44526819 Fingerprint Based Voting Machine

8/13/2019 44526819 Fingerprint Based Voting Machine

1/62

A

Project Report

On

FINGERPRINT BASED VOTING MACHINE

Submitted in partial fulfillment of Bachelors Degree in Technology

Rajasthan Technical University,

Kota

(Durin!"##$%"#'

Guie B)! Su*+itte *)!

r! Rahul "ei#al $poorva Khetan%&'()(*+

&' deptt! $sh#ani Kumar%&'()(-*

Suneel Kumar%&'(+*.(

Dep,rt+ent o- E.ectronic/ 0 Co++unic,tion

1,ipur Enineerin Co..ee

2u3,/4 1,ipur

ii


2/62

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project report entitled FINGERPRINT BASED VOTING MACHINE

submitted by Apoor5, 26et,n4 A/67,ni 2u+,r ,n Sunee. 2u+,rstudents of final year

B!&! in &lectronics / 'ommunication, 1AIP8R ENGINEERING CO99EGE4 282AS4

1AIP8R#as completed under my supervision and their #or0 is found satisfactory and 1 found

them sincere to#ards their #or0!

M/: G,ri+, M,t6ur Mr: R,6u. Nei7,.He, 9ecturer4 EC Deptt:

Dep,rt+ent o- EC

P.,ce! 2aipur

D,te!

iii


3/62

PREFACE

&ngineering is not only a theoretical study but it is an implementation of all #e study for creating

something ne# and ma0ing things more easy and useful through practical study! 1t is an art

#hich can be gained #ith systematic study, observation and practice! 1n the college curriculum

#e usually get the theoretical 0no#ledge of industries and a little bit of implementation

0no#ledge that ho# it #or0s3 But ho# can #e prove our practical 0no#ledge to increase the

productivity or efficiency of the industry3

To overcome such a problem, #e the students of 2$14UR &"51"&&R1"5 '677&5&,

KUK$S, 2$14UR are supposed to ma0e a project on FINGERPRINT BASED VOTING

MACHINE:

1ndia is #orlds largest democracy! 1t is perceived to be charismatic one as it accommodatescultural, regional, economical, social disparities and still is able to stand on its o#n! 8undamental

right to vote or simply voting in elections forms the basis of 1ndian democracy!

89 is capable of saving considerable printing stationery and transport of large volumes of

electoral material! 1t is easy to transport, store, and maintain! 1t maintains security by providing

authentication! 1t completely rules out the chance of invalid votes! 1ts use results in reduction of

polling time, resulting in fe#er problems in electoral preparations, la# and order, candidates:

e;penditure, etc! and easy and accurate counting #ithout any mischief at the counting centre! 1t is

also eco friendly!

iv


4/62

AC2NO;9EDGEMENT

$ scholarly and ead, Deptt! of &' and Mr: V:S: B6,tn,,rfor

giving us permission to undergo this project and providing all other necessary facility!

During our project all the staff members of the Deptt! have helped us #ith their s0ills! >ereby

#e also e;press our sincere than0s to our project co?ordinator, M/ Anju M,rej,! $lso #e are

than0ful to all other technical staff of the deptt! #ho have helped us to complete our project

successfully! =e #ish to e;press our deep sense of gratitude to our project guide Mr: R,6u.Nei7,.for his valuable guidance and 0ind co?operation #ithout #hich this project #ould have

not been possible!

Apoor5,26et,n(EC##'

v


5/62

INDE?

TOPICS PAGE NO:

*! 1ntroduction *?-

-! icrocontroller Description .?+-!* 8eatures .

-!- Bloc0 Diagram

@

-!. 4in Diagram A-!@ '7R A

-!A 4in Description )?+

.! 1ntroduction to *)- 7'D Display C?*(.!* 4in description C?

.!- DDR$ ? Display Data R$

.!. B8 ? Busy 8lag

.!@ 1nstruction Register %1R and Data Register %DR *( .!A 'ommands and 1nstruction set *(

.!) Sending 'ommands to 7'D *(

@! Basic 'omponents **?*C

@!* Resistors **@!- 'apacitors *-

@!. Diodes *.

