ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ

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IITE TRAINING MATERIALS

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN DISTANCE EDUCATION

SPECIALIZED TRAINING COURSE

UNESCO INSTITUTE FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION

MOSCOW 2006


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,

2006


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74.58..73 74 . : . ( , ), ( , ), ( , ), ( , ), ( , ), ( , ), ( , ), ( , ). 74 : / . . / . , , . .: , 2006. . 632. ISBN 5-902116-18-X (), (). , : . . , , ; , ; . - : ( ), ( ), , . , ( ), , , .

74.58..73 57 , 2006

, , .

: . , . 8, . 3, , 117292, .: 7 495 129 2990 E-mail: [email protected] : 7 495 129 1225 Web: www.iite.ru ISBN ISBN 5-902116-18-X ( -)


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............................................................................ 8 1. .............11 ....................................................................................................13 1. ..................18 1.1. : ...............................................................................................21 1.2. .....................................28 2. : ..............................33 2.1. : ...........................36 2.2. ..............................................................................57 3. ..................................................................................66 3.1. ...70 3.2. ...................................................90 4. ; .......................................................99 4.1. ; .........................................................................................104 4.2. ; ..........................................................................115 5. : ; ................................................................................................122 5.1. , ; .................................126 5.2. ; .......................................................................................134 6. ...........139 6.1. , ......................................142

5


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6.2. ...................................................................152 . ................................................................159 . , WWW ..................................167 2. ............................................................................................179 1......................................................................................181 1.1.1. . . . ..........................................................................................................181 1.1.2. . , . , . . ........................................................................................................209 1.2.1. . . : ..............................220 1.2.2. . . -: ? .........................................................255 2........................................................................................271 2.1.1. . , . . : - .......................................................................................271 3......................................................................................300 3.1.1. . : , .............................................................................................................300 3.2.1. . . . ................................................................................305 3.2.2. . -, . . .....323 4......................................................................................341 4.1.1. . . ? ..........................341 4.1.2. .. . : .......................................................................................352 4.2.1. . . ...........394 4.2.2. . . . . . ............................................................401

6


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4.2.3. . , . . : ................................................................................415 5......................................................................................434 5.1.1. . , . . ................................................................................434 5.2.1. . . ......................................447 5.2.2. . . : ...................................................................................................459 5.2.3. . , . , . . .........................................................471 6......................................................................................492 6.1.1. . ........................................................................492 6.2.1. . . ...............................................510 . - .............546 3. .. , . .. . ..............................................................................557 1. .......................................................................................................563 2. : .............................570 3. ....................................................................................588 4. : ...........................598 5. : ; ...............................................................................610 6. ............................................................................................................617 . , WWW .......624

7


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! () , , . : , , , , , , , . , , , ( , ). , . , , . , , , , . , 8


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, , , . , , . , . , , , , , , , . , . , (), . . , ( ), (), ( ), - ( ), (), () (), . , - . . .. , , .. , . . - , .. ( .. ). 9


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, - : ( ), ( ), . , ( ), . , , , . , .

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1 1. 2. : 3. 4. ; 5. : ; 6.


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, ! , : , , . , , () (World Wide Web). . , , . , , . , , , . , , , , . , . , () , . , , : , , 13


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(UNESCO IITE, 2000). , XXI : (1997), . (, 1998) , , . . , . . , , , , , . . . , , , .

: , . : , , . , . (Noam, 1995), . , . , , , .

14


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. , , , , .

: 1. (), () ; 2. , ; 3. , ; 4. ; 5. : ; 6. .

: 1. , (, ) , ; 2. , ; 3. , ; 4. , .

? , , - .

15


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? , 36 . , ; . : , , , 1 2, ( ), .

? ( , ). , , . , . . . , . , . , ( ) , , 36- , .

, . . , , , .

16


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, . , : ( ), ( ), (), (), (), () - ( ). , . ! .

17


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1. .

1 : ; , (Keegan, 1986), ; ( ); ( 50 ) ; ; ( 200 ), , , , , ( ) ; : ?; .

1 1 , . . 1.1 , 1.2 . 18


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1. , , . ( ). , , . .

