.20
-0
.35
-0.1
1 0.
24**
-0
.37
-0.0
2 -0
.26*
*
0.10
0.
45**
0.
21*
0.47
**
-0.3
9 -0
.04
-0.2
8*
-0.0
2 -0
.49*
*
-0.2
1 0.
14
-0.1
0 0.
16
-0.3
1**
0.18
-0.2
0 0.
15
-0.0
9 0.
17
-0.3
0**
0.19
0.
01
-0.2
0 0.
15
-0.0
9 0.
17
0.30
0.
19
0.01
0.
00
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.6
0
0.0
1,
0.0
5,
0
.01,
0
.05
0
.01,
0
.01
0
.01
114
Page 138
4.6
1
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
3.83
4.
14
3.94
3.
92
4.05
4.
37
4.00
4.
10
4.00
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
3.83
4.
14
3.94
3.
92
4.05
4.
37
4.00
4.
10
4.00
-0
.31
-0.1
0 0.
20*
-0.0
8 0.
22
0.02
-0.2
1 0.
09
-0.1
1 -0
.13
-0.5
4*
-0.2
3 -0
.43*
* -0
.45*
* -0
.33*
-0.1
6 0.
14
-0.0
6 -0
.08
0.05
0.
37**
-0.2
7 0.
04
-0.1
6 -0
.18
-0.0
5 0.
27
-0.1
0
-0.1
7 0.
14
-0.0
6 -0
.08
0.05
0.
37
-0.0
0 0.
10
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.6
1
0
.05,
0.0
5
0
.01
115
Page 139
4.6
2
(n =
385
)
F
Sig.
6
( n =
204
) 7
– 12
( n =
84
) 13
– 1
8
( n
= 2
7 )
19 –
24
( n =
48
) 25
– 3
0
( n
= 9
) 31
– 3
6
( n
= 1
3 )
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
19
.472
4.
02
.600
4.
13
.520
3.
97
.396
4.
00
.000
4.
01
.220
2.
680
.021
* 2.
3.93
.4
64
3.86
.6
01
4.09
.4
54
3.97
.5
25
4.17
.6
61
4.13
.6
50
1.58
9 .1
62
3.
3.
97
.540
3.
84
.594
3.
91
.643
3.
88
.603
3.
67
.500
4.
22
.658
1.
756
.121
4.
4.13
.4
61
3.96
.6
02
3.98
.7
32
4.05
.5
83
3.80
.3
00
3.91
.4
13
2.19
6 .0
54
5.
4.
18
.445
4.
08
.500
4.
18
.793
4.
43
.499
3.
80
.300
4.
29
.312
4.
430
.001
**
6.
4.
11
.491
3.
97
.610
3.
77
.744
3.
99
.552
3.
82
.291
3.
91
.301
2.
731
.019
*
4.
09
.366
3.
96
.515
4.
01
.575
4.
05
.439
3.
88
.110
4.
08
.396
1.
457
.203
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.6
2
7
0
.05
0.0
1 7
7
116
Page 140
(Least Significant Difference : LSD)
4.63 – 4.65
4.63
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 –24 25 –30 31 – 36 4.19 4.02 4.13 3.97 4.00 4.01
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 – 24 25 – 30 31 – 36
4.19 4.02 4.13 3.97 4.00 4.01
0.17** 0.06 -0.11
0.22** 0.05 0.16
0.19 0.02 0.13 -0.03
0.18 0.01 0.12 -0.04 -0.01
** 0.01
4.63 6
7 – 12 19 – 24 0.01
4.64
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 –24 25 –30 31 – 36 4.18 4.08 4.18 4.43 3.80 4.29 6
7 – 12 13 – 18 19 – 24 25 – 30 31 – 36
4.18 4.08 4.18 4.43 3.80 4.29
0.10 0.01 -0.09
-0.25** -0.35** -0.26*
0.38* 0.28 0.38* 0.63**
-0.11 -0.21 -0.11 0.14
-0.49*
* 0.05 ** 0.01
117
Page 141
4.64 6
25 – 30 0.05, 13 – 18 25 – 30
0.05, 19 – 24 13 – 18
0.05 6 , 7 – 12 25 – 30 0.01
31 – 36 25 – 30 0.05
4.65
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 –24 25 –30 31 – 36 4.11 3.97 3.77 3.99 3.82 3.91 6
7 – 12 13 – 18 19 – 24 25 – 30 31 – 36
4.11 3.97 3.77 3.99 3.82 3.91
0.13 0.34** 0.20
0.12 -0.02 -0.22
0.29 0.15 -0.05 0.17
0.20 0.07 -0.14 0.08 -0.09
** 0.01
4.65 6
13 – 18 0.01
118
Page 142
4.66
(n = 385)
t Sig.
( n = 89 )
( n = 296 )
S.D. S.D. 1. 4.05 .459 4.13 .501 -1.399 .162 2. 3.96 .504 3.94 .522 .352 .725 3. 3.93 .609 3.92 .564 .174 .862 4. 4.05 .511 4.06 .540 -.208 .835 5.
4.24 .480 4.17 .506 1.052 .293
6. 4.02 .551 4.03 .545 -.134 .894
4.04 .430 4.04 .427 -.025 .980
4.66
8 8
119
Page 143
4
.67
(n
= 3
85)
F
Sig.
10
,000
( n =
6 )
10,0
01-15
,000
( n =
33
) 15
,001
-20,0
00
( n
= 4
7 )
20,0
01-25
,000
( n =
71
) 25
,001
-30,0
00
( n
= 9
6 )
30,0
00
( n
= 1
32 )
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
28
.743
4.
32
.513
4.
31
.565
4.
09
.480
4.
07
.477
4.
02
.436
4.
001
.002
**
2.
3.
58
.456
4.
27
.473
3.
76
.469
3.
89
.447
3.
92
.506
3.
99
.551
5.
090
.000
**
3.
3.
71
.323
4.
33
.508
4.
16
.495
3.
82
.519
3.
77
.558
3.
92
.596
7.
545
.000
**
4.
3.
50
.548
4.
42
.493
4.
10
.534
4.
05
.523
4.
02
.537
4.
02
.506
4.
896
.000
**
5.
4.
17
.916
4.
41
.387
4.
19
.507
4.
30
.421
4.
01
.532
4.
20
.482
4.
799
.000
**
6.
3.
57
.480
4.
31
.400
4.
30
.531
4.
01
.479
3.
91
.591
3.
98
.528
6.
624
.000
**
3.
80
.575
4.
34
.357
4.
14
.370
4.
03
.404
3.
95
.441
4.
02
.423
5.
383
.000
**
**
0.0
1
4
.67
0
.01
9
0
.01
9
(L
east
Sign
ifica
nt D
iffer
ence
: LS
D)
4
.68
– 4.7
4
120
Page 144
4
.68
10
,000
10,0
01 -
15,0
00
15
,001
- 20
,000
20,0
01 -
25,0
00
25
,001
- 30
,000
30,0
00
3.80
4.
34
4.14
4.
03
3.95
4.
02
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.80
4.
34
4.14
4.
03
3.95
4.
02
-0
.54*
* -0
.34
0.20
* -0
.23
0.31
**
0.11
-0.1
5 0.
39**
0.
19*
0.08
-0.2
2 0.
32**
0.
12
0.01
-0
.07
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.6
8
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
15,
001
– 20
,000
0.0
5
10,
000
, 20
,001
– 2
5,00
0 ,
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
0.0
1
15,
001
– 20
,000
25,
001
– 30
,000
0.0
5
121
Page 145
4
.69
10
,000
10,0
01 -
15,0
00
15
,001
- 20
,000
20,0
01 -
25,0
00
25
,001
- 30
,000
30,0
00
4.28
4.
32
4.31
4.
09
4.07
4.
02
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
4.28
4.
32
4.31
4.
09
4.07
4.
02
-0
.04
-0.0
3 0.
01
0.19
0.
23*
0.22
*
0.20
0.
24*
0.23
**
0.01
0.26
0.
30**
0.
29**
0.
07
0.05
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.6
9
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
2
0,00
1 –
25,0
00
2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
0
.05
3
0,00
0
0.0
1
15,
001
– 20
,000
20,
001
– 25
,000
0.0
5
2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
3
0,00
0
0.0
1
122
Page 146
4
.70
10
,000
10,0
01 -
15,0
00
15
,001
- 20
,000
20,0
01 -
25,0
00
25
,001
- 30
,000
30,0
00
3.58
4.
27
3.76
3.
89
3.92
3.
99
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.58
4.
27
3.76
3.
89
3.92
3.
99
-0
.68*
* -0
.17
0.51
**
-0.3
1 0.
37**
-0
.14
-0.3
3 0.
35**
-0
.16
-0.0
2
-0.4
1 0.
28**
-0
.24*
* -0
.10
-0.0
8
**
0.0
1
4
.70
10,
001
– 15
,000
10,
000
, 15
,001
– 2
0,00
0 ,
20,0
01 –
25,
000
, 25
,001
– 3
0,00
0
30,
000
0
.01
3
0,00
0
15,
001
– 20
,000
0.0
1
123
Page 147
4
.71
10
,000
10,0
01 -
15,0
00
15
,001
- 20
,000
20,0
01 -
25,0
00
25
,001
- 30
,000
30,0
00
3.71
4.
33
4.16
3.
82
3.77
3.
92
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.71
4.
33
4.16
3.
82
3.77
3.
92
-0
.62*
-0
.46
0.16
-0
.11
0.50
**
0.34
**
-0.0
6 0.
56**
0.
40**
0.
06
-0.2
1 0.
41**
0.
25**
-0
.10
-0.1
5*
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.7
1
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
5
20,
001
– 25
,000
,
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
0.0
1,
15,
001
– 20
,000
20,
001
– 25
,000
,
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
0.0
1
30,
000
2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
0
.05
124
Page 148
4
.72
10
,000
10,0
01 -
15,0
00
15
,001
- 20
,000
20,0
01 -
25,0
00
25
,001
- 30
,000
30,0
00
3.50
4.
42
4.10
4.
05
4.02
4.
02
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.50
4.
42
4.10
4.
05
4.02
4.
02
-0
.92*
* -0
.60*
* 0.
32**
-0
.55*
0.
37**
0.
06
-0.5
2*
0.40
**
0.08
0.
02
-0.5
2*
0.40
**
0.09
0.
03
0.01
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.7
2
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
10,
000
, 15
,001
– 2
0,00
0 ,
20,0
01 –
25
,000
,
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
0.0
1,
15,
001
– 20
,000
10,
000
0
.01,
2
0,00
1 –
25,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
5,
25,
001
– 30
,000
10,
000
0
.05
3
0,00
0
10,
000
0
.05
125
Page 149
4
.73
10
,000
10,0
01 -
15,0
00
15
,001
- 20
,000
20,0
01 -
25,0
00
25
,001
- 30
,000
30,0
00
4.17
4.
41
4.19
4.
30
4.01
4.
20
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
4.17
4.
41
4.19
4.
30
4.01
4.
20
-0
.25
-0.0
2 0.
22*
-0.1
4 0.
11
-0.1
1
0.16
0.
40**
0.
18*
0.30
**
-0.0
3 0.
22*
-0.0
1 0.
11
-0.1
9**
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.7
3
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
1
5,00
1 –
20,0
00
3
0,00
0
0.0
5
25,
001
– 30
,000
0.
01,
15,
001
– 20
,000
25,
001
– 30
,000
0.0
5,
20,
001
– 25
,000
25,
001
– 30
,000
0.0
1
30,
000
2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
0
.01
126
Page 150
4
.74
10
,000
10,0
01 -
15,0
00
15
,001
- 20
,000
20,0
01 -
25,0
00
25
,001
- 30
,000
30,0
00
3.57
4.
31
4.30
4.
01
3.91
3.
98
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,0
00
3
0,00
0
3.57
4.
31
4.30
4.
01
3.91
3.
98
-0
.74*
* -0
.74*
* 0.
01
-0.4
4*
0.30
**
0.29
**
-0.3
4 0.
40**
0.
39**
0.
10
-0.4
1 0.
33**
0.
33**
0.
03
-0.0
7
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.7
4
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
1
0,00
0 , 2
0,00
1 –
25,0
00
, 25,
001
– 30
,000
30,
000
0
.01,
1
5,00
1 –
20,0
00
1
0,00
0 , 2
0,00
1 –
25,0
00
, 25,
001
– 30
,000
30,
000
0
.01
2
0,00
1 –
25,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
5
127
Page 151
4.7
5
(n =
385
)
F
Sig.
1
0
( n
= 1
82 )
11 –
40
( n =
155
) 41
– 7
0
( n
= 3
2 )
71 –
100
( n =
11
) 1
00
( n
= 5
)
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
17
.538
4.
03
.419
4.
21
.564
4.
02
.139
4.
30
.628
2.
389
.051
2.
4.02
.5
02
3.89
.5
29
3.86
.5
26
3.76
.3
36
3.83
.7
26
2.13
1 .0
76
3.
3.
99
.567
3.
84
.564
4.
00
.642
3.
70
.416
4.
23
.652
2.
284
.060
4.
4.09
.5
83
4.02
.4
51
4.12
.6
07
3.95
.2
54
3.92
.8
90
.725
.5
75
5.
4.
26
.539
4.
09
.423
4.
33
.534
4.
11
.187
3.
92
.934
3.
486
.008
**
6.
4.
04
.554
4.
01
.542
4.
16
.525
3.
75
.370
4.
00
.707
1.
238
.294
4.
09
.464
3.
98
.373
4.
11
.424
3.
88
.252
4.
03
.710
2.
151
.074
**
0
.01
4.7
5
/
1
0
0
.01
1
0
1
0
128
Page 152
(Least Significant Difference : LSD)
4.76
4.76
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100 100 4.26 4.09 4.33 4.11 3.92
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100
100
4.26 4.09 4.33 4.11 3.92
0.17**
-0.08 -0.24*
0.15 -0.02 0.22
0.34 0.17 0.41 0.19
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.76 /
10
/ 11 – 40 0.01 / 41 – 70 / 11 – 40
0.05 /
4.33 – 4.76
4.77
129
Page 153
4
.77
1.
**
**
2.
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
3.
*
**
**
**
* **
4.
5.
**
**
*
6.
* *
* **
**
*
* 7.
*
**
*
8.
9.
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
10.
/
**
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
130
Page 154
4.77
- 1
0.01
1 1
- 0.01
2
0.01
0.05 2
- 0.01
3
0.05 0.01
3 3
- 4
4
- 0.05
5
0.01 5 5
131
Page 155
-
0.05 6
0.05
0.01 6
-
7 0.05
0.01 7 7
- 8
8
- 0.01
9 0.01 9
- /
10 0.01
10 10
4.4.2
/ 4.78 – 4.124
132
Page 156
1 :
2 :
3 :
4 :
5 :
6 :
7 :
8 :
9 :
10 : /
133
Page 157
4.78
(n = 385)
t Sig.
( n = 125 )
( n = 260 )
S.D. S.D.
1. 4.43 .576 4.45 .544 -.406 .685 2. 4.26 .623 4.20 .615 .895 .371 3. 4.33 .619 4.32 .558 .120 .905 4. 4.43 .600 4.49 .528 -.940 .348 5. 4.21 .599 4.34 .546 -2.025 .044* 6. 4.24 .653 4.36 .613 -1.668 .096 7. 4.36 .665 4.56 .538 -2.933 .004** 8. 4.35 .580 4.34 .573 .197 .844 9.
4.29 .564 4.30 .570 -.217 .828
10.
4.19 .536 4.34 .573 -2.423 .016*
4.31 .503 4.37 .470 -1.147 .252 * 0.05 ** 0.01
4.78
1 0.05
0.01 1
1
134
Page 158
4.7
9
(n
= 3
85)
F
Sig.
21
– 2
8
( n
= 7
5 )
29 –
36
( n =
122
) 37
– 4
4
( n
= 9
5 )
45 –
52
( n =
61
) 53
– 6
0
( n
= 3
2 )
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
59
.490
4.
52
.516
4.
26
.660
4.
38
.438
4.
52
.548
5.
086
.001
**
2.
4.
39
.532
4.
26
.654
4.
04
.628
4.
21
.599
4.
25
.549
3.
757
.005
**
3.
4.
42
.466
4.
37
.519
4.
17
.703
4.
27
.573
4.
48
.546
3.
087
.016
* 4.
4.62
.4
56
4.51
.5
09
4.31
.5
97
4.45
.5
71
4.48
.6
39
3.87
0 .0
04**
5.
4.
40
.510
4.
41
.511
4.
15
.624
4.
17
.602
4.
27
.529
4.
279
.002
**
6.
4.
37
.661
4.
42
.573
4.
13
.713
4.
32
.552
4.
38
.512
3.
318
.011
* 7.
4.64
.4
04
4.59
.5
14
4.27
.7
62
4.45
.5
71
4.59
.4
77
6.15
4 .0
00**
8.
4.54
.5
13
4.39
.5
02
4.23
.5
90
4.16
.6
85
4.44
.5
45
5.33
1 .0
00**
9.
4.
47
.509
4.
32
.516
4.
15
.646
4.
28
.626
4.
33
.406
3.
562
.007
**
10.
4.54
.3
94
4.34
.4
83
4.13
.6
60
4.18
.6
65
4.24
.4
77
6.93
3 .0
00**
4.
50
.390
4.
41
.427
4.
18
.569
4.
29
.491
4.
40
.430
5.
777
.000
**
* 0
.05
**
0.0
1
4.7
9
0.0
1
2
0.0
5
0.0
1
2
135
Page 159
(Least Significant Difference : LSD)
4.80 – 4.90
4.80
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.50 4.41 4.18 4.29 4.40
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.50 4.41 4.18 4.29 4.40
0.08
0.32** 0.23**
0.21** 0.13 -0.10
0.10 0.02
-0.22* -0.11
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.80 21 – 28 37 – 44
45 – 52 0.01, 29 – 36 37 – 44 0.01
53 – 60 37 – 44 0.05
4.81
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.59 4.52 4.26 4.38 4.52
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.59 4.52 4.26 4.38 4.52
0.07
0.33** 0.26**
0.20* 0.14 -0.13
0.07 -0.00 -0.26* -0.14
* 0.05 ** 0.01
136
Page 160
4.81 21 – 28
37 – 44 0.01 45 – 52 0.05, 29 – 36
37 – 44 0.01 53 – 60 37 – 44 0.05
4.82
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.39 4.26 4.04 4.21 4.25
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.39 4.26 4.04 4.21 4.25
0.13
0.35** 0.22**
0.18 0.05 -0.17
0.14 0.01 -0.21 -0.04
** 0.01
4.82 21 – 28
37 – 44 0.01 29 – 36 37 – 44 0.01
137
Page 161
4.83
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.42 4.37 4.17 4.27 4.48
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.42 4.37 4.17 4.27 4.48
0.05
0.24** 0.20*
0.15 0.10 -0.10
-0.07 -0.11
-0.31** -0.21
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.83 21 – 28
37 – 44 0.01, 29 – 36 37 – 44 0.05
53 – 60 37 – 44 0.01
4.84
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.62 4.51 4.31 4.45 4.48
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.62 4.51 4.31 4.45 4.48
0.11
0.32** 0.21**
0.17 0.07 -0.14
0.14 0.03 -0.17 -0.03
** 0.01
4.84 21 – 28
37 – 44 0.01 29 – 36 37 – 44 0.01
138
Page 162
4.85
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.40 4.41 4.15 4.17 4.27
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.40 4.41 4.15 4.17 4.27
-0.01
0.25** 0.26**
0.22* 0.24** -0.02
0.13 0.14 -0.12 -0.10
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.85 21 – 28
37 – 44 0.01 45 – 52 0.05, 29 – 36
37 – 44 45 – 52 0.01
4.86
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.37 4.42 4.13 4.32 4.38
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.37 4.42 4.13 4.32 4.38
-0.05
0.24* 0.30**
0.05 0.10 -0.19
-0.01 0.04
-0.25* -0.06
* 0.05 ** 0.01
139
Page 163
4.86 21 – 28
37 – 44 0.05, 29 – 36 37 – 44 0.01
53 – 60 37 – 44 0.05
4.87
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.64 4.59 4.27 4.45 4.59
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.64 4.59 4.27 4.45 4.59
0.06
0.38** 0.32**
0.20* 0.14 -0.18
0.05 -0.01
-0.33** -0.15
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.87 21 – 28
37 – 44 0.01 45 – 52 0.05, 29 – 36
37 – 44 0.01 53 – 60 37 – 44 0.01
140
Page 164
4.88
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.54 4.39 4.23 4.16 4.44
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.54 4.39 4.23 4.16 4.44
0.16
0.31** 0.15*
0.38** 0.23** 0.07
0.10 -0.05 -0.21 -0.28*
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.88 21 – 28
37 – 44 45 – 52 0.01, 29 – 36 37 – 44
0.05 45 – 52 0.01 53 – 60 45 – 52
0.05
4.89
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.47 4.32 4.15 4.28 4.33
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.47 4.32 4.15 4.28 4.33
0.14
0.32** 0.18*
0.19 0.04 -0.13
0.14 -0.00 -0.18 -0.05
* 0.05 ** 0.01
141
Page 165
4.89 21 – 28
37 – 44 0.01 29 – 36
37 – 44 0.05
4.90
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60 4.54 4.34 4.13 4.18 4.24
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.54 4.34 4.13 4.18 4.24
0.20*
0.41** 0.21**
0.36** 0.16 -0.05
0.31** 0.10 -0.11 -0.06
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.90 21 – 28
29 – 36 0.05 37 – 44 , 45 – 52 53 – 60
0.01 29 – 36 37 – 44 0.01
142
Page 166
4
.91
(n =
385
)
F Si
g.
( n
= 6
)
( n =
257
)
( n =
122
)
S.D.
S.D.
S.D.
1.
4.
22
.502
4.
49
.542
4.
37
.575
2.
419
.090
2.
4.00
.6
67
4.25
.6
31
4.19
.5
88
.746
.4
75
3.
4.
11
.697
4.
35
.600
4.
29
.523
.8
32
.436
4.
4.00
.8
94
4.51
.5
25
4.40
.5
77
3.84
8 .0
22*
5.
3.79
.7
55
4.32
.5
69
4.28
.5
42
2.68
2 .0
70
6.
3.
88
.771
4.
31
.658
4.
37
.546
1.
971
.141
7.
4.00
.8
94
4.54
.5
55
4.43
.6
29
3.64
4 .0
27*
8.
3.
72
.712
4.
39
.579
4.
30
.541
4.
705
.010
**
9.
4.07
.6
41
4.34
.5
60
4.22
.5
72
2.60
0 .0
76
10.
3.98
.6
91
4.31
.5
70
4.28
.5
49
1.06
6 .3
46
3.
98
.696
4.
38
.482
4.
31
.462
2.
684
.070
* 0
.05
**
0
.01
4.9
1
3
0
.05
0.0
1
3
3
143
Page 167
(Least Significant Difference : LSD)
4.92 – 4.94
4.92
4.00 4.51 4.40
4.00 4.51 4.40
-0.51* -0.40 0.11
* 0.05
4.92
0.05
4.93
4.00 4.54 4.43
4.00 4.54 4.43
-0.54* -0.43 0.11
* 0.05
4.93
0.05
144
Page 168
4.94
3.72 4.39 4.30
3.72 4.39 4.30
-0.66** -0.57* 0.09
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.94
0.01
0.05
145
Page 169
4
.95
(n =
385
)
F Si
g.
( n
= 3
81 )
( n
= 2
)
( n =
2 )
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
45
.554
4.
50
.707
4.
50
.707
.0
19
.981
2.
4.22
.6
15
4.00
1.
414
4.50
.7
07
.331
.7
19
3.
4.
32
.578
4.
58
.589
4.
50
.707
.2
96
.744
4.
4.47
.5
53
4.50
.7
07
4.50
.7
07
.006
.9
94
5.
4.29
.5
67
4.57
.6
06
4.50
.7
07
.371
.6
90
6.
4.
32
.628
4.
38
.884
4.
50
.707
.0
89
.915
7.
4.50
.5
91
4.83
.2
36
4.50
.7
07
.325
.7
23
8.
4.
34
.575
4.
50
.707
4.