@!@ S#itch *@@!A 4'B *@

@!) Batteries *A

@!+ Relays *A?*C

A! 7ine Sensor 'ommand $ccess 8ingerprint odule *?-A

A!* 1ntroduction *?-*A!- $41 8unctions -*

A!. Detail of $41 8unctions -*?-A

)! 1' U7"?-((. -)?-+)!* 8eatures -)

)!- Description -)

)!. 4in 'onnection -+

vi


6/62

+! 1' $?-.- -C?.*+!* 8eatures -C

+!- Description -C

+!. 4in Diagram -+!@ 8unction Tables -

+!A 7ogic Diagram .(

+!) $pplication 1nformation .*

C! 1nterfacing the serial RS-.- port .-?.A

C!* 1ntroduction .-

C!- >ard#are 4roperties ..C!. Serial 4inout .@

C!@ 4in 8unction .A

! 4rinted 'ircuit Boards .)?.+

*(! 4o#er Supply .C?@(*(!* Unregulated 4o#er Supply .C

*(!- Regulated 4o#er Supply .?@(

**! 4roject Description @*?@-

**!* Ballot Unit @*?@-

**!- 'ontrol Unit @-

*-! 4roject ethodology @.?A-

*-!* 'omponents @.?@@

*-!- 4rocedure @@*-!. 'ircuit Diagram @A

*-!@ 'ircuit Description @)

*-!A 4'B 7ayout @+*-!) 'oding @C?A*

*-!+ Soft#are Description A-

*.! $pplications A.

*@! 8uture Scope A@

'onclusion

References

vii


7/62

&: INTROD8CTION

1ndia is #orlds largest democracy! 1t is perceived to be charismatic one as it accommodates

cultural, regional, economical, social disparities and still is able to stand on its o#n! 8undamentalright to vote or simply voting in elections forms the basis of 1ndian democracy!

1n 1ndia all earlier elections be it state elections or centre elections a voter used to cast hisEher

vote to hisEher favorite candidate by putting the stamp against hisEher name and then folding the

ballot paper as per a prescribed method before putting it in the Ballot bo;! This is a long, time?

consuming process and very much prone to errors!

This situation continued till election scene #as completely changed by electronic voting

machine! "o more ballot paper, ballot bo;es, stamping, etc! all this condensed into a simple bo;called ballot unit of the electronic voting machine!

&9 is capable of saving considerable printing stationery and transport of large volumes of

electoral material! 1t is easy to transport, store, and maintain! 1t completely rules out the chance

of invalid votes! 1ts use results in reduction of polling time, resulting in fe#er problems in

electoral preparations, la# and order, candidates: e;penditure, etc! and easy and accurate

counting #ithout any mischief at the counting centre! 1t is also eco friendly!

6ur 9oting achine consists mainly of t#o units ? %a 'ontrol Unit %'U and %b Ballot Unit

%BU #ith cable for connecting it #ith 'ontrol unit! 1t consists of one 7'D, a fingerprint module,a votecast panel, a candidate panel, a buFFer and a couple of s#itches etc!

This project is based on ' language programming! The soft#are platform used in this project are>i?Tech ' 'ompiler and >yperTerminal!

Finerprint B,/e Votin M,c6ine

The complete 9oting machine consists mainly of t#o units ? %a 'ontrol Unit and %b Balloting

Unit #ith cable for connecting it #ith 'ontrol unit! $ Balloting Unit caters upto . candidates!

8our Balloting Units lin0ed together catering in all to )@ candidates can be used #ith one control

unit! The control unit is 0ept #ith the 4residing 6fficer and the Balloting Unit is used by thevoter for polling!

The Balloting Unit of &9 is a small Bo;?li0e device, on top of #hich each candidate and

hisEher election symbol is listed li0e a big ballot paper! $gainst each candidate:s name, a buttonis provided! The voter polls his vote by pressing the button against the name of his desired

candidate!

viii


8/62

These utiliFe fingerprint recognition technology to allo# access to only those #hose fingerprints

you choose! 1t contains all the necessary electronics to allo# you to store, delete, and verify

fingerprints #ith just the touch of a button! Stored fingerprints are retained even in the event ofcomplete po#er failure or battery drain! These eliminates the need for 0eeping trac0 of 0eys or

remembering a combination pass#ord, or 41"! 1t can only be opened #hen an authoriFed user is

present, since there are no 0eys or combinations to be copied or stolen, or loc0s that can bepic0ed!