1 1.1. : 1.1.1. . . (Keegan, D.J. (1980). On Defining Distance Education. Distance Education, 1(1), p. 13-26). : , , , , . . , . 1.1.2. . , . , . . (Barker B.O., Frisbie A.G. & Patrick K.R. (1995). Broadening the Definition of Distance Education in Light of New Technologies. In: Moore M.G. & Koble M.A. (Eds.), Video-Based Telecommunications in Distance Education (pp. 1-10). The American Center for the Study of Distance Education Reading, No. 4. USA, The Pennsylvania State University). : , , ( , , , , , World Wide Web). , , , , World Wide Web. , .

19


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1.

1.2. 1.2.1. . . : (Dede C. (1996). The Evolution of Distance Education: Emerging Technologies and Distributed Learning. The American Journal of Distance Education, 10 (2), p. 4-36). : , . : (WWW), . . 1.2.2. . . -: ? (Kirkwood, A. (1998). New Media Mania: Can Information and Communication Technologies Enhance the Quality of Open and Distance Learning? Distance Education, Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 228-241). : , . , , .

, . , , .

20


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1.1. :

1.1. : , , 1.1.1. . .

1.1.1 . . , 2 (BOU), (OUT) (UNISA), . . , . ? ? ( , ?) ? ( , , , ?). ? - ?

, .

1.1.2 1.1.1. (. . ) . 21


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1. . . , , 50 . , , 1.1.1.

1.1.1, , , . , - , , , . , . , .

, : , () , - . () . (Garrison & Shale, 1987, p. 11). : , , . () , . - / , , . , (Barker et al., 1989, p. 25). 22


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1.1. : , , : , () , . (Portway & Lane, 1994, p. 195). , , , . , , , , - , . , ; : , , , , (Moore & Kearsley, 1996, p. 2; ). , , , (Keegan, 1986, p. 19). , , .

1.1.3, . , , , . 1.1.2 (. , . , . . ). : ( 50 ), , .

23


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1.

. , . , , .

, , , (Charles Wedemeyer). , , , . , , . , , , , , . , , , . . , (Wedemeyer, 1978) , : , , .

, , . . (Lewis, 1997) :

24


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1.1. : . (), , : , , , , , . : , . (. 3) : , , , , . . , , . , , . , . , 1969 . , , . , , , , . .

, (Keegan, 1986). 1. / .

25


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1. 2. , , , . , . 3. , - . , , . , . 4. . - . 5. ( ) . 6. . (Otto Peters). , . , , , , . 1 , .

, , . . 1. , . 2. : 26


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1.1. : , . , 1.1, : , , , ; ; . .

27


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1.

1.2. (, (Garrison, 1989) (Nipper, 1989), . Distance Education for the Information Society: Policies, Pedagogy, and Professional Development. Analytical Survey. UNESCO IITE, 2000, p. 9) , , . , . , , . , , , , . , . , , World Wide Web (WWW) , . , World Wide Web , , - , - , .

, ; XIX . , , , , , . . 1920- 1950- . , .

1969 . - , 28


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1.2. . , . ( , ), ( , , , , - ).

, , . (, - ), (, ). , . , 1980- , World Wide Web . WWW, 1993 , , , . . - , , , , , . . : , , .

29


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1.

1.2.1 , 1.2.1. (. . : ). .

. ( 200 ) , , , . ( 50 ) .

: ?, , , . ! . - World Wide Web ( ) , , , .. , . ? (Kirkwood, 1998) New Media Mania: Can Information Technologies Enhance the Quality of Open and Distance Learning?

1.2.2 , 1.2.2 (.. -: 30


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1.2. ?). . , , ? , , . ? , ( 1) , .

1.2.3 , . , , . . ( , , , , , ). , , . , , . . , , , , , . : , , !

, , , , -. ; . 31


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1. . , . , . , , , , . , 1.2 : , , ; . , , . 2 . . ( ).

32


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2. : , . , , .

2 : , ( ); , , ; , ( 100 ); ( 100 ); , , . , , ; . , ( 100 ).

33


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2. , () ( 100 ); ( 150 ).

2 1 , , / . , , . , , , , (. (Moore & Kearsley, 1996) 1). , , . , . , , . , , , . , , , . . . 2.1 , . 2.2 , . , , . ( ). 34


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2. . , . , . , , .