50
.707
.1
44
.866
9.
4.
30
.568
4.
80
.283
4.
50
.707
.9
07
.405
10
.
4.
29
.566
4.
57
.606
4.
50
.707
.3
79
.685
4.
35
.481
4.
52
.674
4.
50
.707
.2
23
.800
4
.95
4
4
146
Page 170
4
.96
(n =
385
)
F Si
g.
( n
= 2
18 )
( n
= 1
62 )
( n
= 3
)
( n =
2 )
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
40
.576
4.
51
.516
4.
56
.509
3.
67
.000
2.
541
.056
2.
4.19
.6
10
4.28
.6
19
4.11
1.
018
3.50
.2
36
1.68
0 .1
71
3.
4.
27
.569
4.
41
.570
4.
28
1.11
0 3.
67
.471
2.
882
.036
* 4.
4.46
.5
37
4.50
.5
66
4.67
.5
77
3.50
.2
36
2.39
9 .0
68
5.
4.27
.5
76
4.34
.5
43
4.29
1.
116
3.71
.2
02
1.14
0 .3
33
6.
4.
33
.652
4.
32
.590
4.
33
1.15
5 4.
00
.354
.1
79
.911
7.
4.49
.5
88
4.51
.5
85
4.33
1.
155
4.33
.4
71
.172
.9
15
8.
4.
38
.577
4.
31
.562
4.
33
1.15
5 3.
83
.236
1.
003
.392
9.
4.
28
.583
4.
33
.540
4.
33
1.15
5 4.
10
.141
.4
13
.744
10.
4.28
.5
62
4.32
.5
62
4.33
1.
155
3.79
.3
03
.674
.5
68
4.
33
.475
4.
38
.480
4.
36
1.00
4 3.
81
.001
1.
176
.319
*
0.0
5
4.9
6
5
0.
05
5
5
147
Page 171
(Least Significant Difference : LSD)
4.97
4.97
4.27 4.41 4.28 3.67
4.27 4.41 4.28 3.67
-0.15* -0.01 0.13
0.60 0.74 0.61
* 0.05
4.97
0.05
148
Page 172
4
.98
(n =
385
)
F Si
g.
( n
= 6
)
( n
= 4
7 )
( n
= 8
6 )
( n
= 3
4 )
( n =
48
)
( n
= 2
1 )
( n =
108
)
( n =
32
)
Hold
ing
Com
pany
( n
= 3
)
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
33
.516
4.
52
.490
4.
52
.538
4.
25
.479
4.
31
.724
4.
43
.692
4.
49
.518
4.
42
.471
4.
67
.000
1.
392
.198
2.
4.11
.2
72
4.13
.7
04
4.18
.6
13
4.03
.6
43
4.35
.6
32
4.52
.4
78
4.31
.5
82
4.04
.6
09
4.00
.0
00
2.19
2 .0
27*
3.
4.
11
.202
4.
34
.588
4.
23
.566
4.
20
.618
4.
33
.642
4.
48
.587
4.
35
.590
4.
51
.419
4.
33
.000
1.
207
.293
4.
4.17
.2
79
4.67
.5
82
4.40
.4
94
4.29
.5
79
4.37
.6
99
4.76
.3
96
4.47
.5
20
4.54
.4
77
5.00
.0
00
3.08
0 .0
02**
5.
4.
05
.117
4.
49
.626
4.
26
.514
4.
24
.657
4.
13
.644
4.
35
.340
4.
30
.582
4.
40
.426
4.
71
.000
1.
805
.075
6.
4.04
.1
02
4.44
.7
70
4.24
.5
88
4.30
.6
21
4.31
.5
77
4.57
.5
25
4.31
.6
81
4.32
.5
01
4.50
.0
00
1.02
5 .4
17
7.
4.
11
.272
4.
59
.599
4.
45
.603
4.
32
.622
4.
36
.768
4.
57
.507
4.
53
.522
4.
74
.386
5.
00
.000
2.
308
.020
* 8.
3.67
.4
22
4.50
.6
21
4.38
.5
23
4.00
.5
69
4.33
.6
23
4.48
.4
02
4.35
.5
94
4.44
.4
35
4.67
.0
00
3.60
3 .0
00**
9.
4.
03
.082
4.
55
.548
4.
21
.512
4.
18
.556
4.
30
.661
4.
19
.691
4.
27
.574
4.
45
.403
5.
00
.000
2.
822
.005
**
10.
4.05
.1
17
4.40
.5
76
4.24
.5
01
4.21
.5
65
4.24
.6
01
4.57
.2
21
4.26
.6
25
4.38
.5
88
5.00
.0
00
2.01
8 .0
43*
4.
07
.212
4.
46
.525
4.
31
.449
4.
20
.520
4.
30
.581
4.
49
.302
4.
36
.489
4.
42
.344
4.
69
.000
1.
652
.109
* 0
.05
**
0
.01
4.9
8
6
0
.05
0.01
6
6
149
Page 173
(L
east
Si
gnifi
cant
Di
ffere
nce
: LS
D)
4.9
9 – 4
.104
4.9
9
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.11
4.
13
4.18
4.
03
4.35
4.
52
4.31
4.
04
4.00
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.11
4.
13
4.18
4.
03
4.35
4.
52
4.31
4.
04
4.00
-0
.02
-0.0
7 -0
.05
0.08
0.
11
0.15
-0.2
4 -0
.22
-0.1
7 -0
.32*
-0.4
1 -0
.39*
-0
.34*
-0
.49*
* -0
.17
-0.1
9 -0
.17
-0.1
2 -0
.28*
0.
05
0.22
0.07
0.
09
0.14
-0
.01
0.31
* 0.
48**
0.
26*
0.11
0.
13
0.18
0.
03
0.35
0.
52
0.31
0.
04
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.9
9
0.0
5,
0
.05
0
.01
0.0
5
150
Page 174
4
.100
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.17
4.
67
4.40
4.
29
4.37
4.
76
4.47
4.
54
5.00
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.17
4.
67
4.40
4.
29
4.37
4.
76
4.47
4.
54
5.00
-0
.50*
-0
.23
0.27
**
-0.1
3 0.
37**
0.
10
-0.2
0 0.
30**
0.
03
-0.0
7
-0.6
0*
-0.1
0 -0
.37*
* -0
.47*
* -0
.39*
*
-0.3
0 0.
20*
-0.0
7 -0
.18
-0.1
0 0.
29*
-0.3
8 0.
13
-0.1
5 -0
.25
-0.1
7 0.
22
-0.0
7
-0.8
3*
-0.3
3 -0
.60
-0.7
1*
-0.6
3 -0
.24
-0.5
3 -0
.46
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.1
00
0.0
5
0
.01,
0.0
5
0
.01
(Hol
ding
Com
pany
)
0
.05
151
Page 175
4
.101
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.11
4.
59
4.45
4.
32
4.36
4.
57
4.53
4.
74
5.00
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.11
4.
59
4.45
4.
32
4.36
4.
57
4.53
4.
74
5.00
-0
.48
-0.3
4 0.
14
-0.2
1 0.
27*
0.13
-0.2
5 0.
23
0.09
-0
.04
-0.4
6 0.
02
-0.1
2 -0
.25
-0.2
1
-0.4
2 0.
06
-0.0
8 -0
.21
-0.1
7 0.
04
-0.6
3*
-0.1
5 -0
.29*
-0
.42*
* -0
.38*
* -0
.17
-0.2
1
-0.8
9*
-0.4
1 -0
.55
-0.6
8 -0
.64
-0.4
3 -0
.47
-0.2
6
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.1
01
0
.05,
0.0
5
0.0
1
(Hol
ding
Com
pany
)
0.0
5
152
Page 176
4.1
02
/
/
Ho
ldin
g Co
mpa
ny
3.67
4.
50
4.38
4.
00
4.33
4.
48
4.35
4.
44
4.67
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
3.67
4.
50
4.38
4.
00
4.33
4.
48
4.35
4.
44
4.67
-0
.84*
* -0
.71*
* 0.
13
-0.3
3 0.
50**
0.
38**
-0.6
7**
0.17
0.
04
-0.3
3**
-0.8
1**
0.03
-0
.10
-0.4
8**
-0.1
4
-0.6
8**
0.16
0.
03
-0.3
5**
-0.0
1 0.
13
-0.7
7**
0.07
-0
.06
-0.4
4**
-0.1
0 0.
04
-0.0
9
-1.0
0*
-0.1
6 -0
.29
-0.6
7*
-0.3
3 -0
.19
-0.3
2 -0
.23
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.1
02
0.0
1,
0
.01,
0.0
1,
0
.01,
0.0
1,
0
.01
(
Hold
ing
Com
pany
)
0.05
153
Page 177
4
.103
/
/
Ho
ldin
g Co
mpa
ny
4.03
4.
55
4.21
4.
18
4.30
4.
19
4.27
4.
45
5.00
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.03
4.
55
4.21
4.
18
4.30
4.
19
4.27
4.
45
5.00
-0
.52*
-0
.18
0.34
**
-0.1
5 0.
37**
0.
03
-0.2
7 0.
25*
-0.0
9 -0
.12
-0.1
6 0.
36*
0.02
-0
.01
0.11
-0.2
4 0.
28**
-0
.06
-0.0
9 0.
03
-0.0
8
-0.4
2 0.
10
-0.2
4*
-0.2
7 -0
.15
-0.2
6 -0
.18
-0.9
7*
-0.4
5 -0
.79*
-0
.82*
-0
.70*
-0
.81*
-0
.73*
-0
.55
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.1
03
0.0
5
0
.01,
0
.05
(H
oldi
ng
Com
pany
)
0.05
154
Page 178
4
.104
/
/
Ho
ldin
g Co
mpa
ny
4.05
4.
40
4.24
4.
21
4.24
4.
57
4.26
4.
38
5.00
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.05
4.
40
4.24
4.
21
4.24
4.
57
4.26
4.
38
5.00
-0
.35
-0.1
9 0.
16
-0.1
6 0.
20
0.03
-0.1
9 0.
16
0.00
-0
.03
-0.5
2*
-0.1
7 -0
.33*
-0
.37*
-0
.33*
-0.2
1 0.
14
-0.0
2 -0
.05
-0.0
2 0.
31*
-0.3
3 0.
03
-0.1
4 -0
.17
-0.1
4 0.
20
-0.1
2
-0.9
5*
-0.6
0 -0
.76*
-0
.79*
-0
.76*
-0
.43
-0.7
4*
-0.6
3
*
0.0
5
4.1
04
0
.05
(Hol
ding
Co
mpa
ny)
0
.05
155
Page 179
4.1
05
(n =
385
)
F
Sig.
6
( n =
204
) 7
– 12
( n =
84
) 13
– 1
8
( n
= 2
7 )
19 –
24
( n =
48
) 25
– 3
0
( n
= 9
) 31
– 3
6
( n
= 1
3 )
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
43
.589
4.
54
.477
4.
33
.660
4.
48
.481
4.
33
.500
4.
36
.499
.8
87
.490
2.
4.23
.5
95
4.19
.6
49
4.33
.6
60
4.23
.7
12
4.33
.5
00
4.08
.3
64
.421
.8
34
3.
4.
34
.530
4.
28
.532
4.
09
.942
4.
45
.570
4.
33
.500
4.
35
.636
1.
461
.202
4.
4.46
.5
40
4.44
.6
28
4.46
.4
99
4.65
.4
68
4.33
.5
00
4.33
.5
93
1.32
1 .2
54
5.
4.36
.5
21
4.10
.5
60
4.24
.7
61
4.43
.5
94
4.33
.5
00
4.23
.5
04
3.32
8 .0
06**
6.
4.37
.6
16
4.14
.5
82
4.20
.7
78
4.49
.6
71
4.33
.5
00
4.29
.4
19
2.58
8 .0
26*
7.
4.
52
.552
4.
41
.683
4.
31
.756
4.
65
.468
4.
33
.500
4.
69
.419
2.
053
.071
8.
4.36
.5
48
4.29
.5
98
4.17
.8
29
4.48
.4
76
4.22
.6
01
4.38
.4
48
1.31
0 .2
59
9.
4.32
.5
70
4.28
.5
09
4.02
.8
98
4.42
.4
55
4.33
.5
00
4.26
.2
22
1.82
0 .1
08
10.
4.37
.4
95
4.18
.5
35
4.01
1.
029
4.46
.5
03
4.00
.0
00
4.10
.4
68
4.63
8 .0
00**
4.
37
.455
4.
28
.480
4.
22
.698
4.
47
.465
4.
29
.459
4.
31
.353
1.
530
.179
* 0
.05
**
0
.01
4.1
05
7
0
.05
0.0
1
7
7
156
Page 180
(Least Significant Difference : LSD)
4.106 – 4.108
4.106
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 –24 25 –30 31 – 36 4.36 4.10 4.24 4.43 4.33 4.23
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 – 24 25 – 30 31 – 36
4.36 4.10 4.24 4.43 4.33 4.23
0.26** 0.12 -0.14
-0.08 -0.34** -0.20
0.02 -0.24 -0.10 0.10
0.12 -0.14 0.01 0.20 0.10
** 0.01
4.106 6
7 – 12 0.01 19 – 24
7 – 12 0.01
4.107
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 –24 25 –30 31 – 36 4.37 4.14 4.20 4.49 4.33 4.29
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 – 24 25 – 30 31 – 36
4.37 4.14 4.20 4.49 4.33 4.29
0.23** 0.17 -0.06
-0.12 -0.35** -0.29
0.04 -0.19 -0.13 0.16
0.08 -0.15 0.08 0.21 0.04
** 0.01
157
Page 181
4.107 6
7 – 12 0.01 19 – 24
7 – 12 0.01
4.108
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 –24 25 –30 31 – 36 4.37 4.18 4.01 4.46 4.00 4.10
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 – 24 25 – 30 31 – 36
4.37 4.18 4.01 4.46 4.00 4.10
0.19** 0.36** 0.17
-0.09 -0.28** -0.45**
0.37 0.18 0.01 0.46*
0.27 0.08 -0.09 0.36* -0.10
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.108 6
7 – 12 13 – 18 0.01,
19 – 24 7 – 12 13 – 18 0.01
25 – 30 31 – 36 0.05
158
Page 182
4.109
(n = 385)
t Sig.
( n = 89 )
( n = 296 )
S.D. S.D.
1. 4.46 .567 4.44 .551 .287 .774 2. 4.22 .607 4.23 .621 -.107 .915 3. 4.36 .586 4.31 .576 .727 .468 4. 4.48 .566 4.47 .549 .180 .857 5. 4.31 .588 4.29 .560 .274 .784 6. 4.38 .600 4.30 .636 1.050 .294 7. 4.50 .601 4.50 .587 .074 .941 8. 4.32 .620 4.35 .561 -.453 .651 9.
4.33 .610 4.29 .555 .655 .513
10.
4.28 .622 4.30 .548 -.294 .769
4.36 .506 4.35 .475 .294 .769
4.109
8
8
159
Page 183
4.1
10
(n =
385
)
F
Sig.
10
,000
( n =
6 )
10,0
01-15
,000
( n =
33
) 15
,001
-20,0
00
( n
= 4
7 )
20,0
01-25
,000
( n =
71
) 25
,001
-30,0
00
( n
= 9
6 )
30,0
00
( n
= 1
32 )
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
00
.000
4.
63
.447
4.
39
.517
4.
61
.519
4.
38
.600
4.
40
.559
3.
371
.005
**
2.
3.
94
.251
4.
44
.446
4.
11
.660
4.
33
.616
4.
24
.655
4.
15
.606
2.
255
.048
* 3.
3.75
.2
74
4.54
.3
91
4.31
.6
09
4.43
.4
38
4.24
.6
75
4.30
.5
80
3.12
3 .0
09**
4.
4.33
.7
30
4.68
.4
12
4.48
.6
05
4.56
.4
46
4.39
.6
02
4.43
.5
58
1.97
7 .0
81
5.
3.64
.3
91
4.46
.5
09
4.27
.6
21
4.52
.3
90
4.10
.6
24
4.31
.5
38
7.23
9 .0
00**
6.
3.00
.0
00
4.52
.5
57
4.23
.6
44
4.53
.5
17
4.19
.6
86
4.35
.5
64
9.64
3 .0
00**
7.
4.50
.5
48
4.63
.4
31
4.51
.5
85
4.65
.4
36
4.40
.7
11
4.45
.5
90
1.93
9 .0
87
8.
3.
83
.183
4.
54
.552
4.
35
.642
4.
53
.456
4.
19
.636
4.
34
.533
4.
841
.000
**
9.
4.00
.2
19
4.44
.3
76
4.44
.5
82
4.45
.5
04
4.10
.6
44
4.30
.5
43
4.91
1 .0
00**
10.
3.79
.2
35
4.59
.3
83
4.39
.5
21
4.45
.4
40
4.15
.6
92
4.23
.5
32
6.08
8 .0
00**
3.
88
.265
4.
55
.367
4.
35
.525
4.
51
.361
4.
24
.548
4.
33
.466
5.
092
.000
**
* 0
.05
**
0.0
1
4.1
10
0
.01
9
0.0
5
0.0
1
9
9
160
Page 184
(L
east
Sign
ifica
nt D
iffer
ence
: LS
D)
4
.111
– 4.
119
4.1
11
10
,000
10,0
01 -
15,0
00
15
,001
- 20
,000
20,0
01 -
25,0
00
25
,001
- 30
,000
30,0
00
3.88
4.
55
4.35
4.
51
4.24
4.
33
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.88
4.
55
4.35
4.
51
4.24
4.
33
-0
.67*
* -0
.47*
0.
20
-0.6
3**
0.04
-0
.16
-0.3
6 0.
31**
0.
11
0.27
**
-0.4
5*
0.22
* 0.
02
0.18
**
-0.0
9
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.1
11
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
10,
000
2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
0
.01
3
0,00
0
0.0
5,
15,
001
– 20
,000
10,
000
0
.05,
2
0,00
1 –
25,0
00
1
0,00
0 ,
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
0.0
1
3
0,00
0
10,
000
0
.05
161
Page 185
4
.112
10,0
00
10
,001
- 15
,000
15,0
01 -
20,0
00
20
,001
- 25
,000
25,0
01 -
30,0
00
30
,000
4.00
4.
63
4.39
4.
61
4.38
4.
40
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
4.00
4.
63
4.39
4.
61
4.38
4.
40
-0
.63*
* -0
.39
0.24
-0
.61*
* 0.
02
-0.2
2*
-0.3
8 0.
24*
0.01
0.
23**
-0.4
0 0.
23*
-0.0
1 0.
21**
-0
.02
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.1
12
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
1 2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
3
0,00
0
0.0
5,
20,
001
– 25
,000
10,
000
, 25
,001
– 3
0,00
0
30,
000
0
.01
1
5,00
1 –
20,0
00
0
.05
162
Page 186
4
.113
10,0
00
10
,001
- 15
,000
15,0
01 -
20,0
00
20
,001
- 25
,000
25,0
01 -
30,0
00
30
,000
3.94
4.
44
4.11
4.
33
4.24
4.
15
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.94
4.
44
4.11
4.
33
4.24
4.
15
-0
.50
-0.1
6 0.
34*
-0.3
8 0.
11
-0.2
2
-0.3
0 0.
20
-0.1
4 0.
09
-0.2
1 0.
29*
-0.0
5 0.
18
0.09
*
0.0
5
4.1
13
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
1
5,00
1 –
20,0
00
3
0,00
0
0.
05
163
Page 187
4
.114
10,0
00
10
,001
- 15
,000
15,0
01 -
20,0
00
20
,001
- 25
,000
25,0
01 -
30,0
00
30
,000
3.75
4.
54
4.31
4.
43
4.24
4.
30
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.75
4.
54
4.31
4.
43
4.24
4.
30
-0
.79*
* -0
.56*
0.
23
-0.6
8**
0.10
-0
.13
-0.4
9*
0.30
* 0.
06
0.19
*
-0.5
5*
0.24
* 0.
01
0.13
-0
.06
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.1
14
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
1 2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
3
0,00
0
0.0
5,
15,
001
– 20
,000
10,
000
0
.05,
2
0,00
1 –
25,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
1 2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
0
.05
2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
10,0
00
0
.05
3
0,00
0
10,
000
0
.05
164
Page 188
4
.115
10
,000
10,0
01 -
15,0
00
15
,001
- 20
,000
20,0
01 -
25,0
00
25
,001
- 30
,000
30,0
00
3.64
4.
46
4.27
4.
52
4.10
4.
31
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.64
4.
46
4.27
4.
52
4.10
4.
31
-0
.82*
* -0
.63*
* 0.
19
-0.8
8**
-0.0
6 -0
.25*
-0.4
6*
0.36
**
0.17
0.
42**
-0.6
7**
0.15
-0
.04
0.21
**
-0.2
0**
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.1
15
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
10,
000
2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
0
.01,
1
5,00
1 –
20,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
1,
20,
001
– 25
,000
15,
001
– 20
,000
0.0
5
10,
000
, 25
,001
– 3
0,00
0
30,
000
0
.01,
2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
5
30,
000
1
0,00
0
25,
001
– 30
,000
0.0
1
165
Page 189
4
.116
10,0
00
10
,001
- 15
,000
15,0
01 -
20,0
00
20
,001
- 25
,000
25,0
01 -
30,0
00
30
,000
3.00
4.
52
4.23
4.
53
4.19
4.
35
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.00
4.
52
4.23
4.
53
4.19
4.
35
-1
.52*
* -1
.23*
* 0.
29*
-1.5
3**
-0.0
1 -0
.30*
*
-1.1
9**
0.34
**
0.04
0.
34**
-1.3
5**
0.17
-0
.12
0.18
* -0
.16*
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.1
16
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
1
0,00
0
25,
001
– 30
,000
0.0
1 1
5,00
1 –
20,0
00
0
.05,
1
5,00
1 –
20,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
1,
20,
001
– 25
,000
1
0,00
0 ,
15,0
01 –
20,
000
2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
0
.01
30,0
00
0
.05,
2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
1,
30,
000
1
0,00
0
0.0
1
25,
001
– 30
,000
0.0
5
166
Page 190
4
.117
10,0
00
10
,001
- 15
,000
15,0
01 -
20,0
00
20
,001
- 25
,000
25,0
01 -
30,0
00
30
,000
3.83
4.
54
4.35
4.
53
4.19
4.
34
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.83
4.
54
4.35
4.
53
4.19
4.
34
-0
.70*
* -0
.52*
0.
18
-0.7
0**
0.00
-0
.18
-0.3
5 0.
35**
0.
17
0.34
**
-0.5
0*
0.20
0.
02
0.19
* -0
.15*
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.1
17
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
1
0,00
0
25,
001
– 30
,000
0.0
1,
15,
001
– 20
,000
10,
000
0
.05,
2
0,00
1 –
25,0
00
3
0,00
0
0.0
5
10,
000
2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
0
.01,
30,
000
1
0,00
0
25,
001
– 30
,000
0.0
5
167
Page 191
4
.118
10
,000
10,0
01 -
15,0
00
15
,001
- 20
,000
20,0
01 -
25,0
00
25
,001
- 30
,000
30,0
00
4.00
4.
44
4.44
4.
45
4.10
4.
30
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
4.00
4.
44
4.44
4.
45
4.10
4.
30
-0
.44
-0.4
4 -0
.00
-0.4
5 -0
.01
-0.0
1
-0.1
0 0.
34**
0.
34**
0.
35**
-0.3
0 0.
14
0.14
0.
15
-0.2
0**
**
0.0
1
4.1
18
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
25 ,
001
– 30
,000
0.0
1,
15,
001
– 20
,000
25,
001
–
30,0
00
0
.01,
2
0,00
1 –
25,0
00
25,0
01 –
30,
000
0
.01
3
0,00
0
25,
001
– 30
,000
0.0
1
168
Page 192
4
.119
10
,000
10,0
01 -
15,0
00
15
,001
- 20
,000
20,0
01 -
25,0
00
25
,001
- 30
,000
30,0
00
3.79
4.
59
4.39
4.
45
4.15
4.
23
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.79
4.
59
4.39
4.
45
4.15
4.
23
-0
.80*
* -0
.60*
0.
20
-0.6
6**
0.14
-0
.06
-0.3
6 0.