The main aim in designing this product is to provide the concept of the personal identity for eachindividual! This is e;tended to a special case of electronic voting machine concept! The summary

of the design can be briefly e;plained diagrammatically as follo#s!

$s a pre?poll procedure the finger prints of all the voters are collected and stored in a database

initially at time of distributing cards! $t the time of voting, the option of the voter is ta0en along#ith the finger print! The finger print ta0en by the scanner is sent to the pc through an in?built

$ED converter! The processed image is transferred to hard dis0! The option entered by

the voter is transferred to chip through D&U and is stored in the

memory!1f the transferred image is matched #ith any of the records in the data base, then the interrupt is

given by the >$RD D1SK to pc! Then the option is considered in the count!

ix


9/62

": MICROCONTRO99ER DESCRIPTION

PIC& @%Bit CMOS F.,/6 Microcontro..er

":& Fe,ture/

>igh performance R1S' '4U

6nly .A single #ord instructions to learn

$ll single cycle instructions e;cept for program

branches #hich are t#o?cycle

6perating speedG D' ? -( >F cloc0 inputD' ? -(( ns instruction cycle

Up to CK ; *@ #ords of 87$S> 4rogram emory,

Up to .)C ; C bytes of Data emory %R$

1nterrupt capability %up to *- sources

&ight level deep hard#are stac0

Perip6er,. Fe,ture/!

Timer(G C?bit timerEcounter #ith C?bit prescaler

Timer*G *)?bit timerEcounter #ith prescaler,

can be incremented during S7&&4 via e;ternal

crystalEcloc0

Timer-G C?bit timerEcounter #ith C?bit periodregister, prescaler and postscaler

T#o 'apture, 'ompare, 4= modules?'apture is *)?bit, ma;! resolution is *-!A ns

? 'ompare is *)?bit, ma;! resolution is -(( ns

? 4= ma;! resolution is *(?bit

C?bit, up to C?channel $nalog?to?Digital converter

Synchronous Serial 4ort %SS4 #ith S41 %astermode and 1-' %Slave

Universal Synchronous $synchronous Receiver

Transmitter %US$RTES'1

x


10/62

":" B.oc3 Di,r,+

xi


11/62

":> Pin Di,r,+ !

": MC9R!

41'*)8+ devices have a noise filter in the '7R Reset path! The filter #ill detect and ignore

small pulses! 1t should be noted that a =DT Reset does not drive '7R pin lo#! The behavior

of the &SD protection on the '7R pin has been altered from previous devices of this family!9oltages applied to the pin that e;ceed its specification can result in both '7R Resets and

e;cessive current beyond the device specification during the &SD event! 8or this reason,icrochip recommends that the '7R pin no longer be tied directly to 9DD!

8ig no! -!*

xii


12/62

":Pin De/cription!

xiii


13/62

xiv


14/62

>: INTROD8CTION TO &


15/62

Pin no: &> 9SS Po7er /upp.) (GND'

Pin no: & 9'' Po7er /upp.) (V'

Pin no: & &"- En,*.e /in,. -or ro7 " ,n > ("ncontro..er'

Pin no: &< "' Not Connecte

Table "o!.!*G 4in description of the 7'D

>:> DDRAM % Di/p.,) D,t, RAM

Display data R$ %DDR$ stores display data represented in C?bit character codes! 1tse;tended capacity is C( C bits, or C( characters! The area in display data R$ %DDR$ thatis not used for display can be used as general data R$! So #hatever you send on the DDR$

is actually displayed on the 7'D!

>: BF % Bu/) F.,

Busy 8lag is a status indicator flag for 7'D! =hen #e send a command or data to the 7'D for

processing, this flag is set %i!e! B8 I* and as soon as the instruction is e;ecuted successfully this

flag is cleared %B8 I (! This is helpful in producing and e;act amount of delay! 8or the 7'Dprocessing! To read Busy 8lag, the condition RS I ( and RE= I * must be met and The SB of

the 7'D data bus %D+ act as busy flag! =hen B8 I * means 7'D is busy and #ill not accept

ne;t command or data and B8 I ( means 7'D is ready for the ne;t command or data to process!

