4th Session Construction Method Materials November 2012

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EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction


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Greening construction

MSMA Application of Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (MSMA) to constructionindustries

Introduced by Department of Irrigation and Drainage DID in 2002

Version 1 and 2011 Version 2 to guide the water engineers todesign stormwater system to prevent pollution

The main concept of the new manual is about controlling discharge at source as

opposed to rapid discharge by the previous manual. Two major parameters to be

controlled are the quantity and quality of discharges. These two components w ill

be required to be addressed at the source or the site of development. Dischargesgoing out from the site will have to remain as it w as before or less. In order to

achieve that, structural and hydraulic components, such as site storage facilities,

permissible discharge regulators and underground infiltration modules, w ill have

to be considered, designed and installed within the site.


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Consequences of development

Effect

s ofdevelopme

nt

Due to construction project - landuse changes from rural to

urban or industrial areas cause local runoff impacts on receivingwater flow rate, quality and ecology.Increase frequency of rainfall and intensity increase flow ratePollutants such as garbage an d also other pollutants such aschemical pollutants, grease/oil wash off from storm water enterriversPollutants affect the ecosystem in river

Newapproac

h

New comprehensive, integrated stormwater management strategies are

required to control at source, delay discharge of storm water, manage water

catchment areas, and designing the water collection, water retention system.


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Stormwater management practices need to be consistence with theobjective of ecologically of the sustainable development which aimat to achieve sustainable usage of nations water resources byprotecting and enhancing their quality while maintaining economic

and social development.

In Malaysia, land drainage of stormwater is one of the several technical components

of the project (either land development, mix development, or building project) that

needs authority approval. Stormwater management plans and esign calculations shall

be submitted as part of uniform building by-laws.

Construction activities remove the natural cover for the land and introduce silt,sediments into the receiving streams/drainage system. hence it requires a

detention/retention system to contain the pollutants. Removal of natural cover will

increase the flowrate as no vegetation to retard the flow of surface runoff.

Some of the approaches is to construct water retention and flow reduction facilities.


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Greening construction industries

Retentionpond :Water

permanentlythere.

A retention pond is designed to hold a specific amount ofwater permanently. Usually the pond is designed to havedrainage leading to another location when the water level

gets above the pond capacity, but still maintains acertain capacity. The pond level may go up and down, butordinarily the pond has some water in it.

Detentionpond:

Water stay

pondingduring orafter rain

A water detention pond, by definition, detains water. When an area is

paved, or covered with a building, water runs off the property much

faster than when it is in a natural state. The total amount of discharge is

the same, but the discharge happens over a shorter amount of time. Ahydrologist will design a water detention pond to temporarily detain

the water and keep the runoff to the desired rate. When the rain ends,

though, the water detention pond will be empty shortly afterwards.

So, if the pond is typically empty except during and shortly after rain or

other precipitation, it is a detention pond. If the pond always has waterin it, then it is a retention pond.


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Examples of Retention pond


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Examples of detention pond


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MSMA

provides design guideline in estimation of rainfall

Estimation of runoff

Drainage network systemRunoff conveyance design - culvert, water way, swales

Best management practice design gross pollutant trap GTP,

Erosion and Sediments control stilling basin

Constructed wetland design


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Passive design in building:

Objective is to design a building that use minimum energy either direct

(electricity consumption ) or indirect (minimize transportation, efficient water

usage) and use cleaner fuel .it emphasis on the building materials, building

services etc.

It includes the following elements:

Form and fabric how does the building can minimize heat requirements?

Context how can infrastructure, orientation, layout and microclimate best be

exploited

Fuel least polluting energy sourceSystem design what equipments offers the best opportunity for efficiency

and good control

Controls how can control system minimize heat/cooling requirement

Management in use what tools are available to improve building

management


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Greening construction industries : energyusage in US and UK homes


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Passive design in building:

Form and

fabric

Thermal insulation use of effective insulation, airtight construction,

windows orientation, type of glazing, avoidance of air infiltration

Context Infrastructure - mixed development (i.e work, play and fun at nearbylocation)

A building should be design to local climate eg. use local wind conditions

to drive natural ventilation, optimum solar orientation (cold climate use

winter solar gain)

Use compact building form with relatively small exposed surface area for

a given floor area can reduce the influence of weather and keep servicesdistribution systems to a minimum.

Terrace house and apartment are more thermally efficient than detached

house


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Passive design in building:Fuel temperate climate using passive solar heating, ground heat, looking

for alternative source energy

Where buildings are designed with very low heating requioremtn

using high insulation levels and good airtightness standards, then

active renewable can become the major provider for heating

System design For big building/factory use combined heat and power CHP is one

option (using the waste heat to boil/heat up water for hot water

generation)

Management

tools

Monitor the energy usage using latest available model or tool


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Passive design in building: ControlIt compliment the energy efficient design it allows occupant to alter

to their own comfort level.

