5 Stages of Group Development, Norms (Tuckman)

Group Dynamics

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5 Stages of Group Development (Tuckman)

• Forming• Storming• Norming• Performing• Adjourning

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The Five-Stage Model of Group Development

Forming StageThe first stage in group development, characterized by much uncertainty.

Storming StageThe second stage in group development, characterized by intragroup conflict.

Norming StageThe third stage in group development, characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness.

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…Group Development (cont’d)Performing Stage

The fourth stage in group development, when the group is fully functional.

Adjourning Stage

The final stage in group development for temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than performance.

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Stages of Group Development

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5 Stages of Group Development

Stage Theme Issue

Forming Awareness Inclusion

Storming Conflict Control

Norming Cooperation Cohesion

Performing Productivity Team Identity

Adjourning Separation Completion

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Group Structure - Roles (cont’d)Role(s)

A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit.

Role Identity

Certain attitudes and behaviors consistent with a role.

Role Perception

An individual’s view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given situation.

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Group Structure - Roles (cont’d)Role Expectations

How others believe a person should act in a given situation.

Role Conflict

A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations.

Psychological Contract

An unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from the employee and vice versa.

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Group Structure - Norms

Classes of Norms:•Performance norms

•Appearance norms

•Social arrangement norms

•Allocation of resources norms

Classes of Norms:•Performance norms

•Appearance norms

•Social arrangement norms

•Allocation of resources norms

Norms

Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members.

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Norms

• Rules and/or Standards• Regulate behavior• 2 Types of Norms:– Explicit – Implicit (Most common for small groups)

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Conformity

• Members adhere to group norms• Can be Positive and/or Negative• Why Conform:– Reduce Ambiguity- norms create structure– Social Acceptance– Avoid Ridicule– Higher Cohesiveness = greater conformity to

group norms

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Group Structure - Status

Group NormsGroup NormsGroup NormsGroup Norms

Status Equity Status Equity Status Equity Status Equity

CultureCultureCultureCulture

Group MemberGroup MemberStatusStatus

Group MemberGroup MemberStatusStatus

Status

A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.

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Group Structure - Size

Group Size

Performance

Expe

cted

Actual (d

ue to lo

afing)Other conclusions:• Odd number groups do

better than even.

• Groups of 7 or 9 perform better overall than larger or smaller groups.

Other conclusions:• Odd number groups do

better than even.

• Groups of 7 or 9 perform better overall than larger or smaller groups.

Social LoafingThe tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.

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Group Structure - Cohesiveness

Increasing group cohesiveness:1. Make the group smaller.

2. Encourage agreement with group goals.

3. Increase time members spend together.

4. Increase group status and admission difficultly.

5. Stimulate competition with other groups.

6. Give rewards to the group, not individuals.

7. Physically isolate the group.

Increasing group cohesiveness:1. Make the group smaller.

2. Encourage agreement with group goals.

3. Increase time members spend together.

4. Increase group status and admission difficultly.

5. Stimulate competition with other groups.

6. Give rewards to the group, not individuals.

7. Physically isolate the group.

Cohesiveness

Degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.

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Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness, Performance Norms, and Productivity

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Groups versus Teams

• All teams are groups

• Teams have task interdependence whereas some groups do not (e.g., group of employees enjoying lunch together)

• Teams have a positive synergy

• Skills in teams are complementary

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Team Versus Group: What’s the Difference

Work Group

A group that interacts primarily to share information and to make decisions to help each group member perform within his or her area of responsibility.Work Team

A group whose individual efforts result in a performance that is greater than the sum of the individual inputs.

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Comparing Work Groups and Work Teams

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Types of TeamsProblem-Solving Teams

Groups of 5 to 12 employees from the same department who meet for a few hours each week to discuss ways of improving quality, efficiency, and the work environment.Self-Managed Work Teams

Groups of 10 to 15 people who take on the responsibilities of their former supervisors.

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Types of Teams (cont’d)

•Task forces

•Committees

Cross-Functional Teams

Employees from about the same hierarchical level, but from different work areas, who come together to accomplish a task.

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Types of Teams (cont’d)

Team Characteristics

1. The absence of paraverbal and nonverbal cues

2. A limited social context

3. The ability to overcome time and space constraints

Team Characteristics

1. The absence of paraverbal and nonverbal cues

2. A limited social context

3. The ability to overcome time and space constraints

Virtual Teams

Teams that use computer technology to tie together physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal.

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A Team-Effectiveness

Model

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Managing Teams

• Planning• Organizing• Leading• Controlling

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