>: In/truction Rei/ter (IR' ,n D,t, Rei/ter (DR'

There are t#o C?bit registers controller 1nstruction and Data register! 1nstruction registercorresponds to the register #here you send commands to 7'D e!g! 7'D shift command, 7'D

clear, 7'D address etc! and Data register is used for storing data #hich is to be displayed on

7'D! =hen send the enable signal of the 7'D is asserted, the data on the pins is latched in to the

xvi


16/62

data register and data is then moved automatically to the DDR$ and hence is displayed on the

7'D!

>:< Co++,n/ ,n In/truction /et

6nly the instruction register %1R and the data register %DR of the 7'D can be controlled by the

'U! Before starting the internal operation of the 7'D, control information is temporarilystored into these registers to allo# interfacing #ith various 'Us, #hich operate at different

speeds, or various peripheral control devices! The internal operation of the 7'D is determined by

signals sent from the 'U!

>:= Senin Co++,n/ to 9CD

To send commands #e simply need to select the command register! &verything is same as #ehave done in the initialiFation routine! But #e #ill summariFe the common steps and put them in

a single subroutine!

8ollo#ing are the stepsG

ove data to 7'D port

Select command register

Select #rite operation

Send enable signal

=ait for 7'D to process the command

: BASIC COMPONENTS

&lectronic components are classed into either being 4assive devices or $ctive devices!

xvii


17/62

$ P,//i5e De5ice is one that contributes no po#er gain %amplification to a circuit or system! 1t

has not control action and does not re


18/62

the resistance lo#er #ill let more current flo# so the volume goes up! The value of a variable

resistor is given as its highest resistance value! 8or e;ample, a A(( ohm variable resistor can

have a resistance of any#here bet#een ( ohms and A(( ohms! $ variable resistor may also becalled a potentiometer %pot for short!

:" Conen/or/C,p,citor/!

'apacitors, or NcapsN, vary in siFe and shape ? from a small surface mount model up to a huge

electric motor cap, the siFe of paint can! 1t stores electrical energy in the form of electrostatic

charge! The siFe of a capacitor generally determines ho# much charge it can store! $ smallsurface mount or ceramic cap #ill only hold a minuscule charge! $ cylindrical electrolytic cap

#ill store a much larger charge! Some of the large electrolytic caps can store enough charge to

0ill a person! $nother type, called Tantalum 'apacitors, store a larger charge in a smallerpac0age!

8ig! @!- 'apacitor

:> Dioe/!

Diodes are basically a one?#ay valve for electrical current! They let it flo# in one direction

%from positive to negative and not in the other direction! This is used to perform rectification or

conversion of $' current to D' by clipping off the negative portion of a $' #aveform! Thediode terminals are cathode and anode and the arro# inside the diode symbol points to#ards the

xix


19/62

cathode, indicating current flo# in that direction #hen the diode is for#ard biased and

conducting current! ost diodes are similar in appearance to a resistor and #ill have a painted

line on one end sho#ing the direction or flo# %#hite side is negative! 1f the negative side is onthe negative end of the circuit, current #ill flo#! 1f the negative is on the positive side of the

circuit, no current #ill flo#!

8ig! @!. Diodes

:>(,' 9ED/ (9i6t E+ittin Dioe/'

7&Ds are simply diodes that emit light of one form or another! They are used as indicator

devices! &;ampleG 7&D lit e


20/62

8ig! @!@ S#itch

: PCB!

4'B stands for printed circuit board #hich are used for #iring up of the components of a circuit!4'Bs are made of paper phenolic 8R- grade %lo# cost, for lo# freoles in

4'Bs are drilled after etching is over! The trac0s on t#o sides of a 4'B are joined using printed

through hole %4T> techni


21/62

8ig! @!) Battery

:= Re.,)/!

$ relay is usually an electromechanical device that is actuated by an electrical current! The

current flo#ing in one circuit causes the opening or closing of another circuit! Relays are li0e

remote control s#itches and are used in many applications because of their relative simplicity,long life, and proven high reliability! They are used in a #ide variety of applications throughout

industry, such as in telephone e;changes, digital computers and automation systems!

Ho7 o re.,)/ 7or3

$ll relays contain a sensing unit, the electric coil, #hich is po#ered by $' or D' current! =henthe applied current or voltage e;ceeds a threshold value, the coil activates the armature, #hich

operates either to close the open contacts or to open the closed contacts! =hen a po#er is

supplied to the coil, it generates a magnetic force that actuates the s#itch mechanism! Themagnetic force is, in effect, relaying the action from one circuit to another! The first circuit is

called the control circuitP the second is called the load circuit! $ relay is usually an

electromechanical device that is actuated by an electrical current!The current flo#ing in one circuit causes the opening or closing of another circuit!

xxii


22/62

8ig @!+ Relay

T)pe/ o- Re.,)/

There are t#o basic classifications of relaysG

*! &lectromechanical Relay

-! Solid State Relay!