44**
0.
24*
0.30
**
-0.4
5 0.
36**
0.
15
0.22
**
-0.0
9
* 0
.05
**
0.0
1
4.1
19
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
10,
000
, 25
,001
– 3
0,00
0
30,
000
0
.01,
1
5,00
1 –
20,0
00
1
0,00
0
25,
001
– 30
,000
0.0
5 2
0,00
1 –
25,0
00
1
0,00
0 , 2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
3
0,00
0
0.0
1
169
Page 193
4
.120
(n =
385
)
F
Sig.
1
0
( n
= 1
82 )
11 –
40
( n =
155
) 41
– 7
0
( n
= 3
2 )
71 –
100
( n =
11
) 1
00
( n
= 5
)
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
51
.539
4.
35
.581
4.
64
.474
4.
18
.311
4.
27
.548
3.
455
.009
**
2.
4.
26
.579
4.
18
.623
4.
41
.681
3.
91
.831
3.
87
.558
2.
247
.064
3.
4.31
.5
44
4.25
.6
01
4.65
.5
81
4.59
.3
36
4.30
.7
58
3.89
1 .0
04**
4.
4.47
.5
04
4.46
.5
80
4.58
.6
45
4.27
.4
67
4.20
.8
37
.994
.4
11
5.
4.37
.5
80
4.21
.5
34
4.34
.6
42
4.22
.2
06
4.20
.8
49
1.65
3 .1
60
6.
4.
29
.665
4.
37
.584
4.
43
.636
3.
84
.126
4.
15
.783
2.
338
.055
7.
4.43
.5
96
4.56
.5
75
4.60
.6
01
4.61
.4
17
4.20
.8
37
1.67
0 .1
56
8.
4.
32
.518
4.
35
.624
4.
60
.625
4.
12
.168
4.
20
.837
2.
283
.060
9.
4.
33
.535
4.
27
.593
4.
35
.581
4.
38
.672
3.
96
.654
.7
97
.528
10.
4.34
.5
19
4.18
.5
96
4.50
.5
90
4.53
.3
89
4.00
.7
07
3.87
7 .0
04**
4.
36
.469
4.
32
.491
4.
51
.520
4.
27
.185
4.
13
.706
1.
423
.226
**
0
.01
4
.120
/
10
0
.01
1
0
1
0
170
Page 194
(Least Significant Difference : LSD)
4.121 – 4.123
4.121
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100 100 4.51 4.35 4.64 4.18 4.27
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100
100
4.51 4.35 4.64 4.18 4.27
0.16**
-0.12 -0.28**
0.33 0.17 0.45*
0.24 0.09 0.37 -0.08
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.121 / 10
/ 11 – 40 0.01 /
41 – 70 / 11 – 40 0.01
/ 71 – 100 0.05 /
4.122
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100 100 4.31 4.25 4.65 4.59 4.30
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100
100
4.31 4.25 4.65 4.59 4.30
0.06
-0.34** -0.40**
-0.28 -0.34 0.06
0.01 -0.05 0.35 0.29
** 0.01
171
Page 195
4.122 / 41 – 70
/ 10 11 – 40 0.01
/
4.123
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100 100 4.34 4.18 4.50 4.53 4.00
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100
100
4.34 4.18 4.50 4.53 4.00
0.16**
-0.16 -0.32**
-0.19 -0.35* -0.03
0.34 0.18 0.50 0.53
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.123 / 10
/ 11 – 40 0.01,
/ 41 – 70 / 11 – 40
0.01 / 71 – 100 / 11 – 40
0.05 / 4.78 – 4.123
4.124
172
Page 196
4
.124
1.
*
**
*
2.
**
** *
** **
* **
** **
** **
3.
*
* **
4.
5.
*
6.
*
**
*
** **
*
7.
** *
**
8.
9.
** *
**
** **
**
** **
** 10
. /
**
**
**
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
173
Page 197
4.124
-
1
0.05 0.01
1 1 -
0.01 2
0.01
0.05 2 -
3 0.05 0.01 3 3
- 4
4 -
5 0.05
5 5 -
6
0.05
0.01 6 6
174
Page 198
- 7
0.01
0.05 7 7
- 8
8 -
0.01 9
0.01 0.05
9 9
- /
10
0.01 10 10
4.4.3
/ 4.125 – 4.149
1 :
2 :
175
Page 199
3 :
4 :
5 :
6 :
7 :
8 :
9 :
10 : /
4.125
(n = 385)
t Sig.
( n = 125 )
( n = 260 )
S.D. S.D.
1. 4.05 .544 4.12 .587 -1.219 .223 2. 4.22 .518 4.23 .543 -.067 .947 3. 4.10 .556 4.13 .528 -.548 .584
4.11 .502 4.15 .495 -.614 .540
4.125 1
1
176
Page 200
4
.126
(n =
385
)
F
Sig.
21
– 2
8
( n
= 7
5 )
29 –
36
( n =
122
) 37
– 4
4
( n
= 9
5 )
45 –
52
( n =
61
) 53
– 6
0
( n
= 3
2 )
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
30
.481
4.
13
.551
4.
00
.684
3.
91
.516
4.
17
.455
4.
941
.001
**
2.
4.
32
.598
4.
26
.481
4.
12
.613
4.
16
.428
4.
30
.457
2.
083
.082
3.
4.28
.4
67
4.14
.5
41
3.95
.5
77
4.16
.4
75
4.10
.5
49
4.30
4 .0
02**
4.29
.4
31
4.16
.4
86
3.99
.5
70
4.10
.4
25
4.16
.4
80
4.09
6 .0
03**
**
0
.01
4
.126
0
.01
2
0
.01
2
2
177
Page 201
(Least Significant Difference : LSD)
4.127 – 4.129
4.127
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.29 4.16 3.99 4.10 4.16
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.29 4.16 3.99 4.10 4.16
0.13
0.30** 0.17*
0.19* 0.06 -0.11
0.13 0.00 -0.17 -0.06
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.127 21 – 28 37 – 44
0.01 45 – 52 0.05 29 – 36 37 – 44
0.05
4.128
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.30 4.13 4.00 3.91 4.17
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.30 4.13 4.00 3.91 4.17
0.17*
0.30** 0.13
0.38** 0.21* 0.08
0.12 -0.05 -0.17 -0.26*
* 0.05 ** 0.01
178
Page 202
4.128 21 – 28
29 – 36 0.05 37 – 44 45 – 52 0.01, 29 – 36
45 – 52 0.05 53 – 60 45 – 52 0.05
4.129
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.28 4.14 3.95 4.16 4.10
21 – 28 29 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 52 53 – 60
4.28 4.14 3.95 4.16 4.10
0.14
0.33** 0.19**
0.12 -0.02 -0.21*
0.18 0.04 -0.15 0.06
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.129 21 – 28
37 – 44 0.01, 29 – 36 37 – 44 0.01
45 – 52 37 – 44 0.05
179
Page 203
4.130
(n = 385)
F Sig.
( n = 6 )
( n = 257 )
( n = 122 ) S.D. S.D. S.D.
1. 3.88 .542 4.13 .557 4.05 .608 1.311 .271 2. 4.00 .418 4.23 .537 4.23 .534 .554 .575 3. 3.78 .531 4.13 .545 4.11 .518 1.307 .272
3.85 .466 4.15 .502 4.12 .485 1.177 .309
4.130 3
3
4.131
(n = 385)
F Sig.
( n = 381 )
( n = 2 )
( n = 2 )
S.D. S.D. S.D.
1. 4.09 .573 4.38 .884 4.50 .707 .732 .481 2. 4.23 .533 4.25 1.061 4.50 .707 .264 .768 3. 4.12 .536 4.25 .636 4.50 .707 .567 .568
4.13 .496 4.28 .786 4.50 .707 .620 .538
4.131 4
4
180
Page 204
4.132
(n = 385)
F Sig.
( n = 218 )
( n = 162 )
( n = 3 )
( n = 2 ) S.D. S.D. S.D. S.D.
1. 4.11 .522 4.08 .632 4.33 1.155 3.88 .177 .331 .803 2. 4.24 .528 4.21 .535 4.33 1.155 3.88 .177 .414 .743 3. 4.11 .516 4.14 .552 4.33 1.155 3.50 .283 1.172 .320
4.13 .460 4.14 .532 4.33 1.155 3.67 .157 .758 .518
4.132 5
5
181
Page 205
4
.133
(n =
385
)
F Si
g.
( n
= 6
)
( n
= 4
7 )
( n
= 8
6 )
( n
= 3
4 )
( n =
48
)
( n
= 2
1 )
( n =
108
)
( n =
32
)
Hold
ing
Com
pany
( n
= 3
)
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
00
.000
4.
26
.601
3.
97
.522
4.
08
.506
4.
02
.778
4.
25
.642
4.
07
.492
4.
27
.565
4.
75
.000
2.
241
.024
* 2.
4.04
.1
02
4.28
.6
40
4.15
.4
56
3.92
.4
07
4.25
.6
04
4.64
.5
95
4.23
.4
79
4.35
.5
60
4.75
.0
00
4.26
3 .0
00**
3.
4.02
.0
41
4.21
.6
13
3.99
.4
52
4.00
.4
83
4.15
.6
69
4.27
.6
07
4.15
.5
35
4.20
.4
16
4.50
.0
00
1.65
9 .1
07
4.
02
.045
4.
24
.579
4.
02
.399
4.
00
.457
4.
14
.643
4.
35
.587
4.
14
.466
4.
25
.392
4.
61
.000
2.
330
.019
* *
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4
.133
0
.05
6
0.0
5
0
.01
6
6
(L
east
Si
gnifi
cant
Di
ffere
nce
: LS
D)
4.1
34 –
4.13
6
182
Page 206
4.1
34
/
/
Ho
ldin
g Co
mpa
ny
4.02
4.
24
4.02
4.
00
4.14
4.
35
4.14
4.
25
4.61
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.02
4.
24
4.02
4.
00
4.14
4.
35
4.14
4.
25
4.61
-0
.22
0.00
0.
22*
0.02
0.
24*
0.02
-0.1
3 0.
10
-0.1
3 -0
.14
-0.3
3 -0
.11
-0.3
3**
-0.3
5*
-0.2
1
-0.1
3 0.
09
-0.1
3 -0
.14
-0.0
0 0.
20
-0.2
3 -0
.01
-0.2
3*
-0.2
5*
-0.1
1 0.
10
-0.1
1
-0.5
9 -0
.37
-0.5
9*
-0.6
1*
-0.4
7 -0
.26
-0.4
7 -0
.36
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4
.134
0.0
5,
0.0
1
0
.05,
0.0
5
(Hol
ding
Com
pany
)
0
.05
183
Page 207
4.1
35
/
/
Ho
ldin
g Co
mpa
ny
4.00
4.
26
3.97
4.
08
4.02
4.
25
4.07
4.
27
4.75
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.00
4.
26
3.97
4.
08
4.02
4.
25
4.07
4.
27
4.75
-0
.26
0.03
0.
29**
-0
.08
0.18
-0
.11
-0.0
2 0.
24*
-0.0
5 0.
06
-0.2
5 0.
01
-0.2
8*
-0.1
7 -0
.23
-0.0
7 0.
19
-0.1
0 0.
01
-0.0
5 0.
18
-0.2
7 -0
.01
-0.3
0*
-0.1
9 -0
.25
-0.0
2 -0
.20
-0.7
5 -0
.49
-0.7
8*
-0.6
7 -0
.73*
-0
.50
-0.6
8*
-0.4
8
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4
.135
0.
01
0
.05,
0
.05,
0
.05
(H
oldi
ng C
ompa
ny)
0
.05
184
Page 208
4.1
36
/
/
Ho
ldin
g Co
mpa
ny
4.04
4.
28
4.15
3.
92
4.25
4.
64
4.23
4.
35
4.75
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
ing
Com
pany
4.04
4.
28
4.15
3.
92
4.25
4.
64
4.23
4.
35
4.75
-0
.24
-0.1
0 0.
14
0.12
0.
36**
0.
23*
-0.2
1 0.
03
-0.1
0 -0
.33*
*
-0.6
0*
-0.3
6**
-0.5
0**
-0.7
2**
-0.3
9**
-0.1
9 0.
05
-0.0
9 -0
.31*
* 0.
02
0.41
**
-0.3
1 -0
.07
-0.2
1 -0
.43*
* -0
.10
0.29
* -0
.12
-0.7
1 -0
.47
-0.6
0*
-0.8
3**
-0.5
0 -0
.11
-0.5
2 -0
.40
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4
.136
0.0
1,
0.0
5,
0.0
1,
0
.05
0.0
1,
0.0
1,
0.0
1
(Hol
ding
Com
pany
)
0.0
5
0.0
1
185
Page 209
4
.137
(n =
385
)
F
Sig.
6
( n =
204
) 7
– 12
( n =
84
) 13
– 1
8
( n
= 2
7 )
19 –
24
( n =
48
) 25
– 3
0
( n
= 9
) 31
– 3
6
( n
= 1
3 )
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
10
.556
4.
03
.528
4.
26
.819
4.
17
.673
4.
00
.000
3.
94
.110
1.
070
.376
2.
4.25
.5
49
4.15
.5
78
4.19
.5
49
4.30
.4
46
4.33
.5
00
4.06
.1
10
.937
.4
57
3.
4.
13
.504
3.
98
.551
4.
06
.793
4.
34
.435
4.
33
.500
3.
92
.358
3.
566
.004
**
4.
15
.473
4.
03
.504
4.
12
.735
4.
29
.455
4.
26
.389
3.
95
.234
2.
240
.050
* *
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4
.137
0
.05
7
0.0
1
7
7
186
Page 210
(Least Significant Difference : LSD) 4.138 – 4.139
4.138
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 –24 25 –30 31 – 36
4.15 4.03 4.12 4.29 4.26 3.95
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 – 24 25 – 30 31 – 36
4.15 4.03 4.12 4.29 4.26 3.95
0.12 0.03 -0.09
-0.14 -0.26** -0.17
-0.11 -0.23 -0.14 0.03
0.20 0.08 0.17 0.34* 0.31
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.138 19 – 24
7 – 12 0.01 31 – 36 0.05
4.139
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 –24 25 –30 31 – 36 4.13 3.98 4.06 4.34 4.33 3.92
6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 – 24 25 – 30 31 – 36
4.13 3.98 4.06 4.34 4.33 3.92
0.15* 0.07 -0.08
-0.21* -0.36** -0.28*
-0.20 -0.35 -0.27 0.01
0.21 0.07 0.15 0.42* 0.42
* 0.05 ** 0.01
187
Page 211
4.139 6
7 – 12 0.05 19 – 24
6 , 13 – 18 31 – 36 0.05 7 – 12
0.01
4.140
(n = 385)
t Sig.
( n = 89 )
( n = 296 )
S.D. S.D. 1. 4.10 .648 4.10 .551 -.033 .974 2. 4.23 .527 4.23 .538 .075 .941 3. 4.14 .548 4.11 .534 .403 .687
4.15 .522 4.13 .490 .231 .818
4.140 8
8
188
Page 212
4
.141
(n =
385
)
()
F Si
g.
10,0
00
( n
= 6
)
10,0
01 -
15,0
00
( n
= 3
3 )
15,0
01 -
20,0
00
( n
= 4
7 )
20,0
01 -
25,0
00
( n
= 7
1 )
25,0
01 -
30,0
00
( n
= 9
6 )
30,0
00
( n
= 1
32 )
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
3.
75
.274
4.
22
.278
4.
27
.610
4.
11
.531
4.
00
.607
4.
09
.607
2.
207
.053
2.
3.00
.2
74
4.32
.4
06
4.27
.4
72
4.30
.4
85
4.21
.5
99
4.22
.5
04
7.49
0 .0
00**
3.
3.35
.0
55
4.29
.4
76
4.19
.5
54
4.12
.4
44
4.07
.5
94
4.12
.5
30
3.65
3 .0
03**
3.36
.0
30
4.28
.3
68
4.23
.5
09
4.16
.4
08
4.08
.5
55
4.14
.4
99
4.25
1 .0
01**
**
0
.01
4
.141
0
.01
9
0
.01
9
9
(Lea
st
Sign
ifica
nt
Diffe
renc
e :
LSD)
4
.142
– 4
.144
189
Page 213
4
.142
10,0
00
10
,001
- 15
,000
15,0
01 -
20,0
00
20
,001
- 25
,000
25,0
01 -
30,0
00
30
,000
3.36
4.
28
4.23
4.
16
4.08
4.
14
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.36
4.
28
4.23
4.
16
4.08
4.
14
-0
.92*
* -0
.87*
* 0.
05
-0.8
0**
0.12
0.
07
-0.7
2**
0.20
* 0.
15
0.08
-0.7
7**
0.15
0.
09
0.02
-0
.06
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.1
42
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
1 2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
0
.05,
1
5,00
1 –
20,0
00
10,0
00
0
.01,
2
0,00
1 –
25,0
00
10,0
00
0
.01,
2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
10,0
00
0
.01
3
0,00
0
10,
000
0
.01
190
Page 214
4
.143
10,0
00
10
,001
- 15
,000
15,0
01 -
20,0
00
20
,001
- 25
,000
25,0
01 -
30,0
00
30
,000
3.00
4.
32
4.27
4.
30
4.21
4.
22
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.00
4.
32
4.27
4.
30
4.21
4.
22
-1
.32*
* -1
.27*
* 0.
05
-1.3
0**
0.02
-0
.03
-1.2
1**
0.11
0.
07
0.10
-1.2
2**
0.10
0.
05
0.09
-0
.01
**
0.0
1
4.1
43
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
1,
15
,001
– 2
0,00
0
10,
000
0
.01,
20,0
01 –
25,
000
1
0,00
0
0.0
1,
25
,001
– 3
0,00
0
10,
000
0
.01
3
0,00
0
10,
000
0
.01
191
Page 215
4
.144
10,0
00
10
,001
- 15
,000
15,0
01 -
20,0
00
20
,001
- 25
,000
25,0
01 -
30,0
00
30
,000
3.35
4.
29
4.19
4.
12
4.07
4.
12
10,
000
10
,001
– 1
5,00
0
15,0
01 –
20,
000
20
,001
– 2
5,00
0
25,0
01 –
30,
000
3
0,00
0
3.35
4.
29
4.19
4.
12
4.07
4.
12
-0
.94*
* -0
.84*
* 0.
10
-0.7
7**
0.18
0.
07
-0.7
2**
0.23
* 0.
13
0.05
-0.7
7**
0.17
0.
07
-0.0
1 -0
.06
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4.1
44
1
0,00
1 –
15,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
1 2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
0
.05,
1
5,00
1 –
20,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
1,
20,
001
– 25
,000
10,
000
0
.01,
2
5,00
1 –
30,0
00
1
0,00
0
0.0
1
30,
000
1
0,00
0
0.0
1
192
Page 216
4
.145
(n =
385
)
F
Sig.
1
0
( n
= 1
82 )
11 –
40
( n =
155
) 41
– 7
0
( n
= 3
2 )
71 –
100
( n =
11
) 1
00
( n
= 5
)
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
S.
D.
1.
4.
13
.521
4.
13
.634
3.
93
.569
3.
70
.313
3.
90
.548
2.
412
.049
* 2.
4.18
.5
64
4.29
.4
91
4.30
.4
51
3.98
.8
17
4.00
.0
00
1.76
0 .1
36
3.
4.
11
.555
4.
17
.525
4.
16
.444
3.
65
.430
3.
68
.396
3.
435
.009
**
4.
13
.521
4.
19
.489
4.
14
.337
3.
74
.460
3.
80
.330
2.
826
.025
* *
0.0
5 **
0
.01
4
.145
/
0
.05
1
0
0
.05
0.0
1
10
1
0
(Lea
st
Sign
ifica
nt
Diffe
renc
e :
LSD)
4
.146
– 4.
148
193
Page 217
4.146
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100 100 4.13 4.19 4.14 3.74 3.80
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100
100
4.13 4.19 4.14 3.74 3.80
-0.06
-0.01 0.05
0.39* 0.45** 0.40*
0.33 0.39 0.34 -0.06
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.146 / 10
/ 71 – 100 0.05, / 11 – 40
/ 71 – 100 0.01 /
41 – 70 / 71 – 100 0.05 /
4.147
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100 100 4.13 4.13 3.93 3.70 3.90
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100
100
4.13 4.13 3.93 3.70 3.90
-0.00
0.20 0.20
0.42* 0.43* 0.23
0.23 0.23 0.03 -0.20
* 0.05
4.147 / 10
/ 71 – 100 0.05 /
11 – 40 / 71 – 100 0.05 /
194
Page 218
4.148
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100 100 4.11 4.17 4.16 3.65 3.68
10 11 – 40 41 – 70 71 – 100
100
4.11 4.17 4.16 3.65 3.68
-0.07
-0.05 0.02
0.45** 0.52** 0.50**
0.43 0.49* 0.48 -0.03
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.148 / 10
/ 71 – 100 0.01, /
11 – 40 / 71 – 100 0.01 /
100 0.05 / 41 – 70 / 71 – 100
0.01 /
4.125 – 4.148
4.149
195
Page 219
4
.149
1.
2.
**
** **
3.
4.
5.
6.
* **
*
7.
** *
8.
9.
**
** **
10.
/
*
** *
*
0.0
5 **
0
.01
196
Page 220
4.149
-
1 1
- 0.01 2
0.01 2
2 -
3 3
- 4 4
- 5 5
- 0.05
6 0.05
0.01 6 6
- 0.05
7 0.01 7
7 -
8 8
197
Page 221
- 0.01 9
0.01 9
9 - /
0.05 10
0.05 0.01 10
10
4.5
4.5.1
1 :
2 :
3 :
4 :
5 :
6 :
198
Page 222
4.150
WEAT MHR1 MHR2 MHR3 MHR4 MHR5 MHR6
VIF 4.14 4.11 3.94 3.92 4.06 4.19 4.03 S.D. .497 .493 .517 .574 .533 .501 .545
WEAT 1.000 .382** .371** .472** .556** .484** .631** MHR1 1.000 .630** .573** .637** .390** .566** 2.106 MHR2 1.000 .700** .556** .423** .528** 2.324 MHR3 1.000 .655** .523** .680** 2.795 MHR4 1.000 .612** .735** 3.011 MHR5 1.000 .553** 1.707 MHR6 1.000 2.631
** 0.01
4.150
Multicollinearity
Multicollinearity VIF VIF 1.707 – 2.795 10
0.01
0.371 – 0.631
(WEAT) 4.151
199
Page 223
4.151
t Sig.
1.391 0.198 7.026 0.000** -0.031 0.057 -0.030 -0.539 0.590 0.004 0.057 0.004 0.065 0.948 0.004 0.056 0.005 0.076 0.939
0.134 0.063 0.144 2.134 0.034*
0.152 0.050 0.154 3.032 0.003**
0.412 0.057 0.452 7.188 0.000**
R = 0.657 ; R2 = 0.432 ; Adj. R2 = 0.423 ; SEest = 0.37745 ; F = 47.836 ; Sig. F = 0.000
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.151 (WEAT) 0.01 (Sig. F = 0.000)
WEAT = 1.391 – 0.031 MHR1 + 0.004 MHR2 + 0.004 MHR3 + 0.134 MHR4 + 0.152 MHR5 + 0.412 MHR6
(WEAT) (MHR6) (WEAT)
(MHR5) (MHR4)
(WEAT), (MHR1) (WEAT),
(MHR3) (MHR2) (WEAT)
(WEAT) (MHR4)
(WEAT)
200
Page 224
0.05 (MHR5) (MHR6)
(WEAT) 0.01 4,5 6
(MHR1) (MHR2) (MHR3) (WEAT) 1, 2, 3 (MHR4) (MHR5)
(MHR6) (WEAT) 4.152
4.152
t Sig.