2 2.1. : 2.1.1. . , . . : - (Daniel J.S. & Mackintosh W.G. (2003). Leading ODL Futures in the Eternal Triangle: The Mega-University Response to the Greatest Moral Challenge of Our Age. In: M.G. Moore & W. Anderson (Ed.), Handbook of DE. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates). : . , , , , . .

35


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2.

2.1. : 2.1.1 , . , , , ? , ? , .

, , ( ) , . (, , ), , , . , , , . . , , ( , , , ) ( ). , . , , , . , , , , , , , . 36


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2.1. : , , , . , , , , , , , (). , , . , ( , ) , , , . , , . . 2.1 , , , . 2.2 , .

. 1. . , . : (-), . , , . , , , , UNISA (. ). 37


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2. 2. ( ) , , ( ) . , , . ; , , Telesecundaria (. ).

? , . . , , . , , , , . WWW, - . (WWW) . , -, WWW-. WWW , , , InterwiseTM (. www.interwise.com). InterwiseTM , (-) , . , , WWW-. , . 38


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2.1. : . 2.1 , , . . () , , , . , ( ). . ,

. 2.1.

, , , , . 39


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2. : , , , , . : , . ( ). , , . , . , , . . ( ) , , . , , - , , . : , , ; , ; , . . , . (, ), , . , . 40


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2.1. : , . , , , (Tait, 2000, p. 289). , . . , .

2.1.2 .

, : ; (- ); ; ; ; .

, . , , , . 41


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2. , . (), . , , .

. (BOU), (UNISA), (OUT), . (IGNOU) (STOU) . ( ). , , , ( ), , , , , . , (UNESCO IITE, 2000, p. 23). , - - . () . , . : (BOU)

1969 . , . , , , , , . BOU .

42


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2.1. :

BOU , , .

, 18 , . . 160 , 112471 594 . 15 . . / (BBC), , . , , , BBC, - -, , , . BOU , . , . 13 300 . , WWW. Daniel J.S. (1996); Keegan D. (1996), p. 193-196; Keegan D. (2000), p. 67-68; Open University Facts and Figures (2000) and Perry (1997), as cited ITEE (2000), p. 13-14.

43


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2.

: (UNISA) 1873 ., UNISA 1946 . . , , UNISA , . . , UNISA , , , , - , - . . UNISA 120 , , 34 . , . 80% , 30 , 25. , UNISA . 1994 . : , . , , , . - . , , . .

UNISA , 1994 ,. . 1994 ., UNISA , .

44


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2.1. :

, UNISA , . . . Daniel J.S. (1996); Moore M.G. & Kearsley G. (1996), p. 219-222; Perraton H. (2000).

: (OUT)

, , , . OUT 1993 . ( ) , . OUT , , , , , , , , . , , . 1998 . OUT 6 . , , , , , - , , , .

21 OUT. - , . , .

45


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2.

OUT , , , . ; , . Harry K. (1999), p. 110-122; Perraton H. (2000).

2.1.3 2.1.1 (. , . . : - ), . : ( 150 ) ; ( 200 ), .

. , , . , . , . ( ); . , . , (. IITE (2000), p. 14-15). , , . Sains Malaysia . 46


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2.1. :

: Sains Malaysia (USM) USM , . USM 1971 . 1982 ., . USM , , , . USM , . USM : . (CET). , -, .

, , , , , . 22 USM , . Harry K. (1999).

:

1967 . . , , 2,5%

47


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2.

, . 28 , . 1967 . 152 ; 600-800. , . , . , , 1967 . , .

, , , . , , . ( 1980- ) . Perraton H. (2000), p. 109-110.

2.1.4 , . , , , , . 2.1.1. (. , . . : - ). , : , ; , .

48


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2.1. :

() , , , . () , , , , (Blurton (1999), p. 46). , , . , , , () . : : , , . , , , , . , ; , . . , , , , , , .