&lectromechanical relays have moving parts, #hereas solid state relays have no moving parts!

$dvantages of &lectromechanical relays include lo#er cost, no heat sin0 is re


23/62

Po7er Re.,)! The po#er relay is capable of handling larger po#er loads Q *(?A( amperes or

more!They are usually single?pole or double?pole units!

8ig! @!C 4o#er Relay

Cont,ctorG $ special type of high po#er relay, its used mainly to control high voltages and

currents in industrial electrical applications! Because of these high po#er re


24/62

$dvantages of Solid State Relays include lo# &1ER81, long life, no moving parts, no contact

bounce, and fast response! The dra#bac0 to using a solid state relay is that it can only

accomplish single pole s#itching!

: 9INE SENSOR COMMAND ACCESS FINGERPRINT

MOD89E

:& Introuction

7ine Sensor 'ommand $ccess 8ingerprint odule $41 References 4rogrammers 5uide

introduces you to 7ine Sensor 'ommand $ccess 8ingerprint Unit %7'$8U, product fromBeyond7S1! 7'$8U, #hich contains 7ine Sensor 'ommand $ccess 8ingerprint odule

%B7-*AD7 Series inside, performs fingerprint authentication functions and management of

fingerprint data %template! 7'$8U stores up to *(E.(EA( template fingers depend on type of

xxv


25/62

7'$8U %B7-*A((*D7 E B7-*A((.D7E B7-*A((AD7! 1n this manual, #e provide

information about the usage of 7ine Sensor 'ommand $ccess 8ingerprint odule $41 for

#riting an application program using 7'$8U! The follo#ing tables summariFe the commandssupported in 7ine Sensor 'ommand $ccess 8ingerprint odule $41 into the follo#ing

categoriesG open E close, registration E matching commands, template management commands,

setting commands and miscellaneous functions!

:&:& Open ,n C.o/e Function/

:&:" Rei/tr,tion ,n M,tc6in Function/

:&:> Te+p.,te M,n,e+ent Function/

xxvi


26/62

:&: Settin Function/

:&: Mi/ce..,neou/ Function/

xxvii


27/62

:" API Function/

'ommand $ccess 8ingerprint odule $41 is a programming $41 that provides developers a

common interface for #riting 'E'OO applications #hich use 7'$8U for fingerprintauthentication! Developers need not to be concerned #ith the intricacies of operating 7'$8U at

lo#er level! T#o 0inds of 'ommand $ccess 8ingerprint odule $41s , #hich basically =in.-

$41, are provided for developer! The first one is provided if you #ant to ma0e applications #ith' language %B7odule$41!h, B7odule$41!lib and B7odule$41!dll! The other one isprovided if you #ant to ma0e applications #hich use $41 class for 'OO then 'ommand $ccess

8ingerprint odule $41 'lass %'B7odule$41!h, 'B7odule$41!lib and 'B7odule$41!dll

can be used!

:> Det,i. o- API Function/

1n this section, #e introduce detail descriptions of each command in 'ommand $ccess

8ingerprint odule $41! 'orrect synta; and parameters of each command are introduced! &ach

function returns a value as given in the table at previous sections after the e;ecution! 'all openmodule function to connect the 7'$8U! Then 7'$8U related instructions can be performed!

$fter performing the functions, call close module function to close connection #ith 7'$8U!

"oteG Throughout this manual BMT& is e


28/62

:>:&: Open Mou.e

The B76penodule function establishes the communication #ith 7'$8U! 'all this functionif application #ant to ma0e transactions #ith 7'$8U!

S)nt,!int B76penodule%const char com4ort1n, int version"um6ut, int usera;6ut

P,r,+eter Input!

com4ort1n Gcommunication port string %J'6*L, J'6-L, #here 7'$8U is connected

:>:" C.o/e Mou.e

The B7'loseodule function closes the communication #ith 7'$8U! Use this function if

application #ants to end transactions #ith 7'$8U!