1.349 0.176 7.664 0.000** 0.122 0.057 0.131 2.143 0.033*
0.155 0.049 0.156 3.128 0.002**
0.408 0.053 0.448 7.718 0.000**
R = 0.657 ; R2 = 0.431 ; Adj. R2 = 0.427 ; SEest = 0.37612 ; F = 96.248 ; Sig. F = 0.000
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.152 (WEAT) 0.01 (Sig. F = 0.000)
WEAT = 1.349 + 0.122 MHR4 + 0.155 MHR5 + 0.408 MHR6
201
Page 225
4.153
WEA1 MHR1 MHR2 MHR3 MHR4 MHR5 MHR6
VIF 4.10 4.11 3.94 3.92 4.06 4.19 4.03 S.D. .574 .493 .517 .574 .533 .501 .545
WEA1 1.000 .386** .330** .480** .488** .446** .550** MHR1 1.000 .630** .573** .637** .390** .566** 2.106 MHR2 1.000 .700** .556** .423** .528** 2.324 MHR3 1.000 .655** .523** .680** 2.795 MHR4 1.000 .612** .735** 3.011 MHR5 1.000 .553** 1.707 MHR6 1.000 2.631
** 0.01
4.153
Multicollinearity
Multicollinearity VIF VIF 1.707 – 2.795 10
0.01
0.330 – 0.550
(WEA1) 4.154
202
Page 226
4.154
t Sig.
1.159 0.244 4.741 0.000** 0.090 0.070 0.077 1.284 0.200 -0.118 0.070 -0.107 -1.687 0.092 0.180 0.069 0.179 2.590 0.010**
0.053 0.077 0.049 0.688 0.492
0.187 0.062 0.163 3.005 0.003**
0.331 0.071 0.314 4.677 0.000**
R = 0.592 ; R2 = 0.351 ; Adj. R2 = 0.340 ; SEest = 0.46613 ; F = 34.013 ; Sig. F = 0.000
** 0.01
4.154 (WEA1) 0.01
(Sig. F = 0.000)
WEA1 = 1.159 + 0.090 MHR1 – 0.118 MHR2 + 0.180 MHR3 + 0.053 MHR4 + 0.187 MHR5 + 0.331 MHR6
(WEA1) (MHR6) (WEA1)
(MHR3) (MHR5) (WEA1),
(MHR2) (WEA1), (MHR1)
(MHR4) (WEA1)
(WEA1)
(MHR3) (MHR5)
203
Page 227
(MHR6) (WEA1)
0.01 3, 5 6 (MHR1) (MHR2)
(MHR4) (WEA1) 1, 2, 4
(MHR3) (MHR5)
(MHR6) (WEA1) 4.155
4.155
t Sig.
1.185 0.218 5.441 0.000** 0.151 0.058 0.151 2.582 0.010**
0.197 0.059 0.172 3.350 0.001**
0.371 0.063 0.353 5.914 0.000**
R = 0.586 ; R2 = 0.343 ; Adj. R2 = 0.338 ; SEest = 0.46693 ; F = 66.362 ; Sig. F = 0.000
** 0.01
4.155 (WEA1) 0.01
(Sig. F = 0.000)
WEA1 = 1.185 + 0.151 MHR3 + 0.197 MHR5 + 0.371 MHR6
204
Page 228
4.156
WEA2 MHR1 MHR2 MHR3 MHR4 MHR5 MHR6
VIF 4.23 4.11 3.94 3.92 4.06 4.19 4.03 S.D. .534 .493 .517 .574 .533 .501 .545
WEA2 1.000 .300** .297** .344** .460** .324** .514** MHR1 1.000 .630** .573** .637** .390** .566** 2.106 MHR2 1.000 .700** .556** .423** .528** 2.324 MHR3 1.000 .655** .523** .680** 2.795 MHR4 1.000 .612** .735** 3.011 MHR5 1.000 .553** 1.707 MHR6 1.000 2.631
** 0.01
4.156
Multicollinearity
Multicollinearity VIF VIF 1.707 – 2.795 10
0.01
0.297 – 0.514
(WEA2) 4.157
205
Page 229
4.157
t Sig.
2.039 0.239 8.526 0.000** -0.062 0.069 -0.058 -0.910 0.363 0.053 0.069 0.051 0.770 0.442 -0.080 0.068 -0.086 -1.180 0.239
0.215 0.076 0.214 2.836 0.005**
0.009 0.061 0.008 0.146 0.884
0.407 0.069 0.416 5.883 0.000**
R = 0.532 ; R2 = 0.283 ; Adj. R2 = 0.272 ; SEest = 0.45603 ; F = 24.889 ; Sig. F = 0.000
** 0.01
4.157 (WEA2) 0.01
(Sig. F = 0.000)
WEA2 = 2.039 – 0.062 MHR1 + 0.053 MHR2 – 0.080 MHR3 + 0.215 MHR4 + 0.009 MHR5 + 0.407 MHR6
(WEA2) (MHR6)
(WEA2) (MHR4)
(WEA2), (MHR3) (MHR1)
(WEA2), (MHR2) (MHR5)
(WEA2)
(WEA2)
(MHR4) (MHR6)
206
Page 230
(WEA2) 0.01 4 6
(MHR1) (MHR2) (MHR3)
(MHR5) (WEA2) 1, 2, 3 5
(MHR4) (MHR6)
(WEA2) 4.158
4.158
t Sig.
1.988 0.189 10.542 0.000** 0.181 0.064 0.180 2.809 0.005**
0.374 0.063 0.381 5.950 0.000**
R = 0.528 ; R2 = 0.279 ; Adj. R2 = 0.275 ; SEest = 0.45501 ; F = 73.850 ; Sig. F = 0.000
** 0.01
4.158 (WEA2) 0.01
(Sig. F = 0.000)
WEA2 = 1.988 + 0.181 MHR4 + 0.374 MHR6
207
Page 231
4.159
WEA3 MHR1 MHR2 MHR3 MHR4 MHR5 MHR6
VIF 4.12 4.11 3.94 3.92 4.06 4.19 4.03 S.D. .537 .493 .517 .574 .533 .501 .545
WEA3 1.000 .349** .361** .446** .531** .486** .609** MHR1 1.000 .630** .573** .637** .390** .566** 2.106 MHR2 1.000 .700** .556** .423** .528** 2.324 MHR3 1.000 .655** .523** .680** 2.795 MHR4 1.000 .612** .735** 3.011 MHR5 1.000 .553** 1.707 MHR6 1.000 2.631
** 0.01
4.159
Multicollinearity Multicollinearity VIF VIF
1.707 – 2.795 10
0.01
0.349 – 0.609
(WEA3) 4.160
208
Page 232
4.160
t Sig.
1.238 0.218 5.679 0.000** -0.071 0.062 -0.066 -1.144 0.253 0.036 0.063 0.035 0.581 0.561 -0.024 0.062 -0.026 -0.393 0.694
0.128 0.069 0.128 1.859 0.064
0.196 0.055 0.183 3.541 0.000**
0.443 0.063 0.451 7.026 0.000**
R = 0.640 ; R2 = 0.409 ; Adj. R2 = 0.400 ; SEest = 0.41565 ; F = 43.638 ; Sig. F = 0.000
** 0.01
4.160 (WEA3) 0.01
(Sig. F = 0.000)
WEA3 = 1.238 – 0.071 MHR1 + 0.036 MHR2 – 0.024 MHR3 + 0.128 MHR4 + 0.196 MHR5 + 0.443 MHR6
(WEA3) (MHR6)
(WEA3) (MHR5) (MHR4)
(WEA3), (MHR1)
(WEA3), (MHR2)
(WEA3) (MHR3) (WEA3)
209
Page 233
(WEA3)
(MHR5) (MHR6)
(WEA3) 0.01 5 6 (MHR1)
(MHR2) (MHR3) (MHR4)
(WEA3) 1, 2, 3 4
(MHR5) (MHR6)
(WEA3) 4.161
4.161
t Sig.
1.213 0.192 6.320 0.000**
0.230 0.051 0.214 4.520 0.000**
0.483 0.047 0.491 10.338 0.000**
R = 0.635 ; R2 = 0.403 ; Adj. R2 = 0.400 ; SEest = 0.41564 ; F = 128.926 ; Sig. F = 0.000
** 0.01
4.161 (WEA3) 0.01
(Sig. F = 0.000)
WEA3 = 1.213 + 0.230 MHR5 + 0.483 MHR6
210
Page 234
4.150 – 4.161
4.162
4.162
1. 2. 3. ** 4. ** * 5.
** ** **
6. ** ** ** **
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.162
0.01
3, 5 6
0.01 4 6
0.01 5 6
0.05
0.01
4, 5 6
211
Page 235
4.5.2
1 :
2 :
3 :
4 :
5 :
6 :
7 :
8 :
9 :
10:
212
Page 236
4.163
WEAT APE1 APE2 APE3 APE4 APE5 APE6 APE7 APE8 APE9 APE10
VIF 4.14 4.45 4.22 4.32 4.47 4.30 4.32 4.50 4.35 4.30 4.29 S.D. .497 .554 .617 .578 .552 .566 .628 .589 .574 .568 .565
WEAT 1.000 .571** .602** .655** .617** .736** .765** .679** .709** .695** .670**
APE1 1.000 .612** .653** .670** .608** .560** .601** .597** .537** .596** 2.274
APE2 1.000 .740** .616** .595** .640** .533** .590** .451** .598** 2.597
APE3 1.000 .752** .733** .706** .690** .679** .605** .752** 4.386
APE4 1.000 .681** .700** .720** .720** .522** .636** 3.726
APE5 1.000 .830** .691** .741** .627** .678** 4.230
APE6 1.000 .719** .706** .609** .664** 4.163
APE7 1.000 .684** .728** .668** 3.517
APE8 1.000 .718** .702** 3.646
APE9 1.000 .696** 3.181
APE10 1.000 3.102 ** 0.01
4.163
Multicollinearity Multicollinearity VIF VIF 2.274 – 4.386
10
0.01
0.571 – 0.765
(WEAT) 4.164
213
Page 237
4.164
t Sig.
0.600 0.135 4.444 0.000** 0.031 0.039 0.034 0.796 0.427
0.100 0.037 0.125 2.718 0.007** -0.049 0.051 -0.057 -0.953 0.341
-0.018 0.049 -0.020 -0.356 0.722 0.123 0.051 0.140 2.392 0.017*
0.257 0.046 0.325 5.589 0.000** 0.024 0.045 0.029 0.541 0.589
0.081 0.047 0.093 1.716 0.087
0.217 0.044 0.248 4.883 0.000**
0.055 0.044 0.062 1.242 0.215
R = 0.835 ; R2 = 0.697 ; Adj. R2 = 0.689 ; SEest = 0.27715 ; F = 85.944 ; Sig. F = 0.000
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.164 (WEAT) 0.01 (Sig. F = 0.000)
WEAT = 0.600 + 0.031 APE1 + 0.100 APE2 – 0.049 APE3 – 0.018 APE4 + 0.123 APE5 + 0.257 APE6 + 0.024 APE7 + 0.081 APE8 + 0.217 APE9 + 0.055 APE10
(WEAT) (APE6) (WEAT)
(APE9) (APE5) (APE2)
(APE8) (APE10) (WEAT), (APE3)
(WEAT),
214
Page 238
(APE1) (APE7) (WEAT) (APE4)
(WEAT)
(WEAT) (APE5)
(WEAT) 0.05 (APE2) (APE6)
(APE9) (WEAT)
0.01 2, 5, 6 9 (APE1) (APE3) (APE4)
(APE7) (APE8) (APE10)
(WEAT) 1, 3, 4, 7, 8 10 (APE2)
(APE5) (APE6) (APE9)
(WEAT) 4.165
4.165
t Sig.
0.658 0.125 5.264 0.000** 0.112 0.030 0.139 3.696 0.000**
0.152 0.047 0.173 3.240 0.001** 0.269 0.043 0.339 6.181 0.000**
0.277 0.033 0.317 8.457 0.000**
R = 0.831 ; R2 = 0.691 ; Adj. R2 = 0.688 ; SEest = 0.27746 ; F = 212.681 ; Sig. F = 0.000
** 0.01
215
Page 239
4.165 (WEAT) 0.01 (Sig. F = 0.000)
WEAT = 0.658 + 0.112 APE2 + 0.152 APE5 + 0.269 APE6 + 0.277 APE9
4.166
WEA1 APE1 APE2 APE3 APE4 APE5 APE6 APE7 APE8 APE9 APE10
VIF 4.10 4.45 4.22 4.32 4.47 4.30 4.32 4.50 4.35 4.30 4.29 S.D. .574 .554 .617 .578 .552 .566 .628 .589 .574 .568 .565
WEA1 1.000 .499** .383** .485** .456** .534** .487** .550** .555** .644** .558**
APE1 1.000 .612** .653** .670** .608** .560** .601** .597** .537** .596** 2.274
APE2 1.000 .740** .616** .595** .640** .533** .590** .451** .598** 2.597
APE3 1.000 .752** .733** .706** .690** .679** .605** .752** 4.386
APE4 1.000 .681** .700** .720** .720** .522** .636** 3.726
APE5 1.000 .830** .691** .741** .627** .678** 4.230
APE6 1.000 .719** .706** .609** .664** 4.163
APE7 1.000 .684** .728** .668** 3.517
APE8 1.000 .718** .702** 3.646
APE9 1.000 .696** 3.181
APE10 1.000 3.102 ** 0.01
4.166
Multicollinearity
Multicollinearity VIF VIF 2.274 – 4.386 10
0.01
0.383 – 0.644
(WEA1) 4.167
216
Page 240
4.167
t Sig.
0.656 0.207 3.167 0.002** 0.159 0.059 0.153 2.689 0.007**
-0.020 0.057 -0.021 -0.346 0.730 -0.069 0.079 -0.070 -0.881 0.379
-.00004185 0.076 0.000 -0.001 1.000 0.145 0.079 0.143 1.842 0.066
-0.042 0.071 -0.046 -0.598 0.550 0.047 0.069 0.049 0.686 0.493
0.043 0.072 0.043 0.594 0.553
0.402 0.068 0.397 5.894 0.000**
0.128 0.068 0.126 1.891 0.059
R = 0.682 ; R2 = 0.465 ; Adj. R2 = 0.451 ; SEest = 0.42522 ; F = 32.548 ; Sig. F = 0.000
** 0.01
4.167 (WEA1) 0.01
(Sig. F = 0.000) WEA1 = 0.656 + 0.159 APE1 – 0.020 APE2 – 0.069 APE3 – 0.00004185 APE4 + 0.145 APE5 – 0.042 APE6 + 0.047 APE7 + 0.043 APE8 + 0.402 APE9 + 0.128 APE10
(WEA1)
(APE9) (WEA1)
(APE1) (APE5) (APE10)
(WEA1), (APE3) (WEA1),
(APE7)
217
Page 241
(WEA1), (APE6) (WEA1),
(APE8) (WEA1), (APE2)
(APE4) (WEA1)
(WEA1) (APE1)
(APE9)
(WEA1) 0.01 1 9 (APE2) (APE3)
(APE4) (APE5) (APE6) (APE7) (APE8)
(APE10) (WEA1)
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 10 (APE1)
(APE9)
(WEA1) 4.168
4.168
t Sig.
0.808 0.196 4.126 0.000** 0.224 0.047 0.216 4.796 0.000**
0.533 0.046 0.527 11.702 0.000**
R = 0.669 ; R2 = 0.447 ; Adj. R2 = 0.445 ; SEest = 0.42772 ; F = 154.653 ; Sig. F = 0.000
** 0.01
218
Page 242
4.168 (WEA1) 0.01
(Sig. F = 0.000)
WEA1 = 0.808 + 0.224 APE1 + 0.533 APE9
4.169
WEA2 APE1 APE2 APE3 APE4 APE5 APE6 APE7 APE8 APE9 APE10
VIF 4.23 4.45 4.22 4.32 4.47 4.30 4.32 4.50 4.35 4.30 4.29 S.D. .534 .554 .617 .578 .552 .566 .628 .589 .574 .568 .565
WEA2 1.000 .461** .548** .517** .502** .583** .684** .562** .634** .556** .517**
APE1 1.000 .612** .653** .670** .608** .560** .601** .597** .537** .596** 2.274
APE2 1.000 .740** .616** .595** .640** .533** .590** .451** .598** 2.597
APE3 1.000 .752** .733** .706** .690** .679** .605** .752** 4.386
APE4 1.000 .681** .700** .720** .720** .522** .636** 3.726
APE5 1.000 .830** .691** .741** .627** .678** 4.230
APE6 1.000 .719** .706** .609** .664** 4.163
APE7 1.000 .684** .728** .668** 3.517
APE8 1.000 .718** .702** 3.646
APE9 1.000 .696** 3.181
APE10 1.000 3.102 ** 0.01
4.169
Multicollinearity
Multicollinearity VIF VIF 2.274 – 4.386 10
0.01
0.461 – 0.684
(WEA2) 4.170
219
Page 243
4.170
t Sig.
1.206 0.178 6.786 0.000** 0.028 0.051 0.029 0.555 0.580
0.173 0.049 0.200 3.557 0.000** -0.101 0.068 -0.109 -1.491 0.137
-0.116 0.065 -0.120 -1.787 0.075 -0.097 0.068 -0.103 -1.439 0.151
0.423 0.061 0.497 6.989 0.000** 0.053 0.059 0.059 0.897 0.370
0.271 0.062 0.292 4.383 0.000**
0.117 0.059 0.125 2.005 0.046*
-0.049 0.058 -0.052 -0.852 0.395
R = 0.739 ; R2 = 0.546 ; Adj. R2 = 0.534 ; SEest = 0.36492 ; F = 44.952 ; Sig. F = 0.000
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.170 (WEA2) 0.01
(Sig. F = 0.000)
WEA2 = 1.206 + 0.028 APE1 + 0.173 APE2 – 0.101 APE3 – 0.116 APE4 – 0.097 APE5 + 0.423 APE6 + 0.053 APE7 + 0.271 APE8 + 0.117 APE9 – 0.049 APE10
(WEA2) (APE6)
(WEA2) (APE8)
(APE2)
220
Page 244
(APE9) (WEA2), (APE4) (APE3)
(APE5) (WEA2), (APE7)
(WEA2), (APE10)
(WEA2) (APE1)
(WEA2)
(WEA2)
(APE9) (WEA2)
0.05, (APE2) (APE6) (APE8)
(WEA2) 0.01 2, 6, 8 9 (APE1) (APE3) (APE4) (APE5) (APE7)
(APE10) (WEA2) 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 10
(APE2) (APE6) (APE8)
(APE9)
(WEA2) 4.171
221
Page 245
4.171
t Sig.
1.045 0.164 6.369 0.000** 0.111 0.041 0.128 2.704 0.007**
0.332 0.047 0.390 7.060 0.000** 0.184 0.055 0.198 3.326 0.001**
0.111 0.049 0.118 2.273 0.024*
R = 0.727 ; R2 = 0.528 ; Adj. R2 = 0.523 ; SEest = 0.36906 ; F = 106.287 ; Sig. F = 0.000
** 0.01
4.171 (WEA2) 0.01
(Sig. F = 0.000)
WEA2 = 1.045 + 0.111 APE2 + 0.332 APE6 + 0.184 APE8 + 0.111 APE9
222
Page 246
4.172
WEA3 APE1 APE2 APE3 APE4 APE5 APE6 APE7 APE8 APE9 APE10
VIF 4.12 4.45 4.22 4.32 4.47 4.30 4.32 4.50 4.35 4.30 4.29 S.D. .537 .554 .617 .578 .552 .566 .628 .589 .574 .568 .565
WEA3 1.000 .548** .622** .678** .635** .767** .791** .666** .693** .656** .668**
APE1 1.000 .612** .653** .670** .608** .560** .601** .597** .537** .596** 2.274
APE2 1.000 .740** .616** .595** .640** .533** .590** .451** .598** 2.597
APE3 1.000 .752** .733** .706** .690** .679** .605** .752** 4.386
APE4 1.000 .681** .700** .720** .720** .522** .636** 3.726
APE5 1.000 .830** .691** .741** .627** .678** 4.230
APE6 1.000 .719** .706** .609** .664** 4.163
APE7 1.000 .684** .728** .668** 3.517
APE8 1.000 .718** .702** 3.646
APE9 1.000 .696** 3.181
APE10 1.000 3.102 ** 0.01
4.172
Multicollinearity
Multicollinearity VIF VIF 2.274 – 4.386 10
0.01
0.548 – 0.791
(WEA3) 4.173
223
Page 247
4.173
t Sig.
0.354 0.143 2.478 0.014* -0.032 0.041 -0.033 -0.776 0.438
0.123 0.039 0.141 3.146 0.002** -0.017 0.054 -0.018 -0.310 0.757
0.024 0.052 0.025 0.466 0.642 0.214 0.054 0.226 3.941 0.000**
0.298 0.049 0.349 6.133 0.000** -0.004 0.048 -0.004 -0.081 0.936
0.031 0.050 0.033 0.626 0.531
0.176 0.047 0.187 3.752 0.000**
0.062 0.047 0.065 1.319 0.188
R = 0.842 ; R2 = 0.709 ; Adj. R2 = 0.701 ; SEest = 0.29325 ; F = 91.136 ; Sig. F = 0.000
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.173 (WEA3) 0.01
(Sig. F = 0.000)
WEA3 = 0.354 – 0.032 APE1 + 0.123 APE2 – 0.017 APE3 + 0.024 APE4 + 0.214 APE5 + 0.298 APE6 – 0.004 APE7 + 0.031 APE8 + 0.176 APE9 + 0.062 APE10
(WEA3) (APE6)
(WEA3) (APE5)
(APE9) (APE2) (APE10)
224
Page 248
(WEA3), (APE1)
(WEA3), (APE8) (APE4)
(WEA3), (APE3) (APE7) (WEA3)
(WEA3) (APE2)
(APE5) (APE6) (APE9)
(WEA3) 0.01 2, 5, 6 9
(APE1) (APE3) (APE4) (APE7) (APE8)
(APE10) (WEA3)
1, 3, 4, 7, 8 10 (APE2)
(APE5) (APE6) (APE9)
(WEA3) 4.174
225
Page 249
4.174
t Sig.
0.373 0.132 2.833 0.005** 0.128 0.032 0.147 4.024 0.000**
0.227 0.049 0.240 4.595 0.000** 0.313 0.046 0.366 6.844 0.000**
0.204 0.035 0.215 5.897 0.000**
R = 0.841 ; R2 = 0.706 ; Adj. R2 = 0.703 ; SEest = 0.29221 ; F = 228.638 ; Sig. F = 0.000
** 0.01
4.174 (WEA3) 0.01
(Sig. F = 0.000)
WEA3 = 0.373 + 0.128 APE2 + 0.227 APE5 + 0.313 APE6 + 0.204 APE9
4.163 – 4.174
4.175
226
Page 250
4.175
1. ** 2. ** ** ** 3. 4. 5. ** * 6. ** ** ** 7. 8. ** 9.
** * ** **
10.
* 0.05 ** 0.01
4.175
0.01 1 9
0.05
0.01 2, 6, 8 9
0.01 2, 5, 6 9
0.05
0.01 2, 5, 6 9
227
Page 251
4.6 10
4.6.1 1)
228
Page 254
6)
4.6.2 1)
2)
231
Page 255
3)
4)
5) /
6)
232
Page 256
4.6.3 1)
2)
3)
233
Page 257
4.7
4.7.1 -
-
-
-
/
-
/
-
234
Page 258
4.7.2 -
-
/
-
4.7.3 -
- (Two – Way Management)
-
235
Page 260
5
:
(Quantitative Research) (Survey Research)
4 . . 2556 478 ( ,
) ( 2554 : 13 – 14)
5% 95% 385
Internet 385
1) 2) 3)
5.1
:
Page 261
5.1.1
385 29 – 36
6 30,000 /
10 5.1.2 6
385
1)
, , ,
,
2)
, , ,
,
3)
, , ,
, , ,
238
Page 262
4)
,
,
5)
6)
, ,
5.1.3
10
385
1)
,
239
Page 263
2)
3)
,
, , ,
4)
,
5)
, ,
,
6)
, ,
7)
,
240
Page 264
8)
,
9)
,
,
10)
, ,
, ,
5.1.4
3
385
1)
,
241
Page 265
2)
,
3)
,
,
, ,
,
5.1.5
1)
2)
3)
4)
242
Page 266
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10) /
5.1.6
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
243
Page 267
6)
7)
8)
9)
10) /
5.1.7
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
244
Page 268
6)
7)
8)
9)
10) /
5.1.8
1)
2)
3)
4)
5.1.9
1)
245
Page 269
2)
3)
4)
5.2
:
1)
(2551 : )
(2552 : )
2)
(2550 : )
246
Page 270
(2550 : ) (2551 :
) SMEs
3)
(2546 : )
4)
- (2548 : )
SMEs
- (2550 : )
247
Page 271
(2548)
(2550)
- (2551 : )
SMEs SMEs
(2548) (2550)
- (2552 : )
SMEs SMEs
(2548),
(2550) (2551)
5)
- (2548 : )
SMEs
- (2549 : )
- (2549 : )
248
Page 272
- (2550 : ) ( . . .)