, , , , . , . , , 49


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2. , . , (von Euler & Berg, 1998) 147 , : , (. 2.1) , - . , , - . 22% , 329% . , (. 2.2) (). - 32% , . , , , 383% 78% . , , , . 2.1

( & (Von Euler & Berg), 1998) , % 100 86 77 43 7 , % 99 67 82 50 30

50


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2.1. :

2.2

( & (von Euler & Berg), 1998) ISDN ( )

, %86 57 29 16 11 7 2 5 2 2

, %87 83 6 9 13 20 17 11 12 11

, , , , , , . . . .

( ) . , . , . ( -) 50% , . , UNISA 10% 32% . 51


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2. . . 2.2 . ( , , , ).

. 2.2.

. 2.2, , . , : , , . . , , , , , 75 300 . , 200 , , 150:1, 30 000 -, 52


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2.1. : . . , . , ( 20:1, 20 ). , , , . . . , . . 2.2 , , , . , , . , , , ( , , ). , . 2.2 . , . , . , , , , , , . , . , . . . . , , . , , , ( , ). , , . , 53


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2. , . , . . . , . , , , . , , -, . , , . , , . , , ; , . , . , , , , , , . , , . 1990- . XXI . , 1999 ., 84% , 62% (CHEA, 1999). , . , , , . , 25 , . 54


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2.1. : , , , . : (Rumble (2001), p. 230). , , - , . . , , , , , ? . , , . , . , . , , , , , , .

2.1.5 , , . , , , . ( 200 ), , , . , . , : G. Rumble (1997). The Costs and Economics of Open and Distance Learning. London: Kogan Page; T. Hultsmann (1999). The Costs of Distance Education. In: K. Harry (Ed.), Higher Education Through Open and Distance Learning: World Review of Distance Education and Open Learning. London: Routledge and Commonwealth of Learning. 55


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2.

2.1 : , ; , , , ; ; , .

56


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2.2.

2.2. , , . , . , , , . , , . , , . , , , 4% ( 80% , ) , 60% , . , , , , . 2000 . , . , . 1000 : 5,5 64 , 322 , 469 805 . : 1000 -, 27 , 38 , 172 348 . ? 5000 , 6:1. 1998 . CNN , 90 (53% ). , , , . 2000 . 57


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2. . 2003 . 171 . (34% ) 6,1 . (1% ). . , , 6% , . , , , . . . , ? ?

, . , (ADEA) 2000 ( ): , , , , . (ADEA (2000), p. 3) , , (ITU) 2001, : , , , , , . (This Day, AllAfrica Global ) 58


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2.2. . . , , , (World Bank (2000), p. 2). : , , (Useem (1999), p. A52). , , . , , . , , . , , , . . . .

(UNESCO IITE, 2000), XXI , , , - . , . , , .

59


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2.

: (NAMCOL)

, , NAMCOL 1997 . NAMCOL (10-12 ), , . NAMCOL ( ) , . NAMCOL , , . NAMCOL , (CED) , . . . NAMCOL , . CED UNISA. , NAMCOL . , . NAMCOL , , . , CED . NAMCOL . NAMCOL , , , , , . NAMCOL (1996) CED Concept Document; Nyirenda J.E. Indabawa, S.A. & Avoseh M.B.M. (1999). Developing Professional Adult Education Programmess in Namibia: Windhoek

60


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2.2. , , .

: Telesecundaria ()

Telesecundaria , 1968 , (7-9 ). 1 022 901 2002 . Telesecundaria 15- , 35 ; 10- . Telesecundaria, 15 . , , , , . , , , , . , . , . Telesecundaria , . 19 . Telesecundaria , , . , , , . Telesecundaria , , , . , Telesecundaria . Telesecundaria.

61


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2.

Calderoni J. (1998). Telesecundaria: Using TV to Bring Education to Rural Mexico. Education and Technology Notes Series, 3 (2), p. 1-10. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Duran J. (2001). The Mexican Telesecundaria: Diversification, Internationalization, Change and Update. Open Learning, 16 (2), p. 169-178.

2.2.1 ( , ) . ( 100 ), . ?

: , . , , , , , . (). ( ). . , . 1990- , - . , 300 12 (Perraton H. (2000), p. 146-147). . , , . 62


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2.2. , ; , , . , . , . , , , . , . , , . , , , . , , , , . , , .