S)nt,!

int B7'loseodule%

:>:> Po7er O--

The B74o#er6ff function gives instruction to 7'$8U for doing po#er 688! Use thisfunction to po#er 688 the 7'$8U! Use 4o#er 6" button on 7'$8U to activate the 7'$8U

again!

S)nt,!

int B74o#er6ff%

:>: Veri-)

The B79erify function gives instruction to 7'$8U for verifying an input finger on sensor#ith specified templates stored in 7'$8Us database! Use mas0 table to specify templates for

verification! 1f o#ner handle #indo# is not e


29/62

*st byte G template V , , , C, ), @, -, (

if bit V; I* , do verify #ith template V %; ; - -nd byte G template V , , , , +, A, ., *

if bit V; I*, do verify #ith template%; ; -O*

:>: Ienti-)

The B71dentify function gives instruction to 7'$8U for identifying an input finger on sensoramong all templates stored in 7'$8Us database! 1f o#ner handle #indo# is not e


30/62

The B75etallTemplateStatus function gives instruction to 7'$8U for sending status of all

templates!

S)nt,!

int B75et$llTemplateStatus%int status'ode$rray6ut

P,r,+eter Output!

status'ode$rray6ut Gstatus code of template number from ( to E-E@

%array of int #ith siFe *(E.(EA((G empty

*G valid

-G on pending

:>:@ Get Te+p.,te St,tu/

The B75etTemplateStatus function gives instruction to 7'$8U for sending status of thetemplate! Use input variable template number to specify #hich template status #ill be sent by

7'$8U!

S)nt,!

int B75etTemplateStatus%int template"um1n, int status'ode6ut

P,r,+eter Input!

template"um1n Gtemplate number to get status ( to E-E@

:>:$ C.e,r Te+p.,te

The B7'learTemplate function gives instruction to 7'$8U for deleting template! Use inputvariable template number to specify #hich template #ill be cleared! 6nly validEpending template

#ill be deleted by 7'$8U!

S)nt,!

int B7'learTemplate%int template"um1n, int status'ode6ut

P,r,+eter Input!

template"um1n Gtemplate number to clear %( to E-E@

:>: Re, Te+p.,te

xxxi


31/62

The B7ReadTemplate function gives instruction to 7'$8U for sending template data! Use

input variable template number to specify #hich template data #ill be sent by 7'$8U! 6nly

validEpending template #ill be sent by 7'$8U!

:>:&& ;rite Te+p.,teThe B7=riteTemplate function gives instruction to 7'$8U for #riting template data! Use

input variable template number to specify in #hich location the template #ill be #ritten! 7'$8U

#rite the template on database only if this location is empty and no other template matches #iththe template given as the parameter!

:>:&" Set PIN

The B7Set41" function gives instruction to 7'$8U for setting 41" stored in 7'$8U! Use

this function to store C?digit 41" at 7'$8U!

S)nt,!int B7Set41"%unsigned char 41"1n


32/62


33/62

xxxiv


34/62

=: IC MA?%">"

=:& Fe,ture/

eets or &;ceeds T1$E&1$?-.-?8 and 1TURecommendation 9!-C

6perates 8rom a Single A?9 4o#er Supply =ith *!(?8 'harge?4ump 'apacitors

6perates Up To *-( 0bitEs

T#o Drivers and T#o Receivers

W.(?9 1nput 7evels

7o# Supply 'urrent ? C m$ Typical

&SD 4rotection &;ceeds 2&SD --

? -(((?9 >uman?Body odel %$**@?$

Upgrade =ith 1mproved &SD %*A?09 >B and (!*?8 'harge?4ump 'apacitors is

$vailable =ith the $-(- $pplications

X T1$E&1$?-.-?8, Battery?4o#ered Systems, Terminals, odems, and 'omputers

=:" De/cription

The $-.- is a dual driverEreceiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supplyT1$E&1$?-.-?8voltage levels from a single A?9 supply! &ach receiver converts T1$E&1$?-.-?

8inputs to A?9 TT7E'6S levels! These receivers have a typical threshold of *!. 9, a typicalhysteresis of (!A 9, and can accept W.(?9 inputs! &ach driver converts TT7E'6S input levels

into T1$E&1$?-.-?8 levels!