Boiler sequence

control

Maximizing the efficiency of the heat generation systetm

Fixed time controls a time switch provides simple, robust and easily understood means

of saving energy by turning off/on

Optimum

start/stop controls

It varies the heating system start-up time depending on the weather

o as to achieve a required temperature by required time

Temperaturecontrols

Thermostats are low cost means of minimizing energy consumptionand maintaining comfort levels.

Night setback

controls

Reduce temperature during a given time period

Zone controls A successful control system allows independent time and

temperature control on a zone-by-zone basis.


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EMSC 5103 : Sustainable Construction:

sustainable building services

Electricity, current, voltage and amperesElectricity generation can utilize a wide variety of primary fuel eg gas,

electricity is referred as secondary fuel . For each unit of electricity delivered

to consumers, several units of primary energy are consumed. The electric

energy was lost during the transmission and delivery via heat energy.

Energy As energy use to raise or to run.

Energy = power x time

Power Is the rate at which energy is expended or consumed. More power is required

to raise an object quickly than to raise slowly.

I kW-hour (kWh) = unit of energy consumed in one hour by the appliance

having power rating of 1 kW.

Electricity always flow from a higher volatge to earth (.i.e 0 Voltage).

Electrical current measure in amps is analogues to the flow of water

The higher the voltage , the greater the flow of current. A large current

requires a large diameter electric cable. Voltage x current = power


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3 phase , single phaseWhen electricity is generated in a power station, three separate alternating electrical

currents are sent simultaneously down three separate conductors. Each is know as a

phase and they are colour coded red, yellow and blue. The three separate currents are

120 degrees apart.

Single phase 240V can be drawn from a single three-phase supply cable by tapping

into respective conductors.

Its normal practice to supply small buildings with single phase electricity cables whereas

for larger commercial and industrial buildings, three-phase cables are usually supplied.

AC = alternating current most household appliance use it.

RE source deliver DC i.e direct current that need to convert to AC i.e inverting that

requires extra equipment and cost. rectifying convert from AC to DC.

Increasing household appliance are using DC eg phones, computers, radios and required

transformer in order to operate from AC supply.




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Cost of eletricty tariff includes:

Cost of primary fuel

Cost of transporting electricity around the region

Cost of distributing to customers

Cost of selling to customers i.e meter reading etc

Power station generate eletricty according to maximum demand. The different between

average demand and supply is referred as surplus. In Malaysia the surplus is about 40%.

In certain conutries, the tariff for day time and nigh time (low demand) is different. It is

encouraged to do not so urgent activities during night time as to use lower tariff.

Eletromagnetic field EMFs electric fields are present in all equipments connected to a

power supply such as power lines, cables, appliances, mobile phones, Tv and radio

transmitters. When an appliance is switched on, current flows and generate an EMF.

Effects? EMF can be measured and can take precaution toreduce its effect.


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Policy aimed at reversing unsustainable energy use

Carbon trading Carbon Trading Mechanism CDM use to trade off the co2 emission

between countries

Climate change

levy

Energy tax applied to energy used in industry, commerce and ublic

sector. Unless its of green source such RE source

EU labeling

scheme

In US Star rating

In UK using A, B, C, D, E.

In Malaysia eco-label by Sirim .

Fit- in- Tariff . To encourage the percentage of renewable energy source in Malaysia.

consumer can sell back the energy from RE source to TNB.




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Fuelgeneration Typicalefficiency(%)

CO2 produced(kg/kWh) Special issues

Coal-fired

power station

34 0.938 Produce sulfur which are expensive to

remove

Oil-fired PS 36 0.819 ditto

Combined cycle

gas turbine

CCGT PS

43 0.431 Cheap to build but use premium fuel,

Nuclear PS 34 0.005 Huge life cycle cost and long term

radiation

Hydroelectric

PS

90 0 Relies gepgraphy

Wind turbine 41 0 Good at large scale

Photo voltage ? 0


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Malaysian approach


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Lighting and daylightingDaylight if available, should be the predominant form of lighting in all type of buildings

It also able to offset the energy consumption associated with artificial lighting.

It should be considered in the initial design stage of a building

If a lighting scheme is to work( aesthetically, functionally and in terms of energy

efficiency), the natural lighting and artificial lighting have to be well integrated.

Need to consider the following factors:

Window location and design -

How the building will be used, manitained and managed

Shale and orientation of spaces in relation to activities

Surface finishes

Choice of lamps




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Lighting and daylighting

Window location and design borrowed lights, atrium, roof light, sun pipe, roof light,

clerestory, window. Clerestories and roof lights provide the most light.




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Lighting and daylighting

Lighting

control

Location of light swtiches and zoning to take into account the variatyions in

daylighting should be considered. It is best to avoid banks of switch that can

all be turned on dimultanously then tend to be left on.

Colour Colour plays a very important part in the appearance, operation and

ambiance of a space, both internally and externally. The colour characteristic

of lighting, both appaearnce and rendering. As well as surface colour and

reflectance are the majpr consideration.

Factors to

consider in

selecting

lamps

Dim or stepped switching

Installed cost

Power consumption

Lamp lifeColour quality and stability

Warm-up time




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Ventilation and cooling

ventilation Why ventilate?