2.2.2 ( 100 ), .

63


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2.

, ( ) . () : , ; ; ; . , : ( ); ; , ; , , ; , ; , . , , . , . , : 15 5 , , ;

64


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2.2. , 10 . .

2.2.3 ( 150 ) .

2.2.4, ( ) . , 10 , .

, 2.2, : ; , ; , ; .

65

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2 1 2 3 4 5 6

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I

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1 1.1.1. . . 1 () . , , , . , , . , , , . , , (. (Holmberg), 1977, . 9). , , , , . / , , , . , . (. (Peters), 1973, . 206). , , , , , . , , , (. (Moore), 1973, . 664).1 .. : Keegan, D.J. (1980). On Defining Distance Education. Distance Education, 1(1), p. 13-26.

181

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I

. , : , , , , 2 , , . , , , , , , , . ( (Baath), 1978) . , : , , , -: , , ; , , . (1973, . 661) . , . , , : . , , . , , , , , , . . ( , . ).

2

. . .

182

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1.1.1. .. .

, . , , , , . , , . . , . , , . , . , . , , . . , , , . (. , . ) . , . , .

, : ; . , , , , /, . , , (, 1974, 1978). , . 183

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I

12 1971 . , . : ( ) ; . , , , . - , . , .

: ( ) 3; ; . : , 4. . , ( (Baath and Flinck), 1973). (1975, 1977) , . (Rune Flinck, 1975, 1978), :

3

4

. . . . . .

184

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1.1.1. .. . , . , , , , , , ; , / , , , , . . , , , .

, , , . Die didaktische Struktur des Fernunterrichts. Untersuchungen zu einer industrialisierten Form des Lehrens und Lernens (1973), . , , : 5 . , , , , , , . (1973, . 104) : , . (1973, . 157-205) , , : , , . , ( ) , . 5

. . .

185

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I , . , . , . (1973, . 207) : ; ; ; ; . , . (1973, . 295) . , : ( , ); ( ); ( ); ( ). (1965, 1971, . 225) , , : , . , , . , , . : ( ), , , , , , , . , , 186

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1.1.1. .. . . , , , , , , , . , , : . , , . , , , , , . , . , . 1. , . . , , . ( ), , , , . 2. , , . , , , , , , , - . . 3. , , . , . , , . , , , 187

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I , . , , , . , . , , , , . , , .

. : ; , ; ; ; /; . , , , .

( ) . , , , . , , . : , , . 188

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1.1.1. .. .

(. 1). . . . , 80% , 10% ( ) 10% . , . , , , . , , . , ,

. 1. , ,

189

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I , . , , , -, . (Martin N. Chamberlain). . . , , . , ; . ( , ). . , . , , , . . . . , , . , , , . 11- , -, (Daniel, 1978) . . . , . PLATO6 ( 1978 . , , ). 6

. .

190

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1.1.1. .. . : . , , , . , . .

, . : 7 .8 20- . , . . , ( (Weinstock), 1976, . 411), . , 70 . : , ; (); ; (). , : , (); 9 , . -, , 10 10, , .7

. . . . . . 9 . . . 10 1969 1979 1980 . . .8

191

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I , , , . : , , - , . - , . ( (Scharz), 1978). , , , . .

, : , . , , (. 2 3). , , , . , , , . , , . .

, ( (Perry), 1975). 192

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1.1.1. .. .

. 2. ()

, , , . 4.

(1973, . 101) , . , . . , , , . 193

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I

. 3.

/

-

. 4.

194

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1.1.1. .. . , . . , . , . , , . 11 - . - , , , . . , , - , . , , , . . . . (Kenneth Clarke) (Jacob Bronowskis) . , , , . , 1960- , . , . , . () , .

11

. . .

195

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I . , , , , , . () , . , , , , .

, , - , ... : 12, , , ,13 , .14 : , . , . , , , , , . , , . , , , . (Wedemeyer) (1977a, . 2117) : , . : , , 12

. . . 13 , . . . 14 , . . .