=:> Pin Di,r,+

xxxv


35/62

=: Function T,*.e/

=: 9oic Di,r,+

xxxvi


36/62

=:< App.ic,tion In-or+,tion

xxxvii


37/62

@: INTERFACING THE SERIA9 RS">" PORT

xxxviii


38/62

@:& Introuction

The Serial 4ort is harder to interface than the 4arallel 4ort! 1n most cases, any device youconnect

to the serial port #ill need the serial transmission converted bac0 to parallel so that it can be

used! This can be done using a U$RT! 6n the soft#are side of things, there are many moreregisters that you have to attend to than on a Standard 4arallel 4ort! %S44 So #hat are the

advantages of using serial data transfer rather than parallel3

*! Serial 'ables can be longer than 4arallel cables! The serial port transmits a :*: as ?. to ?-A voltsand a :(: as O. to O-A volts #here as a parallel port transmits a :(: as (v and a :*: as Av! Therefore

the serial port can have a ma;imum s#ing of A(9 compared to the parallel port #hich has a

ma;imum s#ing of A 9olts! Therefore cable loss is not going to be as much of a problem for

serial cables than they are for parallel!

-! Mou don:t need as many #ires than parallel transmission! 1f your device needs to be mounted afar distance a#ay from the computer then . core cable %"ull odem 'onfiguration is going to

be a lot cheaper that running * or -A core cable! >o#ever you must ta0e into account the cost of

the interfacing at each end!

.! 1nfra Red devices have proven o#ever could you

imagine transmitting C bits of data at the one time across the room and being able to %from thedevices point of vie# decipher #hich bits are #hich3 Therefore serial transmission is used

#here one bit is sent at a time! 1rD$?* %The first infra red specifications #as capable of **A!-0

baud and #as interfaced into a U$RT!

@! icrocontroller:s have also proven to be


39/62

Devices #hich use serial cables for their communication are split into t#o categories! These are

D'& %Data 'ommunications &


40/62

@: Pin Function/

xli


41/62

$: PRINTED CIRC8IT BOARDS

xlii


42/62

The use of miniaturiFation and sub miniaturiFation in electronic e


43/62

4reprocessingG ? This consists of initial preparation of a copper clad laminate ready for

subse


44/62

4o#er supply can be classified into t#o major categoriesG ?

Unregulated po#er supply

Regulated po#er supply

:& 8nreu.,te Po7er Supp.)G ?

These po#er supplies, supply po#er to the load but do not ta0e into variation of po#er supply output vol

or current #ith respect to the change in $!'! mains voltage, load current or temperature variations! 1n oth

#ords, #e can say that the output voltage or current of an unregulated po#er supply changes #ith the ch

in $!'!mains voltage, load current and temperature!

$ bloc0 diagram as sho#n belo# can represent unregulated po#er supplyG

:" Reu.,te Po7er Supp.)! %

These po#er supplies are regulated over the change in source voltage or load current i!e! its output remain

stable!

Regulated po#er supplies are of t#o typesG ?

xlv

RECTIFIER FI9TER LOAD

8ig! *(!* B76'K D1$5R$ 68 U"R&5U7$T&D 46=&R SU447M


45/62

C8RRENT REG89ATED PO;ER S8PP9IES

These are constant current supplies in spite of change in load or input voltage!

VO9TAGE REG89ATED PO;ER S8PP9IES

These supplies supply constant output voltage #ith respect to the variation in load or source

input voltage!

Circuit o- reu.,te po7er /upp.) 7it6 6,.- 7,5e recti-ier

xlvi

C

0.1

IN

COM

OUT

C1

1000uFD4D3D2D1

T1

10TO1


46/62

>ere diode D*, D-, D. and D@ forms half #ave rectifier! 'apacitor '* is filtering capacitor! 1'?

+C( is used for voltage regulation! 'apacitor '- is used for bypassing, if any ripples are present

then it eliminates those ripples!

$s 1'?+C( is used so it gives v dc regulated voltage ideally! 1f #e ta0e *) volts transformer

then #e #ill get C!+v at output! Thus voltage is regulated!

&&: PRO1ECT DESCRIPTION

The 8ingerprint Based 9oting achine consist of t#o unitsG ballot unit %BU and control unit%'U and a fingerprint module for the verification of the user!

8irstly the database of the voters is being stored in the fingerprint sensor for creating a database

#hich authenticates the voter at the time of voting!

xlvii


47/62

&&:& B,..ot 8nit!