( 3)
- (2551 : )
(2548), (2549), (2549) (2550)
- (2551 : )
- (2552 : )
6) (2548 : )
249
Page 273
5.3
:
5.3.1
1)
2)
250
Page 274
5.3.2
1)
2)
2.1)
2.2)
3)
4)
(Small and Medium Enterprises : SMEs)
251
Page 275
, . [ . . .]. “ : .” [ ]. : http://www.dra.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/dra_buddha/main.php?filename=
history 9 2555. . 2542. . :
. . 2554. SPSS for Windows . 19.
: . . 2527. . : . . 2548.
. .
. 2546. . :
. . 2548.
SMEs . .
. 2547. .
. . 2552.
SMEs . .
. 2550. .
. . 2546.
. . . 2553. .
.
. 2552. . 12. : .
Page 276
. 2549. .
. . 2524. 2 .
: . . 2538. . : .
. 2556. . [ ]. : http://www.set.or.th/listedcompany/static/listedCompanies_th_
TH.xls 7 2556. . 2550. . 4. : .
. 2554. . 1. : . . 2539. . : .
. 2549. . . 2 (4) : 133 – 137. , . 2554.
. .
. 2554. .
. . 2525. . : . . 2548. . . 1(2): 62 – 74.
. 2541. . : . . 2536. . : . . 2548.
. .
. 2542. . : .
. 2549. .
. . 2550.
( . . .) ( 3). .
. 2549. . 5. : .
253
Page 277
( . . ). 2550. . 11 ( - 1). : . . .
. 2551. . 16. : . . .
. 2542. . : .
. 2548. . 7. : .
. 2550. : .
.
. 2535. . 3. : .
. 2551. : . 2. : .
. 2545. .
. . 2540. . : . . 2552.
. .
. 2547. . .2547. 121, 65 , 22 2547 : 1 – 21.
. 2553. ( 19) . .2553. 127, 127 ,
3 2553 : 68 – 74. . 2556. . .2554. 2. :
. . 2551.
. .
. 2540. . : .
254
Page 278
. 2550. : ( ).
.
. 2523. . : .
. 2551. SMEs
. .
. 2550. . : .
. 2551. . . 2 (1) : 82 – 90.
. 2530. . . ( 2530) : 10. . 2542. . : . . 2527. . : .
. 2535. . : . . 2543. . : .
. 2539. : . . 15 (1) : 43 – 51.
. 2552. . .
. 2545. . : . . 2542. (Efficiency Development).
: . . 2546. . : .
. 2521. . : . , . 2548. . 8. :
. . 2526. 3 .
: . , . 2550. 1.
1. : (2535). . 2549. .
.
255
Page 279
. 2540. . 3. : . . 2551.
. .
. 2551. .
. . 2554.
.
. . 2540.
.
. . 2538. . 3. : .
Alderfer, C. P. 1969. An Empirical Test of a New Theory of Human Needs. Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance. 4 (2) : 142 – 175.
Atkinson, A. S. 2002. Ethics in financial reporting and the corporate communication professional. Corporate Communications : An international journal. 7 (4) : 212 – 218.
Becker, S. W. and Neuhauser, D. 1975. The Efficient Organization. New York : Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.
Benton. D. A. 1998. Applied Human Relation : An Organizational and Skill Development Approach. 6th edition. New Jersey : Prentice Hall.
Bertram, D. [n.d.]. Likert Scales…are the meaning of life. [Online]. http://poincare. matf.bg.ac.rs/~kristina//topic-dane-likert.pdf accessed on February 1, 2013.
Buchan, H. 2009. Public Accountants’ Perceptions of Ethical Work Climate : An Exploratory Study of the Difference Between Partners and Employees within the Instrumental Dimension. The Open Ethics Journal. 3 : 1 – 7.
Carroll, A. 1993. Business & Society: Ethic and Stakeholder Management. 2nd
edition. London : Paul Chapman Publishing.
Dalton, M., Hoyle, D. G. and Watts, M. W. 2000. South-Western Human Relations. 2nd edition. United State of America : South-Western Education Publishing.
Davis, K. 1952. Human Relations at Work : Human Relations and Organization Behavior. New York : Mc Graw Hill Book.
256
Page 280
. 1957. Human Relations in Bussiness. New York : McGraw-Hill Book Co. DeCenzo, D. A. 1997. Human Relations : Personal and Professional Development.
New Jersey : Prentice Hall. Dubrin, A. T. 1981. Human Relations : A Job Oriented Approach. Virginia : Reston
Publishing. Flippo, E. B. 1966. Management : A Behavioral Approach. Boston : Mass Allyn and
Bacon Inc. Gellerman, S. W. 1966. The Management of Human Relations. New York : Holt,
Rubegart and Winston. Herzberg, F. I. 1959. The Motivation to Work. New York : John Wiley and Sons. Herzberg, F. I., et. Al. 1957. Job Attitude : Review of Research and Opinion.
Pittsburgh : Psychological Series of Pittsburgh. Kohlberg, L. 1970. The Cognitive Development Approach to Moral Education. Phi
Delta Kappan. Vol. 10. Kossen, S. 1978. The Human Side of Organizations. 2nd edition. San Francisco :
Canfield. Maslow, A. H. 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review 50 (4) :
370 – 396. . 1954. Motivation and Personality. New York : Harper. McClelland, D. C. 1962. Business Drive and National Achievements. Harvard
Business Review. 40 (4) : 99 – 112. Millett, J. D. 1954. Management in the Public Service : the Guest for Effective
Performance. New York : McGrew – Hill. Pigors, P. G. and Meyer C. 1969. Personnel Administration. 6th ed. New York :
McGrew – Hill. Ryan, T. A. and Smith, P. C. 1954. Principles of Industrial Psychology. New York :
The Ronald Press Company.
257
Page 283
Àπâ“ 1√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’æ.». ÚıÙ˜
¿Ÿ¡‘æ≈Õ¥ÿ≈¬‡¥™ ª.√.„À≫â ≥ «—π∑’Ë ÒÚ μÿ≈“§¡ æ.». ÚıÙ˜
‡ªìπªï∑’Ë ı˘ „π√—™°“≈ªí®®ÿ∫—πæ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–ª√¡‘π∑√¡À“¿Ÿ¡‘æ≈Õ¥ÿ≈¬‡¥™ ¡’æ√–∫√¡√“™‚Õß°“√‚ª√¥‡°≈â“ œ „Àâ
ª√–°“»«à“‚¥¬∑’ˇªìπ°“√ ¡§«√„Àâ¡’°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È¡’∫∑∫—≠≠—μ‘∫“ߪ√–°“√‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√®”°—¥ ‘∑∏‘·≈–‡ √’¿“æ¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈
´÷Ëß¡“μ√“ Ú˘ ª√–°Õ∫°—∫¡“μ√“ ı ¢Õß√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠·Ààß√“™Õ“≥“®—°√‰∑¬ ∫—≠≠—μ‘„Àâ°√–∑”‰¥â‚¥¬Õ“»—¬Õ”π“®μ“¡∫∑∫—≠≠—μ‘·Ààß°ÆÀ¡“¬
®÷ß∑√ßæ√–°√ÿ≥“‚ª√¥‡°≈â“ œ „Àâμ√“æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘¢÷Èπ‰«â‚¥¬§”·π–π”·≈–¬‘π¬Õ¡¢Õß√—∞ ¿“¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È
¡“μ√“ Ò æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’ȇ√’¬°«à“ çæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ æ.». Úı٘顓μ√“ Ú æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È„Àâ„™â∫—ߧ—∫μ—Èß·μà«—π∂—¥®“°«—πª√–°“»„π√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“
‡ªìπμâπ‰ª¡“μ√“ Û „À⬰‡≈‘°æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’ æ.». Úıı¡“μ√“ Ù „πæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’Èç«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’é À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ «‘™“™’æ„π¥â“π°“√∑”∫—≠™’ ¥â“π°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’ ¥â“π°“√∫—≠™’
∫√‘À“√ ¥â“π°“√«“ß√–∫∫∫—≠™’ ¥â“π°“√∫—≠™’¿“…’Õ“°√ ¥â“π°“√»÷°…“·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’°“√∫—≠™’ ·≈–∫√‘°“√‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√∫—≠™’¥â“πÕ◊Ëπμ“¡∑’Ë°”À𥂥¬°Æ°√–∑√«ß
260
Page 284
Àπâ“ 2√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
纟â∑”∫—≠™’é À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ºŸâ∑”∫—≠™’μ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬°“√∫—≠™’ç°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠àé À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ °“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à “¡—≠À√◊Õ°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à«‘ “¡—≠ç ¡“™‘°é À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ¡“™‘° ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ç√—∞¡πμ√’é À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ √—∞¡πμ√’ºŸâ√—°…“°“√μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È¡“μ√“ ı „Àâ√—∞¡πμ√’«à“°“√°√–∑√«ßæ“≥‘™¬å√—°…“°“√μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È ·≈–„Àâ¡’Õ”π“®
ÕÕ°°Æ°√–∑√«ß‡æ◊Ëժؑ∫—μ‘°“√μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È°Æ°√–∑√«ßπ—Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥âª√–°“»„π√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“·≈â«„Àâ„™â∫—ߧ—∫‰¥â
À¡«¥ Ò ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ ˆ „Àâ¡’ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ ¡’∞“𖇪ìππ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈ ‚¥¬¡’«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧå‡æ◊ËÕ à߇ √‘¡·≈–æ—≤π“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ ˜ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡’Õ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë ¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È(Ò) à߇ √‘¡°“√»÷°…“ °“√Õ∫√¡ ·≈–°“√«‘®—¬‡°’ˬ«°—∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(Ú) à߇ √‘¡§«“¡ “¡—§§’·≈–º¥ÿ߇°’¬√μ‘¢Õß ¡“™‘° ®—¥ «— ¥‘°“√·≈–°“√ ߇§√“–Àå
√–À«à“ß ¡“™‘°(Û) °”Àπ¥¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’ ¡“μ√∞“π°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’ ·≈–¡“μ√∞“πÕ◊Ëπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(Ù) °”Àπ¥®√√¬“∫√√≥ºŸâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(ı) √—∫¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬π°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ ÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“μ æ—°„™â À√◊Շ摰∂Õπ„∫Õπÿ≠“μ
ºŸâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(ˆ) √—∫√Õߪ√‘≠≠“À√◊Õª√–°“»π’¬∫—μ√„π«‘™“°“√∫—≠™’¢Õß ∂“∫—π°“√»÷°…“μà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πå
„π°“√√—∫ ¡—§√‡ªìπ ¡“™‘°(˜) √—∫√Õߧ«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡™”π“≠„π°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(¯) √—∫√ÕßÀ≈—° Ÿμ√°“√Ωñ°Õ∫√¡‡ªìπºŸâ™”π“≠°“√·≈–°“√»÷°…“μàÕ‡π◊ËÕß„π¥â“πμà“ßÊ
¢ÕߺŸâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(˘) §«∫§ÿ¡§«“¡ª√–æƒμ‘·≈–°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π¢Õß ¡“™‘°·≈–ºŸâ¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬πÕ—π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫
°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’„Àâ∂Ÿ°μâÕßμ“¡®√√¬“∫√√≥·Ààß«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
261
Page 285
Àπâ“ 3√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
(Ò) ™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ ·π–π” ‡º¬·æ√à ·≈–„Àâ∫√‘°“√«‘™“°“√·°àª√–™“™π‡°’ˬ«°—∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(ÒÒ) ÕÕ°¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(ÒÚ) ‡ªìπμ—«·∑π¢ÕߺŸâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(ÒÛ) „À⧔ª√÷°…“·≈–‡ πÕ·π–μàÕ√—∞∫“≈‡°’ˬ«°—∫π‚¬∫“¬·≈–ªí≠À“¢Õß«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(ÒÙ) ¥”‡π‘π°“√Õ◊Ëπ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧå·≈–Õ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È¡“μ√“ ¯ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’Õ“®¡’√“¬‰¥â ¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È(Ò) §à“∫”√ÿß ¡“™‘°·≈–§à“∏√√¡‡π’¬¡μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È(Ú) ‡ß‘πÕÿ¥Àπÿπ®“°ß∫ª√–¡“≥·ºàπ¥‘π(Û) º≈ª√–‚¬™π宓°°“√®—¥°“√∑√—æ¬å ‘π·≈–°“√¥”‡π‘π°‘®°“√¢Õß ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(Ù) ‡ß‘π·≈–∑√—æ¬å ‘π ÷Ëß¡’ºŸâ„Àâ·°à ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(ı) ¥Õ°º≈¢Õ߇ߑπ·≈–∑√—æ¬å ‘πμ“¡ (Ò) (Ú) (Û) ·≈– (Ù)¡“μ√“ ˘ ¿“¬„μâ∫—ߧ—∫∫∑∫—≠≠—μ‘À¡«¥ ı °“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ¥â“π°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’
·≈–À¡«¥ ˆ °“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ¥â“π°“√∑”∫—≠™’ „π°√≥’∑’Ë°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¥â“π„¥¡’º≈°√–∑∫μàÕª√–‚¬™π剥⇠’¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π À√◊Õ‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πå∑’Ë®–„Àâ¡’°“√§ÿ⡧√Õߪ√–™“™π·≈–æ—≤π“À√◊Õ®—¥√–‡∫’¬∫°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¥â“π„¥ ®–μ√“æ√–√“™°ƒ…Æ’°“°”Àπ¥„Àâ°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¥â“ππ—ÈπμâÕ߉¥â√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μÀ√◊ÕμâÕߢ÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬π‰«â°—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°Á‰¥â
¡“μ√“ Ò ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’æ√–√“™°ƒ…Æ’°“μ“¡¡“μ√“ ˘ „™â∫—ߧ—∫ ”À√—∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¥â“π„¥ Àâ“¡¡‘„À⺟℥ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¥â“ππ—È𠇫âπ·μà‰¥â√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μÀ√◊Õ¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬π°—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
°“√¢Õ√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ °“√Õπÿ≠“μ °“√ÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“μ ·≈–°“√¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬πºŸâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μ“¡«√√§Àπ÷Ëß „À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡·∫∫ À≈—°‡°≥±å «‘∏’°“√ ·≈–‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
„π°“√¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬πª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’®–°”Àπ¥„À⺟â¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬π ÷Ëß¡‘‰¥â‡ªìπ ¡“™‘°μâÕ߇ ’¬§à“∏√√¡‡π’¬¡‡ªìπ√“¬ªï°Á‰¥â ·μà®–°”Àπ¥§à“∏√√¡‡π’¬¡¥—ß°≈à“«„Àâ Ÿß°«à“§à“∫”√ÿß ¡“™‘°·≈–§à“∏√√¡‡π’¬¡„∫Õπÿ≠“μ∑’ˇ√’¬°‡°Á∫®“° ¡“™‘° ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‡ªìπ√“¬ªï‰¡à‰¥â
¡“μ√“ ÒÒ π‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫°‘®°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√¥â“π°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’À√◊Õ¥â“π°“√∑”∫—≠™’À√◊Õ„Àâ∫√‘°“√«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¥â“πÕ◊Ëπμ“¡∑’Ë°”À𥂥¬æ√–√“™°ƒ…Æ’°“μ“¡¡“μ√“ ˘ μâÕß®¥∑–‡∫’¬πμàÕ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μ“¡‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢ ¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È
262
Page 286
Àπâ“ 4√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
(Ò) π‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈π—ÈπμâÕß®—¥„Àâ¡’À≈—°ª√–°—π‡æ◊ËÕª√–°—𧫓¡√—∫º‘¥μàÕ∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë “¡ ∑—È ßπ’Èμ“¡ª√–‡¿∑ ®”π«π À≈—°‡°≥±å ·≈–«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë°”À𥂥¬°Æ°√–∑√«ß
(Ú) „π°√≥’ª√–°Õ∫°‘®°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’ ∫ÿ§§≈´÷Ëß¡’Õ”π“®≈ßπ“¡ºŸ°æ—ππ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈„π°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’μâÕ߇ªìπºŸâ‰¥â√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ„À⇪ìπºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ
°“√°”Àπ¥À≈—°ª√–°—πμ“¡«√√§Àπ÷Ëß (Ò) „À⧔π÷ß∂÷ß¢π“¥·≈–√“¬‰¥â¢Õßπ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ ·≈–„Àâ𔧫“¡‡ÀÁπ¢ÕßÀπ૬ߓπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß·≈– ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡“æ‘®“√≥“ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬
„π°√≥’∑’˺Ÿâ Õ∫∫—≠™’μâÕß√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫μàÕ∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë “¡ „Àâπ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈ ÷ËߺŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’π—Èπ —ß°—¥Õ¬Ÿà√à«¡√—∫º‘¥¥â«¬Õ¬à“ß≈Ÿ°Àπ’È√à«¡ ·≈–„π°√≥’∑’ˬ—߉¡à “¡“√∂™”√–§à“‡ ’¬À“¬‰¥â§√∫®”π«π „ÀâÀÿâπ à«πÀ√◊Õ°√√¡°“√ºŸâ¡’Õ”π“®≈ßπ“¡ºŸ°æ—ππ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈ À√◊ÕºŸâ·∑ππ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈„¥´÷ËßμâÕß√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¢Õßπ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ μâÕß√à«¡√—∫º‘¥®π§√∫®”π«π ‡«âπ·μàæ‘ Ÿ®π剥â«à“μπ¡‘‰¥â¡’ à«π√Ÿâ‡ÀÁπÀ√◊Õ¬‘π¬Õ¡„π°“√°√–∑”º‘¥∑’ËμâÕß√—∫º‘¥
À¡«¥ Ú ¡“™‘° ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ ÒÚ ¡“™‘° ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡’ ’˪√–‡¿∑ ¥—ßπ’È(Ò) ¡“™‘° “¡—≠(Ú) ¡“™‘°«‘ “¡—≠(Û) ¡“™‘° ¡∑∫(Ù) ¡“™‘°°‘μμ‘¡»—°¥‘Ï¡“μ√“ ÒÛ ¡“™‘° “¡—≠μâÕ߇ªìπºŸâ¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘·≈–‰¡à¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡ ¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È(Ò) ¡’Õ“¬ÿ‰¡àμË”°«à“¬’Ë ‘∫ªï∫√‘∫Ÿ√≥å(Ú) ¡’ —≠™“쑉∑¬(Û) ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“«‘™“°“√∫—≠™’‰¡àμË”°«à“√–¥—∫ª√‘≠≠“μ√’ À√◊Õ‰¥â√—∫ª√–°“»π’¬∫—μ√ À√◊Õ«ÿ≤‘Õ◊Ëπ
‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“ª√‘≠≠“μ√’ “¢“«‘™“°“√∫—≠™’∑’Ë ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’√—∫√Õß À√◊Õ ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“ “¢“Õ◊Ëπμ“¡∑’Ë ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°”Àπ¥
(Ù) ‰¡à‡ªìπºŸâª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥Õ—ππ”¡“´÷Ëߧ«“¡‡ ◊ËÕ¡‡ ’¬‡°’¬√μ‘»—°¥‘Ï·Ààß«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
263
Page 287
Àπâ“ 5√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
(ı) ‰¡à‡§¬μâÕß‚∑…®”§ÿ°‚¥¬§”æ‘æ“°…“∂÷ß∑’Ë ÿ¥„Àâ®”§ÿ°„𧥒∑’ˇªìπ°“√ª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥Õ—π®–π”¡“´÷Ëߧ«“¡‡ ◊ËÕ¡‡ ’¬‡°’¬√μ‘»—°¥‘Ï·Ààß«‘™“™’æμ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
(ˆ) ‰¡à‡ªìπ§π‰√⧫“¡ “¡“√∂À√◊Õ§π‡ ¡◊Õπ‰√⧫“¡ “¡“√∂ À√◊Õ‡ªìπ‚√§μ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ ÒÙ ¡“™‘°«‘ “¡—≠·≈– ¡“™‘° ¡∑∫μâÕ߇ªìπºŸâ¡’ —≠™“쑉∑¬ ·≈–μâÕß¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘·≈–‰¡à¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡μ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
§«“¡„π«√√§Àπ÷Ëß ¡‘„Àâ„™â∫—ߧ—∫°—∫ºŸâ ÷Ë߉¡à¡’ —≠™“쑉∑¬·μà¡’ —≠™“μ‘¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ´÷Ë߬‘π¬Õ¡„À⺟⡒ —≠™“쑉∑¬ª√–°Õ∫Õ“™’æ Õ∫∫—≠™’„πª√–‡∑»π—Èπ‰¥â ·≈–ª√– ߧ宖 ¡—§√‡¢â“‡ªìπ ¡“™‘°«‘ “¡—≠·μຟâπ—Èπ®–μâÕß¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘·≈–‰¡à¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡μ“¡¡“μ√“ ÒÛ (Ò) (Û) (Ù) (ı) ·≈– (ˆ)
¡“μ√“ Òı ¡“™‘°°‘μμ‘¡»—°¥‘Ï ‰¥â·°à ºŸâ∑√ߧÿ≥«ÿ≤‘´÷Ë߉¥â√—∫‡™‘≠‡ªìπ ¡“™‘°μ“¡¡μ‘¢Õߧ≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ Òˆ ¡“™‘° “¡—≠¡’ ‘∑∏‘·≈–Àπâ“∑’Ë ¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È(Ò) · ¥ß§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ„π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à(Ú) ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß≈ߧ–·ππ„π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à(Û) ‡≈◊Õ°μ—Èß √—∫‡≈◊Õ°μ—Èß À√◊Õ√—∫·μàßμ—Èß ‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√À√◊Õ¥”√ßμ”·ÀπàßÕ◊ËπÕ—π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫
°‘®°“√¢Õß ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È(Ù) ™”√–§à“∫”√ÿß ¡“™‘°À√◊Õ§à“∏√√¡‡π’¬¡μ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(ı) º¥ÿ߉«â ÷Ë߇°’¬√μ‘»—°¥‘Ï·Ààß«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’·≈–ªØ‘∫—μ‘μπμ“¡∫∑∫—≠≠—μ‘·Ààßæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È(ˆ) ‘∑∏‘·≈–Àπâ“∑’ËÕ◊Ëπμ“¡∑’Ë ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°”Àπ¥ ¡“™‘°«‘ “¡—≠ ¡“™‘° ¡∑∫ ·≈– ¡“™‘°°‘μμ‘¡»—°¥‘Ï ¡’ ‘∑∏‘·≈–Àπâ“∑’Ëμ“¡ (Ò) (Ù) (ı)
·≈– (ˆ)¡“μ√“ Ò˜ ¡“™‘°¿“æ¢Õß ¡“™‘° ‘Èπ ÿ¥≈ß ‡¡◊ËÕ(Ò) 쓬(Ú) ≈“ÕÕ°(Û) ¢“¥§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘À√◊Õ¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡μ“¡¡“μ√“ ÒÛ À√◊Õ¡“μ√“ ÒÙ À√◊Õ§≥–°√√¡°“√
¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡’¡μ‘‡æ‘°∂Õπ ”À√—∫°√≥’ ¡“™‘°°‘μμ‘¡»—°¥‘Ï(Ù) ‰¡à™”√–§à“∫”√ÿß ¡“™‘° ‚¥¬‰¡à¡’‡ÀμÿÕ—π ¡§«√μ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
264
Page 288
Àπâ“ 6√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