196

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1.1.1. .. . . , , , , . , ; , , , , , , , ( (Debeauvais), 1976). , . . , , . , ; , . , , . () , , , , , . , , , . () , , , , . , , , , . , 1978 .:

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I , : , 25% , . ( (Sosdian and Sharp), 1977, . 1) , , , , , ; ( (Houle) 1974; (Sosdian), 1978; , 1978). , , , . , , , , . 183 , . , Nova - ( ) , . ( (Ashworth), 1978; (Cowden and Jacobs), 1979). Nova , 15 ; , . , , , ? , . , Nova . 15 ,

. . .

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1.1.1. .. . , , , , .

(). , Fernstudium -, teleenseignement -, educacion a distancia - teleducacao -; ,

: Fernstudium ( ), Fernunterricht ( , - ). , Fernstudium . Tele-enseignement , , , Centre National de Tele-enseignement (C.N.T.E., ); Centres de Tele-enseignement Universitaire (C.T.U., ); Tele-universite de Quebec ( ). , 12 1971 . enseignement a distance . , . tele-enseignement , , tele tele, , . tele-enseignement . educacion a distance teleducacao , .

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, . , . . .

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. . .

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+

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1.1.2. . , . , . 1 (School Tech News, 1986). , , , , , , , , , , ( (Barker), 1987; (Kitchen and Russell), 1987). , , , ( (Anderson), 1986). , , , . , , . , , : ; ( ); ( (Beaudoin); 1986, (Keegan); 1986, (Moore), 1987).

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, . , . , : , . , , , . , 210

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. 1. , 1. , - ( ) 2. , ( ), 3. , ( ) 2. , 1. , ( ), ( ) 2. , ( ) 3. , ( ) 4. , ( ) 5. ( )

, , , . , ( ) , , . ( ). - , , . , . - , . , (. . 1), , , . , . , , . 212

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? , , . (, ) . , , (, ). , , , , . , , , . , . , , , , , . , , . , , , , ( (Dede and Lewis), 1995). 221

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1 , . , - 1896 , . , , , , . , , , , , . : , , , , . , . , , , , , . , , . , I (, 1992.) , . , , , . ( ) , , , . : , , , , ; , , , ; 222

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, . , . (, , , , , , ). , (, , ) . , , . . , , , , . , / , . 223

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1 / , (Cognition and Technology Group 1992, Vanderbilt University). , , . 15- : . , , . , , . , , , , . , (Rescue at Boones Meadow) . , . , , . , , , , , . (, (Goldman, Pellegrino, and Bransford),1994): : , , , , , ; 2 : , , , ;2 .

. .

224

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1.2.1. . . : . , , , : , , . , , . , , , , . , , . - (, (Kass, Dooley, and Luksa), 1999). , . ; , , , . ( , ). ; , , , . , -. , ; , , . 225

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1 , , , . , . , .

/ , / , . , . , , , . , , , , . . , , ( , 1995). , , . , . - . - , - . , , .

226

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1.2.1. . . : , . , - . , , STORYWEB ( ) , . - : , , , , , , .. , , . ; , , . , , , . , , , . (STORYWEB) , , , , , , -. , . , STORYWEB , , . , , . , , (Kolodner), , , ( (Domeshek and Kolodner), 1992) . , , TRANSASK, - ( . (Fergusor et al), 1991).

227

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1 Apple , , (, (Laurel, Oren, and Don), 1990).

/ , , , . , , ( ), ; , , . , , , . , , , Mosaic NETSCAPE. , -, , . , , , . , (, ): , . , , , . , . /. , , : , , , . 228

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1.2.1. . . : , , , . , . , , , , . , ; , . , . , , , , . - , : , 180 , , , , . , . ; , , . . , , . . 229

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1 , .