Improving thermal comfort and inddor air quality throufgh providion of

fresh air

To remove excess heat from perople and environment

To remove moisture, smells and ppollutants

To remove gaseous emissions from materials, furnishings, cleaning agentsTo provide oxygen for breathing

:

Natural

ventilationstrategies

Opening windows cross ventilation or local ventilation

Night coolingAtria

Wind scoops

Air tighness Ventilation is airflow resulting from a designed intention. Air infiltration is

unintentional and uncontrollable leakage of air because of imperfections in

detailing and construction.




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cooling

Cooling Passive cooling strategies:

1. Natural ventilation -

2. Structural thermal mass to absorb daytime heat loads

3. Night cooling allows cool air to flow through at night

4. Culvert ventilation

5. Using plants?Mechanical

cooling

strategies

1. Absorption cooling - using chiller i.e cooling tower

2. Night cooling

3. Culvert cooling underground system that allow cool air to pass

4. Evaporative cooling by spraying water in the extract air

5. Refrigerative cooling using benign refrigerants

6. Desiccant cooling

1. Reduce heat gains by appropriate orientation and fabric design

2. Using low energy lighting

3. Openable windows must be well-sealed to minimize draughts and infiltration

energy loss

4. Avoid locating air intakes and opening windows where pollution and noiseare at the highest




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Passive design for tropical climates

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PASSIVE COOLING DESIGN FORTROPICAL CLIMATES

-Site for exposure to breezes and shading all year-Use of light colored roofs and walls to reflect more solar radiationand reduce heat gain-Elevate buildings to permit airflow beneath floors & consider highceilings-Provide shaded outdoor living areas

-Use lightweight construction include thermal mass where diurnalrange is significant-Maximize external wall areas (plans ideally one room deep) toencourage movement of breezes through the building (crossventilation)


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Use evaporative cooling or ceiling fans-Allow passive solar access in cooler months only-Shade all east and west walls year round

-Use reflective and bulk insulation (especially if the house is air-conditioned) and vapor barriers-Orientation for exposure to cooling breezes-Increase natural ventilation by reducing barriers to air pathsthrough the building-Provide paths for warm air to exit the building

-Floor plan zoning to maximise comfort for daytime activities andsleeping comfort-Appropriate windows and glazing to minimise unwanted heat gainsand maximise ventilation (less windows, more open air flow isbetter)-Effective shading (including planting shading species in strategic

locations)


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Adequate level of appropriate insulationMaximise the indoor/outdoor relationship and provide appropriatescreened, shaded, rain protected outdoor living spaces

Maximise convective ventilation with high-level windows, ceilingand roof space ventsDesign ceilings and furnishing positions for optimum efficiency offans, cool breezes and convective ventilationLocate mechanically cooled rooms in thermally protected areasAdjust eve overhangs to suit the particular micro-climate

Include evaporative cooling and water features


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Greening existing buildings American experience

Most of the sustainable construction applied to new buildings, but greening existing

buildings is slowly gaining more favorable acceptance. In US, as of july 2009, nearly 3500

existing buildings were registered for certification.


greening existing buildings


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Drivers for this growth1. Tenants demand Tenants are increasingly demand for green certified

buildings

2. Attractive return on

investment

Many energy retrofits are showing high rates of return

from 2 to 5 years

3. Responsible propertyinvestment

Investors and owners committed to corporate socialresponsibilities

4. Future competitiveness Have better values if retrofitted/certified

5. Stakeholders pressure Employees, investors, tenants, and communities want

green buildings6. Corporate sustainability Part of CSR

7. Concern about energy

prices ad future volatilibility

Energy is the largest cost of a building and the least

controllable. Future energy price increase could easily

outstrip inflation




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Barriers for this growth

1. Divergence between capital

outlays and operating budgets

Most organizations reluctant to invest on capital

expenses rather than operating expenses

2. Split incentives between

tenants and landlords

Landlords didnt pass the nebefits of energy saving

to tenants

3. Perceived costs far outweight

benefits

Perception of green building cost higher

4. Benefits of energy investments

not proven

Little proof on energy savings

5. Incentive are not strong

enough to change behaviour

Energy prices are still low and not significant enough

to change behaviour

6. Lack of debt financing for

energy upgrades

Building owners need to borrow money to finance

7. Organization dynamics Getting buy-in from everyone in the organization is

often difficult




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LEEB EBOM 2009

Categories Points Remarks

Sustainable sites 26 Costs, stormwater, cleaning and landscaping

Water efficiency 14 Efficiency of existing fextures, cooling towers and

landscapingEnergy and atmosphere 35 Existing building operations starting with a level 1

ASHEAE audit and retro commissioning, ongoing

commissioning, performance metrics, energy star and

renewable energy, includes energy start portfolio

manner training

Materials and resources 10 Purchasing, waste disposal and management,

construction projects

Indoor environmental

quality

15 Air quality, temperature, comfort and focus heavily on

green cleaning

Innovation and regional

priorities

10 Using the building as teaching tool and curriculum

integration as well as opportunities for innovation




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Greening existing buildings American experience



4th Session Construction Method Materials November 2012

Documents