¡“μ√“ Ò¯ „Àâ¡’°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à “¡—≠ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ªï≈–Àπ÷Ëߧ√—Èß°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠àÕ◊ËππÕ°®“°°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à “¡—≠ ‡√’¬°«à“ °“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à«‘ “¡—≠¡“μ√“ Ò˘ ¡“™‘° “¡—≠Õ“®¢Õ„Àâ¡’°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à«‘ “¡—≠‰¥âμ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å·≈–«‘∏’°“√
∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ „π°“√π’È π“¬° ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μâÕ߇√’¬°ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à«‘ “¡—≠¿“¬„π “¡ ‘∫«—ππ—∫·μà«—π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫§”¢Õ
¡“μ√“ Ú „π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à μâÕß¡’ ¡“™‘° “¡—≠¡“ª√–™ÿ¡‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ Õß√âÕ¬§π®÷߇ªìπÕߧåª√–™ÿ¡
°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à§√—Èß„¥ ‡¡◊ËÕ≈à«ßæâπ‡«≈“∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«â‡ªìπ‡«≈“ “¡ ‘∫π“∑’·≈â«¡’ ¡“™‘° “¡—≠¡“ª√–™ÿ¡‰¡à§√∫Õߧåª√–™ÿ¡μ“¡«√√§Àπ÷Ëß ·≈–°“√ª√–™ÿ¡π—Èπ‰¥â‡√’¬°ª√–™ÿ¡μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ò˘ „Àâߥ°“√ª√–™ÿ¡§√—Èßπ—Èπ ·μà∂ⓧ≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥„Àâ¡’°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ „Àâ‡≈◊ËÕπ°“√ª√–™ÿ¡π—ÈπÕÕ°‰ª ‚¥¬„Àâ𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‡√’¬°ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠àÕ’°§√—ÈßÀπ÷Ëß¿“¬„π “¡ ‘∫«—π·≈–„π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à§√—Èßπ’È „ÀâÕߧåª√–™ÿ¡ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ ¡“™‘° “¡—≠‡∑à“∑’Ë¡“ª√–™ÿ¡
¡“μ√“ ÚÒ „π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à „Àâ𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‡ªìπª√–∏“π„π∑’˪√–™ÿ¡ „π°√≥’∑’Ë𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‰¡àÕ¬Ÿà„π∑’˪√–™ÿ¡À√◊Õ‰¡à “¡“√∂ªØ‘∫—μ‘Àπâ“∑’ˉ¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡àªØ‘∫—μ‘Àπâ“∑’Ë „ÀâÕÿªπ“¬° ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’§π∑’ËÀπ÷ËßÀ√◊Õ§π∑’Ë Õßμ“¡≈”¥—∫‡ªìπª√–∏“π„π∑’˪√–™ÿ¡ ∂â“𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’·≈–Õÿªπ“¬° ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‰¡àÕ¬Ÿà„π∑’˪√–™ÿ¡À√◊Õ‰¡à “¡“√∂ªØ‘∫—μ‘Àπâ“∑’ˉ¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡àªØ‘∫—μ‘Àπâ“∑’Ë„Àâ ¡“™‘° “¡—≠∑’Ë¡“ª√–™ÿ¡‡≈◊Õ° ¡“™‘° “¡—≠§πÀπ÷Ëß∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπª√–∏“π„π∑’˪√–™ÿ¡
À¡«¥ Û§≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ ÚÚ „Àâ¡’§≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬(Ò) 𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ ´÷Ëß∑’˪√–™ÿ¡„À≠à‡≈◊Õ°μ—Èß®“° ¡“™‘° “¡—≠(Ú) °√√¡°“√‚¥¬μ”·Àπàß ‰¥â·°à ª√–∏“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’∑ÿ°¥â“π ª√–∏“π
§≥–°√√¡°“√°”Àπ¥¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’ ·≈–ª√–∏“π§≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥(Û) °√√¡°“√ºŸâ∑√ߧÿ≥«ÿ≤‘ ÷Ëß𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’·≈–°√√¡°“√‚¥¬μ”·Àπàßμ“¡ (Ú)
¡’¡μ‘·μàßμ—Èß®“°ºŸâ∑√ߧÿ≥«ÿ≤‘‡°’ˬ«°—∫«‘™“°“√∫—≠™’ Õߧπ ·≈–ºŸâ∑√ߧÿ≥«ÿ≤‘∑“ߥâ“π°ÆÀ¡“¬Àπ÷Ëߧπ(Ù) °√√¡°“√ ÷Ëß∑’˪√–™ÿ¡„À≠à‡≈◊Õ°μ—Èß®“° ¡“™‘° “¡—≠ ¡’®”π«π‰¡à‡°‘πÀⓧπ
265
Page 289
Àπâ“ 7√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
„Àâ‡≈¢“∏‘°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√·≈–‡≈¢“πÿ°“√ ·≈–®–„Àâ¡’ºŸâ™à«¬‡≈¢“πÿ°“√°Á‰¥âμ“¡§«“¡®”‡ªìπ·≈–μ“¡¡μ‘¢Õߧ≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘·≈–≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡¢Õß𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ °√√¡°“√μ“¡ (Û) ·≈– (Ù) ·≈–À≈—°‡°≥±å·≈–«‘∏’°“√‡≈◊Õ°μ—Èß𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ ·≈–°√√¡°“√μ“¡ (Ù) „À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ ÚÛ π“¬° ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ ·≈–°√√¡°“√μ“¡¡“μ√“ ÚÚ (Û) ·≈– (Ù) ¡’«“√–°“√¥”√ßμ”·Àπàߧ√“«≈– “¡ªï
„π°√≥’∑’Ë𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ À√◊Õ°√√¡°“√μ“¡¡“μ√“ ÚÚ (Û) ·≈– (Ù) æâπ®“°μ”·Àπàß°àÕπ§√∫«“√– À√◊Õ„π°√≥’∑’Ë∑’˪√–™ÿ¡„À≠à‡≈◊Õ°μ—Èß°√√¡°“√μ“¡¡“μ√“ ÚÚ (Ù) ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„π√–À«à“ß∑’Ë°√√¡°“√ ÷Ë߇≈◊Õ°μ—È߉«â·≈⫬—ß¡’«“√–Õ¬Ÿà„πμ”·Àπàß „À⺟≥â√—∫‡≈◊Õ°μ—ÈßÀ√◊Õ·μàßμ—Èß·∑πμ”·Àπàß∑’Ë«à“ßÀ√◊Õ‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ Õ¬Ÿà„πμ”·Àπà߇∑à“°—∫«“√–∑’ˇÀ≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà¢Õß°√√¡°“√ ÷Ë߉¥â‡≈◊Õ°μ—ÈßÀ√◊Õ·μàßμ—È߉«â·≈â«
‡¡◊ËÕ§√∫°”Àπ¥μ“¡«“√–„π«√√§Àπ÷Ëß À“°¬—ß¡‘‰¥â¡’°“√‡≈◊Õ°μ—Èß𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’À√◊Õ¬—ß¡‘‰¥â¡’°“√·μàßμ—Èß°√√¡°“√μ“¡¡“μ√“ ÚÚ (Û) À√◊Õ¬—ß¡‘‰¥â¡’°“√‡≈◊Õ°μ—Èß°√√¡°“√μ“¡¡“μ√“ÚÚ (Ù) ¢÷Èπ„À¡à „Àâ𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’À√◊Õ°√√¡°“√´÷Ëßæâπ®“°μ”·Àπàßμ“¡«“√–π—ÈπÕ¬Ÿà„πμ”·Àπà߇æ◊ËÕ¥”‡π‘πß“πμàÕ‰ª®π°«à“𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’À√◊Õ°√√¡°“√ ÷Ë߉¥â√—∫‡≈◊Õ°μ—ÈßÀ√◊Õ·μàßμ—Èß„À¡à‡¢â“√—∫Àπâ“∑’Ë
𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’À√◊Õ°√√¡°“√ ÷Ëßæâπ®“°μ”·Àπàßμ“¡«“√– Õ“®‰¥â√—∫‡≈◊Õ°μ—ÈßÀ√◊Õ·μàßμ—ÈßÕ’°‰¥â ·μà𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’®–¥”√ßμ”·Àπà߇°‘π Õß«“√–μ‘¥μàÕ°—π‰¡à‰¥â
¡“μ√“ ÚÙ πÕ°®“°°“√æâπ®“°μ”·Àπàßμ“¡«“√– „Àâ𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’·≈–°√√¡°“√μ“¡¡“μ√“ ÚÚ (Û) ·≈– (Ù) æâπ®“°μ”·Àπàß ‡¡◊ËÕ
(Ò) 쓬(Ú) ≈“ÕÕ°(Û) æâπ®“° ¡“™‘°¿“æ¢Õß ¡“™‘° ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(Ù) ¢“¥§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘À√◊Õ¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡μ“¡¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(ı) √—∞¡πμ√’¡’§” —Ëß„Àâæâπ®“°μ”·Àπàßμ“¡¡“μ√“ ˆÛ
266
Page 290
Àπâ“ 8√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
¡“μ√“ Úı „Àâ𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‡≈◊Õ°°√√¡°“√‡æ◊ËÕ·μàßμ—Èß„À⥔√ßμ”·ÀπàßÕÿªπ“¬°μ“¡®”π«π∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°”Àπ¥ μ”·Àπà߇≈¢“∏‘°“√ ‡À√—≠≠‘° ·≈–π“¬∑–‡∫’¬πμ”·Àπàß≈–Àπ÷Ëߧπ ·≈–μ”·ÀπàßÕ◊Ëπμ“¡∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°”Àπ¥μ“¡§«“¡®”‡ªìπ
°“√ªØ‘∫—μ‘Àπâ“∑’Ë Õ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë ·≈–°“√æâπ®“°μ”·ÀπàߢÕߺŸâ¥”√ßμ”·Àπàßμ“¡«√√§Àπ÷Ëß„À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ Úˆ °“√ª√–™ÿ¡§≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μâÕß¡’°√√¡°“√¡“ª√–™ÿ¡‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“°÷ËßÀπ÷ËߢÕß®”π«π°√√¡°“√∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ®÷ß®–‡ªìπÕߧåª√–™ÿ¡
¡μ‘¢Õß∑’˪√–™ÿ¡„Àâ∂◊Õ‡ ’¬ß¢â“ß¡“° °√√¡°“√§πÀπ÷Ëß¡’‡ ’¬ßÀπ÷Ëß„π°“√≈ߧ–·ππ∂ⓧ–·ππ‡ ’¬ß‡∑à“°—π „Àâª√–∏“π„π∑’˪√–™ÿ¡ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ’°‡ ’¬ßÀπ÷Ë߇ªìπ‡ ’¬ß™’È¢“¥
¡“μ√“ Ú˜ §≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ ®–·μàßμ—Èߧ≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√‡æ◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“À√◊ժؑ∫—μ‘°“√μ“¡∑’Ë¡Õ∫À¡“¬°Á‰¥â
„Àâ𔧫“¡„π¡“μ√“ Úˆ ¡“„™â∫—ߧ—∫·°à°“√ª√–™ÿ¡¢Õߧ≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√‚¥¬Õπÿ‚≈¡¡“μ√“ Ú¯ „Àâ§≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡’Õ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë ¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È(Ò) ∫√‘À“√°‘®°“√¢Õß ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’„À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧå(Ú) °√–∑”°‘®°“√∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„πÕ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È(Û) ‡ πÕ√à“ߢâÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’„π°‘®°“√μà“ßÊ ∑’Ë°”À𥉫â„πæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’ÈμàÕ
∑’˪√–™ÿ¡„À≠à ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(Ù) ®—¥„Àâ¡’°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à(ı) ÕÕ°√–‡∫’¬∫‡æ◊Ëժؑ∫—μ‘°“√„À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È¡“μ√“ Ú˘ ¡“™‘° “¡—≠‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“Àπ÷Ëß√âÕ¬§π®–‡¢â“™◊ËÕ‡ πÕ√à“ߢâÕ∫—ߧ—∫μ“¡¡“μ√“
Ú¯ (Û) μàÕ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¥â«¬°Á‰¥â„Àâ§≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’®—¥„Àâ¡’°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à‡æ◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“√à“ߢâÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
μ“¡«√√§Àπ÷Ëß‚¥¬‰¡à™—°™â“¡“μ√“ Û «‘∏’°“√‡ πÕ·≈–°“√æ‘®“√≥“√à“ߢâÕ∫—ߧ—∫ „À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’√à“ߢâÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‡°’ˬ«°—∫§à“∫”√ÿß ¡“™‘°À√◊Õ§à“∏√√¡‡π’¬¡ À√◊Õ√à“ߢâÕ∫—ߧ—∫μ“¡
¡“μ√“ ÚÚ «√√§ “¡ ¡“μ√“ ÙÛ «√√§Àπ÷Ëß ·≈–¡“μ√“ ÙÙ «√√§ Õß μâÕ߉¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫®“°§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°àÕπ
267
Page 291
Àπâ“ 9√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
√à“ߢâÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’´÷Ëß ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’Õπÿ¡—μ‘ À√◊Õ§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’„À⧫“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫μ“¡«√√§ Õß·≈â« ·≈â«·μà°√≥’ ‡¡◊ËÕ𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’≈ßπ“¡·≈–ª√–°“»„π√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“·≈â« „Àâ„™â∫—ߧ—∫‰¥â
¡“μ√“ ÛÒ „π°‘®°“√∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫∫ÿ§§≈¿“¬πÕ° „Àâ𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡’Õ”π“®°√–∑”°“√·∑π ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ „π°“√π’È π“¬° ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’®–¡Õ∫À¡“¬‡ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ„Àâ°√√¡°“√Õ◊Ëπ°√–∑”°“√·∑πμπ‡©æ“–„π°‘®°“√„¥°Á‰¥â
¡“μ√“ ÛÚ ‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πå„π°“√æ—≤π“·≈– à߇ √‘¡°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¥â“πμà“ßÊ „Àâ¡’§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¢Õß·μà≈–¥â“π ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ª√–∏“π°√√¡°“√·≈–°√√¡°“√Õ◊Ëπ¡’®”π«πμ“¡∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°”Àπ¥
ª√–∏“π°√√¡°“√«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¥â“πμà“ßÊ „Àâ¡“®“°°“√‡≈◊Õ°μ—ÈߢÕß ¡“™‘° “¡—≠ ‚¥¬∑’˪√–™ÿ¡„À≠à ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘·≈–≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡¢Õߪ√–∏“π°√√¡°“√À√◊Õ°√√¡°“√«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μ“¡«√√§Àπ÷Ëß°“√·μàßμ—ÈßÀ√◊Õ°“√‡≈◊Õ°μ—Èß °“√¥”√ßμ”·Àπàß °“√æâπ®“°μ”·Àπàß Õ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë ·≈–°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√Õ◊Ëπ¢Õߪ√–∏“π°√√¡°“√À√◊Õ°√√¡°“√«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ „À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
À¡«¥ Ù§≥–°√√¡°“√°”Àπ¥¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ ÛÛ „Àâ¡’§≥–°√√¡°“√°”Àπ¥¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ºŸâ∑√ߧÿ≥«ÿ≤‘ ÷Ëߧ≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’·μàßμ—Èß®“°ºŸâ¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡™”π“≠·≈–ª√– ∫°“√≥凰’ˬ«°—∫°“√∫—≠™’ ¡’®”π«π‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“‡®Á¥§π·μà‰¡à‡°‘π ‘∫‡ÕÁ¥§π ·≈–ºŸâ·∑π°√¡°“√ª√–°—π¿—¬ ºŸâ·∑π°√¡æ—≤π“∏ÿ√°‘®°“√§â“ ºŸâ·∑π°√¡ √√æ“°√ºŸâ·∑π∏𓧓√·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ºŸâ·∑π ”π—°ß“π°“√μ√«®‡ß‘π·ºàπ¥‘π ·≈–ºŸâ·∑π ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫À≈—°∑√—æ¬å·≈–μ≈“¥À≈—°∑√—æ¬å ‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√
°√√¡°“√ºŸâ∑√ߧÿ≥«ÿ≤‘¡’«“√–°“√¥”√ßμ”·Àπàߧ√“«≈– “¡ªï„Àâ°√√¡°“√μ“¡«√√§Àπ÷Ë߇≈◊Õ°°√√¡°“√§πÀπ÷Ë߇ªìπª√–∏“π°√√¡°“√ ·≈–‡≈◊Õ°°√√¡°“√
Õ’°§πÀπ÷Ë߇ªìπ‡≈¢“πÿ°“√§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘ ≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡ °“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ° ·≈–°“√æâπ®“°μ”·ÀπàߢÕß°√√¡°“√ºŸâ∑√ߧÿ≥«ÿ≤‘
„À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
268
Page 292
Àπâ“ 10√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
¡“μ√“ ÛÙ „Àâ§≥–°√√¡°“√°”Àπ¥¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’¡’Õ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë°”Àπ¥·≈–ª√—∫ª√ÿß¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’ ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ¡“μ√∞“π„π°“√®—¥∑”∫—≠™’μ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬°“√∫—≠™’·≈–°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ◊Ëπ
¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’μâÕß®—¥∑”¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ¿“…“‰∑¬¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√°”Àπ¥¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’°”Àπ¥·≈–ª√—∫ª√ÿ߇¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫
§«“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫®“°§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ ·≈–ª√–°“»„π√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“·≈â«„Àâ„™â∫—ߧ—∫‰¥â
‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫·®âß®“°ºŸâ∑”∫—≠™’ ºŸâ¡’Àπâ“∑’Ë®—¥∑”∫—≠™’ ºŸâ„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ß°“√‡ß‘π °√¡°“√ª√–°—π¿—¬°√¡æ—≤π“∏ÿ√°‘®°“√§â“ °√¡ √√æ“°√ ∏𓧓√·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”π—°ß“π°“√μ√«®‡ß‘π·ºàπ¥‘π ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫À≈—°∑√—æ¬å·≈–μ≈“¥À≈—°∑√—æ¬å À√◊ÕÀπ૬ߓπÕ◊Ëπ„¥ «à“¡’ªí≠À“‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√ªØ‘∫—μ‘μ“¡¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’∑’Ë°”À𥉫â´÷ËßÕ“®°àÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬ À√◊Õ°“√ªØ‘∫—μ‘μ“¡¡“μ√∞“π¥—ß°≈à“«∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬μàÕ‡»√…∞°‘®¢Õߪ√–‡∑» À√◊Õ‡ªìπÕÿª √√§μàÕ°“√ª√–°Õ∫°‘®°“√§≥–°√√¡°“√°”Àπ¥¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’μâÕߥ”‡π‘π°“√μ√«® Õ∫·≈–√—∫øíߧ«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߺŸâ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß·≈–°”Àπ¥ ª√—∫ª√ÿß À√◊Õæ—≤π“¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’‚¥¬æ≈—π
¡“μ√“ Ûı §≥–°√√¡°“√°”Àπ¥¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’Õ“®·μàßμ—Èߧ≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√‡æ◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“À√◊ժؑ∫—μ‘°“√Õ¬à“ß„¥μ“¡∑’Ë¡Õ∫À¡“¬‰¥â
¡“μ√“ Ûˆ „Àâ𔧫“¡„π¡“μ√“ Úˆ ¡“„™â∫—ߧ—∫°—∫°“√ª√–™ÿ¡§≥–°√√¡°“√°”Àπ¥¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’·≈–§≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√´÷Ëߧ≥–°√√¡°“√°”Àπ¥¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’·μàßμ—Èß‚¥¬Õπÿ‚≈¡
À¡«¥ ı°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ¥â“π°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ Û˜ „π°√≥’∑’Ë¡’°ÆÀ¡“¬∫—≠≠—μ‘„Àâ¡’°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’ À√◊Õ„Àâ‡Õ° “√„¥μâÕß¡’ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’≈ß≈“¬¡◊Õ™◊ËÕ√—∫√ÕßÀ√◊Õ· ¥ß§«“¡‡ÀÁπ Àâ“¡¡‘„À⺟℥≈ß≈“¬¡◊Õ™◊ËÕ√—∫√Õß°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’ √—∫√Õ߇հ “√À√◊Õ· ¥ß§«“¡‡ÀÁπ„π∞“π–ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’ ‡«âπ·μà‡ªìπºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ À√◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”„πÕ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë∑“ß√“™°“√
¡“μ√“ Û¯ ºŸâ„¥®–‡ªìπºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μμâÕ߉¥â√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ®“° ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°“√¢Õ√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ °“√Õπÿ≠“μ ·≈–°“√ÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“쇪ìπºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ„À⇪ìπ‰ª
μ“¡·∫∫·≈–À≈—°‡°≥±å∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
269
Page 293
Àπâ“ 11√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ·≈â«·≈–„∫Õπÿ≠“μπ—Èπ¡‘‰¥â∂Ÿ°æ—°„™âÀ√◊Õ∂Ÿ°‡æ‘°∂Õπ„À⺟â Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“쉥â√—∫¬°‡«âπ‰¡àμâÕߢÕÕπÿ≠“μμàÕÕ∏‘∫¥’°√¡ √√æ“°√„π°“√μ√«® Õ∫·≈–√—∫√Õß∫—≠™’μ“¡ª√–¡«≈√—…Æ“°√
¡“μ√“ Û˘ ºŸâ¢Õ√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“쇪ìπºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μμâÕß¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘·≈–‰¡à¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡ ¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È
(Ò) ‡ªìπ ¡“™‘° “¡—≠À√◊Õ ¡“™‘°«‘ “¡—≠μ“¡¡“μ√“ ÒÙ «√√§ Õß ·μà„π°√≥’‡ªìπ ¡“™‘°«‘ “¡—≠´÷Ë߇ªìπ§πμà“ߥ⓫μâÕ߇ªìπºŸâ¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ¿“…“‰∑¬¥’æÕ∑’Ë®– “¡“√∂ Õ∫∫—≠™’·≈–®—¥∑”√“¬ß“π‡ªìπ¿“…“‰∑¬‰¥â ·≈–¡’¿Ÿ¡‘≈”‡π“„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ·≈â«μâÕ߉¥â√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μμ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬°“√∑”ß“π¢Õߧπμà“ߥ⓫¥â«¬ ®÷ß®–ªØ‘∫—μ‘ß“π‡ªìπºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“쉥â
(Ú) ºà“π°“√∑¥ Õ∫À√◊ÕΩñ°Õ∫√¡À√◊ÕΩñ°ß“πÀ√◊Õ‡§¬ªØ‘∫—μ‘ß“π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡“·≈â«μ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
(Û) ‰¡à‡§¬μâÕߧ”æ‘æ“°…“∂÷ß∑’Ë ÿ¥„Àâ®”§ÿ° ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥μ“¡¡“μ√“ Úˆ˘¡“μ√“ ÛÚÛ À√◊Õ§«“¡º‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫∑√—æ¬å‡«âπ·μ৫“¡º‘¥∞“π∑”„À⇠’¬∑√—æ¬å·≈–§«“¡º‘¥∞“π∫ÿ°√ÿ°μ“¡ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ §«“¡º‘¥μ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬°“√∫—≠™’ °ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’ À√◊Õ°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬°“√°”À𥧫“¡º‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫Àâ“ßÀÿâπ à«π®¥∑–‡∫’¬π Àâ“ßÀÿâπ à«π®”°—¥ ∫√‘…—∑®”°—¥ ¡“§¡ ·≈–¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ ‡©æ“–∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫°“√√—∫√Õßß∫°“√‡ß‘πÀ√◊Õ∫—≠™’Õ◊Ëπ„¥Õ—π‰¡à∂Ÿ°μâÕßÀ√◊Õ∑”√“¬ß“π‡∑Á®À√◊Õ§«“¡º‘¥μ“¡À¡«¥ ı ·≈–À¡«¥ ˆ ·Ààßæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È ‡«âπ·μàμâÕߧ”æ‘æ“°…“À√◊Õæâπ‚∑…¡“·≈⫉¡àπâÕ¬°«à“À⓪ï
(Ù) ‰¡à‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈≈â¡≈–≈“¬(ı) ¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘·≈–‰¡à¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡Õ◊Ëπμ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡“μ√“ Ù ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ ÷Ëß∂Ÿ° —Ë߇摰∂Õπ„∫Õπÿ≠“μÕ“®¢Õ√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μÕ’°‰¥â
‡¡◊ËÕæâπÀ⓪ïπ—∫·μà«—π∑’Ë∂Ÿ° —Ë߇摰∂Õπ„∫Õπÿ≠“μ ·μà‡¡◊ËÕ§≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‰¥âæ‘®“√≥“§”¢Õ√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ·≈–ªØ‘‡ ∏°“√ÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“μ ºŸâπ—Èπ®–¬◊Ëπ§”¢Õ√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“쉥âÕ’°‡¡◊ËÕ ‘Èπ√–¬–‡«≈“Àπ÷Ëߪïπ—∫·μà«—π∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ªØ‘‡ ∏°“√ÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“μ ∂ⓧ≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ªØ‘‡ ∏°“√ÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“쇪ìπ§√—Èß∑’Ë Õß·≈â« ºŸâπ—Èπ‡ªìπÕ—πÀ¡¥ ‘∑∏‘¢Õ√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μÕ’°μàÕ‰ª