(Computer Supported Collaborative Learning CSCL) , , . . , , . , , . (). (), - ( (Pea), 1993). , , , - . , , , , . ; ; ; , . , (, ?), , , , 230

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1.2.1. . . : . , , . . , - (SRI) - (, (Means, Schlager, and Poirier), 1994). , , . : , , , , . ; CSCL . . , UNIX ( , , ), . , . - . , -, - ( . (Levin et al.), 1994). - ; -, , 1-12 . , 231

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1 . CSCL , , (, , , , , ). , - , , , , . , , CSCL . , , . , ( ) . -. . , , . , , , , , , , . , ( ), , . , , . , . . . -, 232

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1.2.1. . . : . Apple Computer , ( . (Cooper et al.), 1994). , : ; , , , ; -, , (, ); , , , , , , , ; , , , . , , , , . . CSCL. (CSCL) , . , . ( ) (/ ), ( , , 233

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1 ) , , ( (Smith), 1992). CSCL , , , . , , CSCL , . , , (, , ), , , , . , ; , . , (, 1995). . , , , , , . , CSCL , : - , , . , , CD-, , (web). -, , , , , . 234

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1.2.1. . . : , . , , ; , ; CD-, , ; , , , , , , . , . 12 , -, . . (), , . : . -, ,3 . . , , , , . (WWW) , . , , - , - . , , , , .3 , , . . .

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1 . . . , . , . . , , . . , . : , !, . , , . , . CD- , , , . , , , , . - , . , , , . , . , , . , , . , , . , , . , , . 236

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1.2.1. . . : , , - , , !. , , : . , , ( . (Fontana et al.), 1993). , , , . , , , . , - .

CSCL , . , , , , . , . , . , . , , - , . , , . , , , . , , (, , , 237

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1 , , ), . , . , . , , , . . , . , , , , . - . , , . . , , , . , . , CSCL , / .

, , . , , 238

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1.2.1. . . : . , , . ; . , (, ), . , , ( (Orlansky and Thorp), 1991). , , . , . . , , . , , ( (Stevens), 1989). - , , . , , . . , , , -. -, (, ), . , . -, , . 239

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1 , , , - , . , - , , . , , , , , , . - - . , , , , , (, ). - - ( (Christel), 1994). , , . , , , . . ScienceSpace ( ); , (, (Salzman, Dede, and Loftin), 1995). , ; , -, . , . , , 240

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1.2.1. . . : . , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , (, , , ), . , , , . , ; , . (, - , ) . ScienceSpace : NewtonWorld ( ) ; MaxwellWorld ( ) , ; PaulingWorld ( ) . , ; ; ; -, - ; , (, , , C, ..). (, , ), . (, ) . , 241

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1 , , . , (, , ). ScienceSpace , . , , , , . 4 (, , ; ; ) , , . ISDN5 , , , , , () , . , , . , , . . , . . , , 4 5

. . . (Integrated Services Digital Network), , , . ISDN ( ), . . . .

242

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1.2.1. . . : . Remote Exploratoriums ( ) , , , ( (Repenning and Sumner), 1995). (WWW) ; , , , , . Agentsheets , , . Agentsheets . , , , Agentsheets, , , , .

, , /, , , , . , , , , . , - . , , , , . , , . , . , 243

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1 , , ; , , , , ( (Weitzenbaum), 1976). - , , , , . , - , , , , . , , , ( (Sproull and Kiesler), 1991). , , , , . : , . , . ( , , ) , . , , , ( (Rheingold), 1993). , , , , . , , . . , ( (Bruckman), 1992). , , , . (Turkle, 1984) , , . 244

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1.2.1. . . : , , , , - . , CSCL6, 7 .

, . , , . , , .

, , . , , - , 0.999. . , , , . : , . : , , , , , . , ; - - . . . , , . . .7 6

245

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1 ( , , ). , , , , 8 . - , , - - . Nintendo , . , ! . 9 , , , . , , , , . , . , , , , , . , , , , . , , (, - ..) . , , . , , 8 - , . . . 9 , . . .

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1.2.1. . . : . , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , .

( ) ( ). : , , , . . , , . , , . , , , , . 247

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1 , , : , ? 1980- , . , , , ( , , ), , . , , , , , , , , . , , . , (, 101), , , . , , -, . , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , , . , 248

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1.2.1. . . : . , , . , 10 , , .

( ) . , ; , . ? , , , , , , , , . .

, , . , , , , . . , , .

249

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1

, . , . , . , (, , ) . () ( ) .

, , , . . . , , .

, (, ). , (, ) . 250

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1.2.1. . . : , . , , , ; , , , .

, , , , , (, 1994). , . , . , : , - . , , , , , . , ; , , . , . ; , , , . ; , , . , . , 251

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