¡“μ√“ ÙÒ „∫Õπÿ≠“쇪ìπºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ‰¡à¡’Õ“¬ÿ ·μຟâ√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μμâÕß™”√–§à“∏√√¡‡π’¬¡„∫Õπÿ≠“μμ“¡∑’Ë ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°”Àπ¥
270
Page 294
Àπâ“ 12√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
„∫Õπÿ≠“쇪ìπºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ ‘Èπº≈ ‡¡◊ËÕºŸâ√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ(Ò) 쓬(Ú) æâπ®“° ¡“™‘°¿“æ¢Õß ¡“™‘° ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(Û) ¢“¥§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘À√◊Õ¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡μ“¡¡“μ√“ Û˘(Ù) ∂Ÿ°‡æ‘°∂Õπ„∫Õπÿ≠“μ‡π◊ËÕß®“°ª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥(ı) ‰¡à™”√–§à“∏√√¡‡π’¬¡„∫Õπÿ≠“μ·≈–‰¡à‰¥â√—∫°“√ºàÕπº—πμ“¡∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
°”Àπ¥(ˆ) ‰¡à‡¢â“√—∫°“√Õ∫√¡μ“¡À≈—° Ÿμ√∑’Ë ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°”Àπ¥„Àâ§√∫∂â«πμ“¡¡“μ√“ ÙÛ
·≈– ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‰¡à‰¥â¡’§” —Ëßæ—°„™â„∫Õπÿ≠“μ¡“μ√“ ÙÚ ‡¡◊ËÕ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‰¥â√—∫§”¢Õ√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ·≈⫇ÀÁπ«à“ºŸâ¬◊Ëπ§”¢Õ¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘
·≈–‰¡à¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡μ“¡¡“μ√“ Û˘ „Àâ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’æ‘®“√≥“ÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“μ„À⺟â¬◊Ëπ§”¢Õ‚¥¬‡√Á«´÷ËßμâÕ߉¡à‡°‘π‡°â“ ‘∫«—ππ—∫·μà«—π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫§”¢Õ
„π°√≥’∑’Ë ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‰¡àÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“μ„Àⷰຟâ¬◊Ëπ§”¢Õ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μâÕß· ¥ß‡Àμÿº≈¢Õß°“√‰¡àÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“μ‰«â‚¥¬™—¥·®âß „π°√≥’‡™àππ’ȺŸâ¬◊Ëπ§”¢Õ¡’ ‘∑∏‘Õÿ∑∏√≥å°“√‰¡àÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“μμàÕ§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å·≈–«‘∏’°“√∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°”Àπ¥
¡“μ√“ ÙÛ ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ¡’Àπâ“∑’ËμâÕ߇¢â“√—∫°“√Ωñ°Õ∫√¡À√◊Õ‡¢â“√à«¡ª√–™ÿ¡ —¡¡π“μ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å ·≈–«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μºŸâ„¥‰¡àªØ‘∫—μ‘μ“¡«√√§Àπ÷Ëß ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’®–¡’§” —Ëßæ—°„™â„∫Õπÿ≠“μ¢ÕߺŸâπ—Èπ‰«â®π°«à“ºŸâπ—Èπ®–‰¥âªØ‘∫—μ‘μ“¡°Á‰¥â
À¡«¥ ˆ°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ¥â“π°“√∑”∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ ÙÙ Àâ“¡¡‘„À⺟℥ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’懪ìπºŸâ∑”∫—≠™’ ‡«âπ·μà‡ªìπ ¡“™‘° ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’À√◊Õ¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬π‰«â°—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
À≈—°‡°≥±å «‘∏’°“√ ·≈–‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢„π°“√¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬πμ“¡«√√§Àπ÷Ëß „À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
271
Page 295
Àπâ“ 13√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
¡“μ√“ Ùı ºŸâ∑”∫—≠™’∑’Ë®–¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬π°—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μâÕß¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘·≈–‰¡à¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡ ¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È
(Ò) ¡’¿Ÿ¡‘≈”‡π“À√◊Õ∂‘Ëπ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π√“™Õ“≥“®—°√(Ú) ¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ¿“…“‰∑¬‡æ’¬ßæÕ∑’Ë®–∑”∫—≠™’‡ªìπ¿“…“‰∑¬‰¥â(Û) ‰¡à‡§¬μâÕߧ”æ‘æ“°…“∂÷ß∑’Ë ÿ¥„Àâ®”§ÿ° ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥μ“¡∞“𧫓¡º‘¥À√◊Õ
°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¡“μ√“ Û˘ (Û) ‡«âπ·μàμâÕߧ”æ‘æ“°…“À√◊Õæâπ‚∑…¡“·≈⫉¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ “¡ªï(Ù) ¡’§ÿ≥«ÿ≤‘°“√»÷°…“μ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(ı) ‰¡à¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡Õ◊Ëπ μ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
À¡«¥ ˜®√√¬“∫√√≥¢ÕߺŸâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ Ùˆ ºŸâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’À√◊ÕºŸâ ÷Ëߢ÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬π‰«â°—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡’Àπâ“∑’ËμâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘μ“¡®√√¬“∫√√≥¢ÕߺŸâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ ·≈–μâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õßμπμ“¡¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’¡“μ√∞“π°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’ À√◊Õ¡“μ√∞“πÕ◊Ëπ„¥∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß∑’Ë°”Àπ¥μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È
∫ÿ§§≈μ“¡«√√§Àπ÷ËߺŸâ„¥‰¡àªØ‘∫—μ‘μ“¡®√√¬“∫√√≥À√◊Õ¡“μ√∞“π∑’Ë°”Àπ¥μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È„Àâ∂◊Õ«à“ºŸâπ—Èπª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥
¡“μ√“ Ù˜ „Àâ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’®—¥∑”®√√¬“∫√√≥¢ÕߺŸâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ¿“…“‰∑¬·≈–Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬μâÕߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π‡√◊ËÕߥ—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È
(Ò) §«“¡‚ª√àß„ §«“¡‡ªìπÕ‘ √– §«“¡‡∑’ˬß∏√√¡ ·≈–§«“¡ ◊ËÕ —μ¬å ÿ®√‘μ(Ú) §«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡ “¡“√∂·≈–¡“μ√∞“π„π°“√ªØ‘∫—μ‘ß“π(Û) §«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫μàÕºŸâ√—∫∫√‘°“√·≈–°“√√—°…“§«“¡≈—∫(Ù) §«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫μàÕºŸâ∂◊ÕÀÿâπ ºŸâ‡ªìπÀÿâπ à«π À√◊Õ∫ÿ§§≈À√◊Õπ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈∑’˺Ÿâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ
∫—≠™’ªØ‘∫—μ‘Àπâ“∑’Ë„Àâ¡“μ√“ Ù¯ ¢âÕ§«“¡„¥„π —≠≠“®â“ß Õ∫∫—≠™’∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„Àâ¡’º≈‡ªìπ°“√®”°—¥À√◊ժؑ‡ ∏
§«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫¢ÕߺŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ¢âÕ§«“¡π—Èπ‡ªìπ‚¡¶–
272
Page 296
Àπâ“ 14√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ®–√“¬ß“πº≈°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’‚¥¬√–∫ÿ¢âÕ§«“¡„¥Õ—π· ¥ß«à“μπ‰¡à√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫„πº≈°“√μ√«® Õ∫ À√◊Õ· ¥ß§«“¡‰¡à™—¥‡®π„πº≈°“√μ√«® Õ∫‡æ√“–‡Àμÿ∑’Ëμπ¡‘‰¥âªØ‘∫—μ‘Àπâ“∑’Ë‚¥¬§√∫∂â«π∑’Ëæ÷ߧ“¥À«—߉¥â®“°ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μÀ√◊Õ‚¥¬§√∫∂â«πμ“¡¡“μ√∞“π°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’¡‘‰¥â
°“√°√–∑”μ“¡«√√§ Õß∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ°“√ª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥¡“μ√“ Ù˘ ‚∑…°“√ª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥ ¡’¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È(Ò) μ—°‡μ◊Õπ‡ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ(Ú) ¿“§∑—≥±å(Û) æ—°„™â„∫Õπÿ≠“μ æ—°°“√¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬π À√◊ÕÀâ“¡°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¥â“π∑’˪√–æƒμ‘º‘¥
®√√¬“∫√√≥‚¥¬¡’°”À𥇫≈“ ·μà‰¡à‡°‘π “¡ªï(Ù) ‡æ‘°∂Õπ„∫Õπÿ≠“μ ‡æ‘°∂Õπ°“√¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬πÀ√◊Õ —Ëß„Àâæâπ®“°°“√‡ªìπ ¡“™‘° ¿“«‘™“™’æ
∫—≠™’¡“μ√“ ı „Àâ¡’§≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥ ¡’®”π«π‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“‡°â“§π·μà‰¡à‡°‘π ‘∫Àⓧπ
´÷Ëߧ≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’·μàßμ—Èß‚¥¬§«“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫¢Õß∑’˪√–™ÿ¡„À≠à ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’®“°ºŸâ ÷Ëß¡’§«“¡‡∑’ˬß∏√√¡·≈–¡’§«“¡´◊ËÕ —μ¬å ÿ®√‘쇪ìπ∑’˪√–®—°…å ·≈–¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘·≈–‰¡à¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È
(Ò) ‡ªìπ ¡“™‘° “¡—≠(Ú) ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡“·≈⫉¡àπâÕ¬°«à“√–¬–‡«≈“μ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(Û) ‰¡à‡§¬∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…∞“πª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥ºŸâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(Ù) ‰¡à¥”√ßμ”·Àπàß𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’À√◊Õ‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√À√◊ÕÕπÿ°√√¡°“√Õ◊Ëπμ“¡æ√–√“™
∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È„π°√≥’∑’ˇªìπ°“√ ¡§«√„Àâ à«π√“™°“√À√◊ÕÀπ૬ߓπÕ◊Ëπ¢Õß√—∞·≈–§≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥
‰¥â«‘π‘®©—¬‡√◊ËÕ߇°’ˬ«°—∫°“√ª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥‚¥¬¡’¡“μ√∞“π‡¥’¬«°—π „Àâ§≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‚¥¬§«“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫¢Õß∑’˪√–™ÿ¡„À≠à ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¢Õ„Àâ à«π√“™°“√À√◊ÕÀπ૬ߓπÕ◊Ëπ¢Õß√—∞∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥„Àâ¡’Àπâ“∑’Ë¥Ÿ·≈‡√◊ËÕß®√√¬“∫√√≥¢ÕߺŸâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’·μàßμ—ÈߺŸâ·∑π¢Õßμπ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥μ“¡«√√§Àπ÷Ë߉¥â „π°√≥’π’ȉ¡à„Àâ𔧫“¡„π«√√§Àπ÷Ëß (Ò) ·≈– (Ú)¡“„™â∫—ߧ—∫
„Àâ§≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥‡≈◊Õ°°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥¥â«¬°—π§πÀπ÷Ëß ‡ªìπª√–∏“π°√√¡°“√·≈–®–„Àâ¡’ºŸâ¥”√ßμ”·ÀπàßÕ◊Ëπμ“¡∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥°”Àπ¥°Á‰¥â
273
Page 297
Àπâ“ 15√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
¡“μ√“ ıÒ „Àâ°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥¡’«“√–°“√¥”√ßμ”·Àπàߧ√“«≈– “¡ªï ·≈–Õ“®‰¥â√—∫°“√·μàßμ—ÈßÕ’°‰¥â ·μà®–¥”√ßμ”·Àπà߇°‘π Õß«“√–μ‘¥μàÕ°—π‰¡à‰¥â
„Àâ°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥ ÷Ëßæâπ®“°μ”·Àπàßμ“¡«“√–ªØ‘∫—μ‘Àπâ“∑’ˉªæ≈“ß°àÕπ®π°«à“°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥„À¡à®–‡¢â“√—∫Àπâ“∑’Ë
¡“μ√“ ıÚ πÕ°®“°°“√æâπ®“°μ”·Àπàßμ“¡«“√– „Àâ°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥æâπ®“°μ”·Àπàß ‡¡◊ËÕ(Ò) 쓬(Ú) ≈“ÕÕ°(Û) ¢“¥§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘À√◊Õ¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡μ“¡¡“μ√“ ı(Ù) ∑’˪√–™ÿ¡„À≠à ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡’¡μ‘„ÀâÕÕ°¥â«¬§–·ππ‡ ’¬ß‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ Õß„π “¡
¢Õß®”π«π ¡“™‘° “¡—≠∑’Ë¡“ª√–™ÿ¡ ·μàμâÕ߉¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ Õß√âÕ¬§–·ππ‡ ’¬ß„π°√≥’∑’Ëμ”·Àπàß«à“ß≈ß°àÕπ§√∫«“√– „Àâ§≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’·μàßμ—Èß°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥
·∑πμ”·Àπàß∑’Ë«à“߉ªæ≈“ß°àÕπ ·≈–„Àâ°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥´÷Ë߉¥â√—∫·μàßμ—Èߪؑ∫—μ‘Àπâ“∑’ˉ¥â®π∂÷ß°“√ª√–™ÿ¡„À≠à§√“«μàÕ‰ª
¡“μ√“ ıÛ ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’ºŸâ°≈à“«À“À√◊Õª√“°ØμàÕ§≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥«à“ºŸâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’À√◊ÕºŸâ´÷Ëߢ÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬π‰«â°—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ºŸâ„¥ª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥ „Àâ§≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥¥”‡π‘π°“√ Õ∫ «πæ‘®“√≥“‚¥¬‡√Á«
‘∑∏‘°“√°≈à“«À“μ“¡«√√§Àπ÷Ëß ‘Èπ ÿ¥≈߇¡◊ËÕæâπÀπ÷Ëߪïπ—∫·μà«—π∑’˺Ÿâ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬À√◊ÕºŸâ°≈à“«À“√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß°“√ª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥·≈–√Ÿâμ—«ºŸâª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥ ∑—Èßπ’ȉ¡à‡°‘π “¡ªïπ—∫·μà«—π∑’Ë¡’°“√ª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥π—Èπ
°“√¬◊Ë𧔰≈à“«À“ °“√ Õ∫ «π ·≈–°“√æ‘®“√≥“‡√◊ËÕß®√√¬“∫√√≥„À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ Õ∫ «π¢Õߧ≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥ §≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥®–·μàßμ—Èߧ≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√‡æ◊ËÕ¥”‡π‘π°“√·∑π°Á‰¥â ‚¥¬ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬Àπ÷Ëߧπ·≈–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√Õ◊Ëπ ÷Ëߧ≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥·μàßμ—Èß®“°ºŸâ´÷Ëß¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘·≈–‰¡à¡’≈—°…≥–μâÕßÀâ“¡μ“¡¡“μ√“ ı (Ò) (Û) ·≈– (Ù) μ“¡®”π«π∑’ˇÀÁπ ¡§«√
§≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥·≈–§≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√¡’Õ”π“®‡√’¬°∫ÿ§§≈∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß¡“„Àâ∂âÕ¬§”À√◊Õ™’È·®ß¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ßÀ√◊Õ∑”§”™’È·®ß‡ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ À√◊Õ àß∫—≠™’ ∑–‡∫’¬π ‡Õ° “√ À√◊ÕÀ≈—°∞“π„¥ ‡æ◊ËÕμ√«® Õ∫À√◊Õª√–°Õ∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“ ‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πå·°à°“√ Õ∫ «π°Á‰¥â
274
Page 298
Àπâ“ 16√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
‡¡◊ËÕ§≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√∑”°“√ Õ∫ «π‡ √Á®·≈â« „À⇠πÕ‡√◊ËÕßæ√âÕ¡∑—Èߧ«“¡‡ÀÁπμàÕ§≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥‡æ◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“
°“√∂Õπ‡√◊ËÕß°“√°≈à“«À“∑’ˉ¥â¬◊ËπÀ√◊Õ·®â߉«â·≈â«π—Èπ ‰¡à‡ªìπ‡Àμÿ„Àâ√–ß—∫°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È
¡“μ√“ ıÙ ‡¡◊ËÕ§≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥æ‘®“√≥“®“°º≈°“√ Õ∫ «π·≈â«¡’¡μ‘«à“ºŸâ„¥ª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥ „Àâ¡’§” —Ëß≈ß‚∑…ºŸâπ—Èπμ“¡¡“μ√“ Ù˘
„π°√≥’∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥¡’¡μ‘«à“ºŸâ∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“¡‘‰¥âª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥„Àâ —Ë߬°§”°≈à“«À“
°“√ÕÕ°§” —Ëß≈ß‚∑…μ“¡«√√§Àπ÷ËßÀ√◊Õ°“√ÕÕ°§” —Ë߬°§”°≈à“«À“μ“¡«√√§ Õß „Àâ·®âߧ” —Ëß„À⺟â°≈à“«À“·≈–ºŸâ∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“∑√“∫‡ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ‚¥¬‡√Á«
¡“μ√“ ıı ºŸâ°≈à“«À“À√◊ÕºŸâ´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°§≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥ —Ëß≈ß‚∑…¡’ ‘∑∏‘Õÿ∑∏√≥委 —Ëßμ“¡¡“μ√“ ıÙ μàÕ§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‰¥â¿“¬„π “¡ ‘∫«—ππ—∫·μà«—π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫§” —Ëß μ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å·≈–«‘∏’°“√∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°”Àπ¥
§”«‘π‘®©—¬¢Õߧ≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’„À⇪ìπ∑’Ë ÿ¥°“√Õÿ∑∏√≥委 —Ë߉¡à‡ªìπ°“√∑ÿ‡≈“°“√ªØ‘∫—μ‘μ“¡§” —Ëß≈ß‚∑… ‡«âπ·μà§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈
°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’®– —Ë߇ªìπÕ¬à“ßÕ◊Ëπ¡“μ√“ ıˆ „π°“√ªØ‘∫—μ‘Àπâ“∑’Ëμ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È „Àâ°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥·≈–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√
®√√¬“∫√√≥∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥·μàßμ—È߇ªìπ‡®â“æπ—°ß“πμ“¡ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“¡“μ√“ ı˜ °√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥À√◊ÕÕπÿ°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥ºŸâ„¥¡’ à«π‰¥â‡ ’¬‡ªìπ°“√ à«πμ—«
„π‡√◊ËÕß∑’˪√÷°…“À“√◊Õ‡√◊ËÕßÀπ÷Ë߇√◊ËÕß„¥ Àâ“¡¡‘„À⇢â“√à«¡æ‘®“√≥“ ª√÷°…“À“√◊Õ À√◊Õ≈ߧ–·ππ‡ ’¬ß„π‡√◊ËÕßπ—Èπ¡“μ√“ ı¯ „Àâ𔧫“¡„π¡“μ√“ Úˆ ¡“„™â∫—ߧ—∫°—∫°“√ª√–™ÿ¡¢Õߧ≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥
·≈–§≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥‚¥¬Õπÿ‚≈¡
À¡«¥ ¯°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈
¡“μ√“ ı˘ „Àâ¡’§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬
275
Page 299
Àπâ“ 17√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
(Ò) ª≈—¥°√–∑√«ßæ“≥‘™¬å‡ªìπª√–∏“π°√√¡°“√(Ú) °√√¡°“√‚¥¬μ”·Àπàß ‰¥â·°à Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡°“√ª√–°—π¿—¬ Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡ √√æ“°√ ºŸâ«à“°“√
μ√«®‡ß‘π·ºàπ¥‘π ºŸâ«à“°“√∏𓧓√·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‡≈¢“∏‘°“√ ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫À≈—°∑√—æ¬å·≈–μ≈“¥À≈—°∑√—æ¬å 𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ ª√–∏“π ¿“Õÿμ “À°√√¡·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ª√–∏“π ¡“§¡∏𓧓√‰∑¬ ·≈–ª√–∏“π°√√¡°“√ÀÕ°“√§â“‰∑¬
(Û) °√√¡°“√ºŸâ∑√ߧÿ≥«ÿ≤‘ ÷Ëß√—∞¡πμ√’·μàßμ—Èß®“°ºŸâ¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–§«“¡‡™’ˬ«™“≠‡°’ˬ«°—∫«‘™“°“√∫—≠™’ Õߧπ ·≈–ºŸâ∑√ߧÿ≥«ÿ≤‘∑“ߥâ“π°ÆÀ¡“¬Àπ÷Ëߧπ
„ÀâÕ∏‘∫¥’°√¡æ—≤π“∏ÿ√°‘®°“√§â“‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√·≈–‡≈¢“πÿ°“√ ·≈–„Àâ·μàßμ—È߇®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë°√¡æ—≤π“∏ÿ√°‘®°“√§â“‡ªìπºŸâ™à«¬‡≈¢“πÿ°“√μ“¡§«“¡®”‡ªìπ
„Àâ°√¡æ—≤π“∏ÿ√°‘®°“√§â“∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë∏ÿ√°“√·≈– π—∫ πÿπ°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π¢Õߧ≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ μ“¡∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡Õ∫À¡“¬
°√√¡°“√ºŸâ∑√ߧÿ≥«ÿ≤‘μ“¡ (Û) ¡’«“√–°“√¥”√ßμ”·Àπàߧ√“«≈– “¡ªï ·≈–Õ“®‰¥â√—∫°“√·μàßμ—ÈßÕ’°‰¥â ·μà®–¥”√ßμ”·Àπà߇°‘π Õß«“√–μ‘¥μàÕ°—π‰¡à‰¥â
¡“μ√“ ˆ „Àâ§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡’Õ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë ¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È(Ò) °”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√¥”‡π‘π°‘®°“√¢Õß ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’„À⇪ìπ‰ªμ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬·≈– Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫
«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧå¢Õß ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(Ú) ‡ πÕ·π–„Àâ¡’°“√μ√“æ√–√“™°ƒ…Æ’°“μ“¡¡“μ√“ ˘(Û) „À⧫“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μ“¡¡“μ√“ Û «√√§ Õß ·≈–¡“μ√∞“π
°“√∫—≠™’μ“¡¡“μ√“ ÛÙ «√√§ “¡(Ù) æ‘®“√≥“Õÿ∑∏√≥å¢ÕߺŸâ¢Õ√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“쇪ìπºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μμ“¡¡“μ√“ ÙÚ
«√√§ Õß(ı) æ‘®“√≥“Õÿ∑∏√≥å¢ÕߺŸâ°≈à“«À“À√◊ÕºŸâ´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°§≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥ —Ëß≈ß‚∑…μ“¡
¡“μ√“ ıı «√√§Àπ÷Ëß(ˆ) ·μàßμ—Èߧ≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√‡æ◊Ëժؑ∫—μ‘°“√μ“¡∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„πÕ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õߧ≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈
°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡“μ√“ ˆÒ „π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¢Õߧ≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μ“¡
¡“μ√“ ˆ (Ò) „Àâ§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¡’Õ”π“®¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’ȥ⫬
276
Page 300
Àπâ“ 18√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
(Ò) Õ∫ «π¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘߇°’ˬ«°—∫°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π¢Õß ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(Ú) —Ë߇ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ„Àâ ¡“™‘° °√√¡°“√ À√◊ÕÕπÿ°√√¡°“√Õ◊Ëπ„¥¢Õß ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’À√◊Õ
∫ÿ§§≈„¥™’È·®ß¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘߇°’ˬ«°—∫°‘®°“√¢Õß ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’(Û) —Ë߇ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ„Àâ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ §≥–°√√¡°“√ À√◊Õ§≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√μ“¡æ√–√“™
∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È√–ß—∫ ·°â‰¢ À√◊Õ«“ß¡“μ√°“√·°â‰¢°“√°√–∑”Õ—π‡ªìπ°“√¢—¥μàÕ°ÆÀ¡“¬ «—μ∂ÿª√– ߧå À√◊Õ¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ ˆÚ „Àâ𔧫“¡„π¡“μ√“ Úˆ ¡“„™â∫—ߧ—∫°—∫°“√ª√–™ÿ¡§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ ·≈–§≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√ ´÷Ëߧ≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’·μàßμ—Èß‚¥¬Õπÿ‚≈¡
¡“μ√“ ˆÛ ‡¡◊ËÕª√“°Ø«à“𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ °√√¡°“√ À√◊ÕÕπÿ°√√¡°“√μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’ȺŸâ„¥‰¡àªØ‘∫—μ‘μ“¡§” —ËߢÕߧ≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ À√◊Õ°√–∑”°“√Õ—π‡ªìπ°“√‡ ◊ËÕ¡‡ ’¬Õ¬à“ß√⓬·√ß·°à ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ „Àâ§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’∑”°“√ Õ∫ «π‚¥¬‡√Á« ·≈–‡ πÕº≈°“√æ‘®“√≥“‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ√—∞¡πμ√’¡’§” —Ëß„Àâ𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°√√¡°“√ À√◊ÕÕπÿ°√√¡°“√ºŸâπ—Èπæâπ®“°μ”·Àπàß
§” —ËߢÕß√—∞¡πμ√’„À⇪ìπ∑’Ë ÿ¥„π°√≥’∑’Ë°√√¡°“√‚¥¬μ”·Àπàßμ“¡¡“μ√“ ÚÚ (Ú) ºŸâ„¥∂Ÿ° —Ëß„Àâæâπ®“°μ”·Àπàßμ“¡
«√√§Àπ÷Ëß „Àâ°√√¡°“√ºŸâπ—Èπæâπ®“°μ”·Àπàßμ“¡¡“μ√“ ÚÚ (Ú) ¥â«¬¡“μ√“ ˆÙ „π°√≥’∑’Ë√—∞¡πμ√’¡’§” —Ëßμ“¡¡“μ√“ ˆÛ Õ—π‡ªìπº≈„Àâ®”π«π°√√¡°“√¢Õß
§≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‡À≈◊Õ‰¡à∂÷ß°÷ËßÀπ÷ËߢÕß®”π«π°√√¡°“√∑’Ëæ÷ß¡’ „Àâ√—∞¡πμ√’·μàßμ—Èß ¡“™‘° “¡—≠‡∑à“®”π«π°√√¡°“√∑’Ë®–¡’‰¥âμ“¡¡“μ√“ ÚÚ ‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√™—Ë«§√“«·∑π°√√¡°“√∑’Ëæâπ®“°μ”·Àπàß„π«—π‡¥’¬«°—π°—∫«—π∑’Ë√—∞¡πμ√’¡’§” —Ëß„Àâ°√√¡°“√æâπ®“°μ”·Àπàß
„Àâ¡’°“√‡≈◊Õ°μ—ÈßÀ√◊Õ·μàßμ—Èß°√√¡°“√„À¡àμ“¡¡“μ√“ ÚÚ „Àâ·≈⫇ √Á®¿“¬„π‡°â“ ‘∫«—ππ—∫·μà«—π∑’Ë√—∞¡πμ√’¡’§” —Ëß·μàßμ—Èß°√√¡°“√™—Ë«§√“« ‡«âπ·μà¡’«“√–‡À≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà‰¡à∂÷ßÀπ÷Ëß√âÕ¬·ª¥ ‘∫«—π √—∞¡πμ√’®– —Ëß„À≡ࡒ°“√‡≈◊Õ°μ—Èß°Á‰¥â ·≈–„À⺟â´÷Ë߉¥â√—∫‡≈◊Õ°μ—ÈßÀ√◊Õ·μàßμ—È߇ªìπ°√√¡°“√·∑πÕ¬Ÿà„πμ”·Àπà߇撬߇∑à“«“√–∑’ˇÀ≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà¢ÕߺŸâ´÷Ëßμπ·∑π
„Àâ°√√¡°“√™—Ë«§√“« ÷Ëß√—∞¡πμ√’·μàßμ—Èßæâπ®“°μ”·Àπà߇¡◊ËÕ°√√¡°“√„À¡à‡¢â“√—∫Àπâ“∑’Ë·≈â«
277
Page 301
Àπâ“ 19√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
À¡«¥ ˘∫∑°”Àπ¥‚∑…
¡“μ√“ ˆı ºŸâ„¥ΩÉ“Ωóπ¡“μ√“ Ò μâÕß√–«“ß‚∑…®”§ÿ°‰¡à‡°‘π “¡ªïÀ√◊Õª√—∫‰¡à‡°‘πÀ°À¡◊Ëπ∫“∑À√◊Õ∑—Èß®”∑—Èߪ√—∫
¡“μ√“ ˆˆ π‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈„¥ΩÉ“ΩóπÀ√◊Õ‰¡àªØ‘∫—μ‘μ“¡¡“μ√“ ÒÒ μâÕß√–«“ß‚∑…ª√—∫‰¡à‡°‘π “¡· π∫“∑·≈–ª√—∫Õ’°‰¡à‡°‘π«—π≈–Àπ÷ËßÀ¡◊Ëπ∫“∑®π°«à“®–‰¥âªØ‘∫—μ‘„Àâ∂Ÿ°μâÕß
¡“μ√“ ˆ˜ ºŸâ„¥ΩÉ“Ωóπ¡“μ√“ Û˜ μâÕß√–«“ß‚∑…®”§ÿ°‰¡à‡°‘π “¡ªï À√◊Õª√—∫‰¡à‡°‘πÀ°À¡◊Ëπ∫“∑ À√◊Õ∑—Èß®”∑—Èߪ√—∫
¡“μ√“ ˆ¯ ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μºŸâ„¥∂Ÿ° —Ëßæ—°„™â„∫Õπÿ≠“μμ“¡¡“μ√“ ÙÛ ∑”°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’„π√–À«à“ßπ—Èπ μâÕß√–«“ß‚∑…®”§ÿ°‰¡à‡°‘π “¡ªï À√◊Õª√—∫‰¡à‡°‘πÀ°À¡◊Ëπ∫“∑ À√◊Õ∑—Èß®”∑—Èߪ√—∫
¡“μ√“ ˆ˘ ºŸâ„¥ΩÉ“Ωóπ¡“μ√“ ÙÙ μâÕß√–«“ß‚∑…®”§ÿ°‰¡à‡°‘π Õߪï À√◊Õª√—∫‰¡à‡°‘π ’ËÀ¡◊Ëπ∫“∑À√◊Õ∑—Èß®”∑—Èߪ√—∫
¡“μ√“ ˜ ºŸâª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’À√◊ÕºŸâ ÷Ëߢ÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬π‰«â°—∫ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’ºŸâ„¥∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…ª√–æƒμ‘º‘¥®√√¬“∫√√≥μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ù˘ (Û) À√◊Õ (Ù) ∑”°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’„π√–À«à“ßπ—ÈπμâÕß√–«“ß‚∑…®”§ÿ°‰¡à‡°‘π “¡ªïÀ√◊Õª√—∫‰¡à‡°‘πÀ°À¡◊Ëπ∫“∑ À√◊Õ∑—Èß®”∑—Èߪ√—∫
¡“μ√“ ˜Ò ºŸâ„¥‰¡àªØ‘∫—μ‘μ“¡§” —ËߢÕߧ≥–°√√¡°“√®√√¬“∫√√≥μ“¡¡“μ√“ ıÛ «√√§Àâ“À√◊Õ§” —ËߢÕߧ≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μ“¡¡“μ√“ ˆÒ (Ú) À√◊Õ (Û)μâÕß√–«“ß‚∑…®”§ÿ°‰¡à‡°‘πÀπ÷Ë߇¥◊ÕπÀ√◊Õª√—∫‰¡à‡°‘πÀπ÷Ëßæ—π∫“∑ À√◊Õ∑—Èß®”∑—Èߪ√—∫
¡“μ√“ ˜Ú „π°√≥’∑’˺Ÿâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥´÷ËßμâÕß√—∫‚∑…μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’ȇªìππ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈„Àâ°√√¡°“√ºŸâ¡’Õ”π“®≈ßπ“¡ºŸ°æ—ππ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈ Àÿâπ à«πºŸâ®—¥°“√ ºŸâ·∑ππ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈ À√◊Õ∫ÿ§§≈„¥ ´÷Ëß√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¢Õßπ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ μâÕß√—∫‚∑…μ“¡∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥‰«â ”À√—∫§«“¡º‘¥π—ÈπÊ ¥â«¬‡«âπ·μà®–æ‘ Ÿ®π剥â«à“μπ¡‘‰¥â¡’ à«π√Ÿâ‡ÀÁπÀ√◊Õ¬‘π¬Õ¡„π°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥¢Õßπ‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ
∫∑‡©æ“–°“≈
¡“μ√“ ˜Û „À⺟â Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μμ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’ æ.». Úıı „π«—π°àÕπ«—π∑’Ëæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È„™â∫—ߧ—∫‡ªìπºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μμ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’ÈμàÕ‰ª®π°«à“„∫Õπÿ≠“μ®– ‘ÈπÕ“¬ÿÀ√◊Õ∂Ÿ°‡æ‘°∂Õπμ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È
278
Page 302
Àπâ“ 20√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
¡“μ√“ ˜Ù „π«“√–‡√‘Ë¡·√° „Àâ§≥–°√√¡°“√ ¡“§¡π—°∫—≠™’·≈–ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬∑”Àπâ“∑’˧≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’®π°«à“§≥–°√√¡°“√ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È®–‡¢â“√—∫Àπâ“∑’Ë ·≈–„Àâ∂◊Õ«à“𓬰 ¡“§¡π—°∫—≠™’·≈–ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡ªìπ𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’®π°«à“®–¡’°“√‡≈◊Õ°μ—Èß𓬰 ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È·μàμâÕ߉¡à‡°‘πÀπ÷Ëß√âÕ¬·ª¥ ‘∫«—ππ—∫·μà«—π∑’Ëæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È„™â∫—ߧ—∫
¡“μ√“ ˜ı „π√–À«à“ß∑’Ë ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¬—ß¡’ ¡“™‘°‰¡à∂÷ßÀâ“√âÕ¬§π „Àâ§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‡æ◊ËÕÕπÿ¡—μ‘À√◊Õ„À⧫“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫¢Õß ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’
¡“μ√“ ˜ˆ „Àâ∫√√¥“°Æ°√–∑√«ß ¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ À√◊Õª√–°“»∑’ËÕÕ°μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’æ.». Úıı ¡’º≈„™â∫—ߧ—∫μàÕ‰ª®π°«à“®–¡’°Æ°√–∑√«ß ¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ À√◊Õª√–°“»μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È„π‡√◊ËÕ߇¥’¬«°—πÕÕ°„™â∫—ߧ—∫
„π°√≥’∑’Ë¡’ªí≠À“‰¡àÕ“®ªØ‘∫—μ‘μ“¡°Æ°√–∑√«ß ¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ À√◊Õª√–°“»∑’ËÕÕ°μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’ æ.». Úıı ‰¥â„π‡√◊ËÕß„¥ „Àâ§≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’°”À𥫑∏’ªØ‘∫—μ‘À√◊Õ¬°‡«âπ°“√ªØ‘∫—μ‘„π‡√◊ËÕßπ—Èπ¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ°“√‡©æ“–À√◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√∑—Ë«‰ª‰¥â
¡“μ√“ ˜˜ „π«“√–‡√‘Ë¡·√°∑’ˬ—ß¡‘‰¥â¡’°“√°”Àπ¥¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’ȧ≥–°√√¡°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’®–°”Àπ¥„Àℙ⡓μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’∑’Ë ¡“§¡π—°∫—≠™’·≈–ºŸâ Õ∫∫—≠™’√—∫Õπÿ≠“μ·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â°”Àπ¥¢÷Èπ·≈–„™â°—π·æ√àÀ≈“¬Õ¬Ÿà·≈â«°àÕπ«—π∑’Ëæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È„™â∫—ߧ—∫‡ªìπ¡“μ√∞“π°“√∫—≠™’μ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’ȉªæ≈“ß°àÕπ°Á‰¥â
¡“μ√“ ˜¯ π‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈„¥„Àâ∫√‘°“√°“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’À√◊Õ°“√∑”∫—≠™’Õ¬Ÿà·≈â«°àÕπ«—π∑’Ëæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È„™â∫—ߧ—∫ „Àâ¬◊Ëπ¢Õ®¥∑–‡∫’¬πμàÕ ¿“«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’¿“¬„πÀπ÷Ëߪïπ—∫·μà«—π∑’Ëæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È„™â∫—ߧ—∫μ“¡‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢ ¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È
(Ò) π‘μ‘∫ÿ§§≈π—ÈπμâÕß®—¥„Àâ¡’À≈—°ª√–°—πμ“¡¡“μ√“ ÒÒ (Ò) „Àâ§√∫∂â«π¿“¬„π√–¬–‡«≈“μ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π°Æ°√–∑√«ß´÷ËßμâÕ߉¡à‡°‘π°«à“ “¡ªï
(Ú) ¥”‡π‘π°“√„Àâ∂Ÿ°μâÕßμ“¡¡“μ√“ ÒÒ (Ú) „Àâ§√∫∂â«π¿“¬„π “¡ªïπ—∫·μà«—π∑’Ëæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È„™â∫—ߧ—∫
ºŸâ√—∫ πÕßæ√–∫√¡√“™‚Õß°“√æ—πμ”√«®‚∑ ∑—°…‘≥ ™‘π«—μ√
𓬰√—∞¡πμ√’
279
Page 303
Àπâ“ 21√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ÚÚ μÿ≈“§¡ ÚıÙ˜‡≈à¡ ÒÚÒ μÕπ摇»… ˆı °
À¡“¬‡Àμÿ :- ‡Àμÿº≈„π°“√ª√–°“»„™âæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘©∫—∫π’È §◊Õ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°„πªí®®ÿ∫—ππ’È°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’‰¥â¢¬“¬§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡ÕÕ°‰ªÀ≈“¬¥â“π‰¡à«à“°“√∑”∫—≠™’ °“√ Õ∫∫—≠™’ °“√∫—≠™’∫√‘À“√ °“√«“ß√–∫∫∫—≠™’ °“√∫—≠™’¿“…’Õ“°√°“√»÷°…“·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’°“√∫—≠™’ À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√¥â“πÕ◊Ëπ ÷Ëß¡’§«“¡‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß —¡æ—π∏å°—∫°‘®°√√¡„π∑“ß∏ÿ√°‘®μà“ßÊÕ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß ¡§«√ à߇ √‘¡„À⺟âª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ∫—≠™’Õ¬Ÿà¿“¬„μâ°“√¥Ÿ·≈¢Õß ¿“«‘™“™’懥’¬«°—π‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ»Ÿπ¬å√«¡·≈– à߇ √‘¡§«“¡‡ªìπªñ°·ºàπ√«¡∑—Èß„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·≈–æ—≤π“ à߇ √‘¡¡“μ√∞“π°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⺟âª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ·≈–¡“μ√∞“π·≈–¡’§«“¡°â“«Àπâ“„π«‘™“™’æ μ≈Õ¥®π‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡’°“√§«∫§ÿ¡®√√¬“∫√√≥°“√ª√–°Õ∫«‘™“™’æ®÷ß®”‡ªìπμâÕßμ√“æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘π’È
280
Page 305
( )
. .
( ) ( ) ( ) . .
“ ( )
. . ”
“ ”
“ ”
282
Page 306
“ ” ( ) ( ) / ( )
“ ” ( ) “ ”
“ ”
“ ”
“ ” “ ”
“ ”
“ ”
“ ” ( )
283
Page 307
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
. .
284
Page 308
. .
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
285
Page 309
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
286
Page 313
:
2/34
. 08-1E - Mail :
http
1 2 3 4 5
1485-2292 chatarmorn@
://goo.gl/tCh1
@hotmail.com
1q4
5
10300
m
:
1
h
15
http://goo.gl/tC
Ch1q4
290
Page 314
Page 2 of 10
1
:
1.1
1.2 .....................
1.3
( )...................................................................
1.4 ( )..........................
1.5
1.6
( ).....................................................................................
1.7 ....................
1.8 /
1.9 10,000 10,000 15,000
15,000 20,000 20,000 25,000
25,000 30,000 30,000
1.10 / .....................
291
Page 315
Page 3 of 10
2
:
5 4 3 2 1
2.1 5 4 3 2 1
2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6
2.2 5 4 3 2 1
2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6
292
Page 316
Page 4 of 10
2.3 5 4 3 2 1
2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.3.7 2.3.8
2.4 5 4 3 2 1
2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5
2.5 5 4 3 2 1
2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5
2.6 5 4 3 2 1
2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5
293
Page 317
Page 5 of 10
3
:
5 4 3 2 1
3.1 5 4 3 2 1
3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3
3.2 5 4 3 2 1
3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3
3.3 5 4 3 2 1
3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6
294
Page 318
Page 6 of 10
3.4 5 4 3 2 1
3.4.1
3.4.2 3.4.3
3.5 5 4 3 2 1
3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.5.7
3.6 5 4 3 2 1
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3 3.6.4
3.7 5 4 3 2 1
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.7.3
295
Page 319
Page 7 of 10
3.8 5 4 3 2 1
3.8.1
3.8.2 3.8.3
3.9
5 4 3 2 1
3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.9.4 3.9.5
3.10 5 4 3 2 1
3.10.1 3.10.2 3.10.3 3.10.4 3.10.5
3.10.6
3.10.7
296
Page 320
Page 8 of 10
4
:
5 4 3 2 1
4.1 5 4 3 2 1
4.1.1
4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4
4.2 5 4 3 2 1
4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3
4.2.4
297
Page 321
Page 9 of 10
4.3 5 4 3 2 1
4.3.1
4.3.2 4.3.3
4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6
4.3.7
4.3.8
4.3.9 4.3.10
298
Page 322
Page 10 of 10
5
:
5.1
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5.2
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5.3
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
299
Page 324
(Index of Item-Objective Congruence : IOC)
1
(R)
( )
1
2
3
1.1 1 1 1 3 1.00
1.2 1 1 1 3 1.00
1.3 1 1 1 3 1.00
1.4 1 1 1 3 1.00
1.5 1 1 1 3 1.00
1.6
0 1 1 2 0.67
1.7
1 1 1 3 1.00
1.8 1 1 1 3 1.00
1.9 1 1 1 3 1.00
1.10 /
1 1 0 2 0.67
301
Page 325
2
(R)
( )
1
2
3
2.1
2.1.1
0 1 1 2 0.67
2.1.2
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.1.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.1.4
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.1.5
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.1.6
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.2
2.2.1
0 1 1 2 0.67
2.2.2
0 1 1 2 0.67
2.2.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.2.4
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.2.5
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.2.6
0 1 1 2 0.67
302
Page 326
(R)
( )
1
2
3
2.3
2.3.1
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.3.2 1 1 1 3 1.00
2.3.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.3.4
1 0 1 2 0.67
2.3.5
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.3.6
0 1 1 2 0.67
2.3.7
1 0 1 2 0.67
2.3.8
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.4
2.4.1
1 0 1 2 0.67
2.4.2
1 0 1 2 0.67
2.4.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.4.4
0 1 1 2 0.67
2.4.5
0 1 1 2 0.67
303
Page 327
(R)
( )
1
2
3
2.5
2.5.1
1 0 1 2 0.67
2.5.2
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.5.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.5.4
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.5.5
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.6
2.6.1
1 0 1 2 0.67
2.6.2
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.6.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
2.6.4
1 1 0 2 0.67
2.6.5
1 1 1 3 1.00
304
Page 328
3
(R)
( )
1
2
3
3.1
3.1.1
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.1.2
0 1 1 2 0.67
3.1.3 /
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.2
3.2.1
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.2.2 /
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.2.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.3
3.3.1
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.3.2
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.3.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.3.4
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.3.5
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.3.6
1 1 1 3 1.00
305
Page 329
(R)
( )
1
2
3
3.4
3.4.1
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.4.2
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.4.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.5
3.5.1
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.5.2
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.5.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.5.4
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.5.5
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.5.6
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.5.7
1 1 1 3 1.00
306
Page 330
(R)
( )
1
2
3
3.6
3.6.1
0 1 1 2 0.67
3.6.2
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.6.3
1 1 0 2 0.67
3.6.4
0 1 1 2 0.67
3.7
3.7.1
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.7.2
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.7.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.8
3.8.1
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.8.2
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.8.3
0 1 1 2 0.67
307
Page 331
(R)
( )
1
2
3
3.9
3.9.1
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.9.2 1 1 1 3 1.00
3.9.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.9.4
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.9.5
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.10
3.10.1
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.10.2
0 1 1 2 0.67
3.10.3
1 1 0 2 0.67
3.10.4
0 1 1 2 0.67
3.10.5
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.10.6
1 1 1 3 1.00
3.10.7
1 1 1 3 1.00
308
Page 332
4
(R)
( )
1
2
3
4.1
4.1.1
1 0 1 2 0.67
4.1.2
1 1 1 3 1.00
4.1.3
1 1 0 2 0.67
4.1.4
1 1 0 2 0.67
4.2
4.2.1
1 1 1 3 1.00
4.2.2
1 1 1 3 1.00
4.2.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
4.2.4
1 1 1 3 1.00
309
Page 333
(R)
( )
1
2
3
4.3
4.3.1
1 1 1 3 1.00
4.3.2
1 1 1 3 1.00
4.3.3
1 1 1 3 1.00
4.3.4
1 1 1 3 1.00
4.3.5
1 1 1 3 1.00
4.3.6
1 1 1 3 1.00
4.3.7
1 1 1 3 1.00
4.3.8
1 1 1 3 1.00
4.3.9
1 1 1 3 1.00
4.3.10
1 1 1 3 1.00
310
Page 334
5
(R)
( )
1
2
3 5.1
0 1 1 2 0.67
5.2
0 1 1 2 0.67
5.3
0 1 1 2 0.67
311
Page 336
/ 1.
1 2 3 4 5 6
0.742 0.643 0.618 0.677 0.645 0.551
0.854
2. 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.409 0.757 0.752 0.728 0.600 0.651
0.851
3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.571 0.786 0.678 0.429 0.649 0.673 0.418 0.653
0.858
313
Page 337
/ 4.
1 2 3 4 5
0.412 0.385 0.517 0.664 0.671
0.759
5.
1 2 3 4 5
0.451 0.799 0.615 0.731 0.703
0.845
6. 1 2 3 4 5
0.495 0.749 0.775 0.748 0.638
0.855
314
Page 338
/
1. 1 2 3
0.841 0.649 0.491
0.789
2. 1 2 3
0.820 0.869 0.782
0.910
3. 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.729 0.767 0.843 0.737 0.866 0.734
0.918
4. 1 2 3
0.823 0.906 0.702
0.903
5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.577 0.622 0.744 0.634 0.640 0.845 0.658
0.882
315
Page 339
/ 6.
1 2 3 4
0.676 0.719 0.745 0.691
0.855
7. 1 2 3
0.713 0.633 0.488
0.771
8. 1 2 3
0.835 0.835 0.639
0.878
9.
1 2 3 4 5
0.685 0.736 0.755 0.603 0.593
0.858
10.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.617 0.605 0.721 0.658 0.631 0.778 0.776
0.885
316
Page 340
/
1. 1 2 3 4
0.394 0.602 0.602 0.663
0.763
2. 1 2 3 4
0.800 0.720 0.921 0.871
0.924
3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.679 0.581 0.489 0.704 0.761 0.772 0.809 0.775 0.811 0.610
0.916
317
Page 341
17 . . 2531
. . 2547 – 2550 ( .)
. . 2550 – 2553 ( . .) ( )
. . 2554 – 2558 ( . .)
. . 2547 ( . . ) . . 2548 ( . . ) . . 2549 ( . . )
. . 2547 – 2550 .
( .)
. . 2550 – 2553 . ( . .)
. . 2554 – 2557 .
( . .)
. . 2549
. . 2553 ( ) 2
. . 2554
. . 2555 . . .
. . 2554 –
318