**!*%a B76'K D1$5R$G

8igure **!* Bloc0 diagram of ballot unit

**!*%b 5&"&R$7 =6RK1"5G

*! =hen the po#er of Ballot unit is turned on, the ballot unit a#aits a J$T'> 86U"DL

from control unit!

-! $fter getting J$T'> 86U"DL, ballot becomes ready to accept a ne# vote from itscandidate panel!

.! 6nce the voter presses the button corresponding to the candidate of herEhis choice, a four?

bit code is generated and sent to the control unit!

xlviii


48/62


49/62

Co+ponent N,+e Ju,ntit)

*! icrocontroller Section

icrocontroller 1' %41'*)8+ *

'rystal 6scillator %.!A+ >F *'eramic 'apacitor %(!*u8 *@

'eramic 'apacitor %--p8 -

&lectrolytic 'apacitor %--((u8 -&lectrolytic 'apacitor %*(((u8 -

-! 'andidate 4anel

4ush?to?6n S#itches .Resistors %*(Kohm *

.! achine Ready 7&D 7&D *

Resistor %*Kohm *

@! 7'D 4$"&7

7'D %*)- characters *

Resistors %*(Kohm *

A! 4o#er supply

7&D * Resistor %*Kohm *

Diodes?*"@((+ @

)! 1's

U7" ?-((. *$?-.- *

+! Relay *

C! BuFFer *

So-t7,re/ u/e!

l


50/62

*! >i?Tech ' 'ompiler

-! >yperTerminal

EKuip+ent/ u/e!

*! Soldering iron, solder, flu;!

-! 4ersonal computer!3. DB connector!

&":" Proceure -or *ui.in t6e Finerprint B,/e Votin M,c6ine

Step *G Bloc0 diagram and layout of the proposed system is designed and finaliFed!

Step -G $ll the components and soft#are platform to be used are selected #hich are alsomentioned above!

Step .G $ll the hard#are components are soldered on their respective printed circuit boards #iththe help of soldering iron, solder and flu; according to the hard#are schematic

Step @G The logic flo# of the #hole system is decided and accordingly flo#?charts are being

createdStep AG $ccording to the flo#?charts dra#n, codeEprogram of the proposed system is developed

using ' language #ith the help of soft#are platform %Keil u vision.!

Step )G The he; code of the program being created by the soft#are platform is burnt into theflash code memory of our microcontroller 1'!

Step +G Testing is done at various levels to finaliFe the appropriate program for the most proper

#or0ing of the system

&":> Circuit Di,r,+

li


51/62

&": Circuit De/cription

lii


52/62

The above circuit sho#s that firstly coming to the po#er supply section , the -.(9 $!'! coming

is being converted to *- 9 supply using a step do#n transformer! Then the *- 9 $!'! is

converted to unregulated *- v D!'! by using a bridge rectifier and filter capacitors! Theunregulated D!'! voltage is being converted into regulated supply by using a +C*- voltage

regulator!*- v supply is being re


53/62

&":< Coin

liv


54/62

void main%

Y

unsigned int i,j,0,lP

unsigned short count*,count-,count.P

char t;tZA[P

46RT'!bit.I(P

count*I(P

count-I(P count.I(P

7cd1nitialiFe%/46RTBP 7cd'ommand%7cd'7&$RP

7cd'ommand%7cd'URS6R688P 7cd6utput%*, *, N81"5R4R1"T96T1"5NP

7cd6utput%-, *, N1nit!!!!!!!!!!!!NP

delayms%-(((P

Usart1nitialiFe%)((P

#hile%*

Y

7cd'ommand%7cd'7&$RP

7cd6utput%*, *, NS#ipe 8ingerNP

shorttostr%count*,t;tP

7cd6utput%-, *,t;tP

shorttostr%count-,t;tP

7cd6utput%-, ),t;tP

lv


55/62

shorttostr%count.,t;tP

7cd6utput%-, **,t;tP

if%UsartDataReady%

Y

iIUsartread%P

#hile%UsartDataReady%

Y

\

jIUsartRead%P

#hile%UsartDataReady%

Y

\ 0IUsartRead%P

#hile%UsartDataReady% Y

\

lIUsartRead%P

if%i]+

Y

lvi


56/62

7cd'ommand%7cd'7&$RP

7cd6utput%*,*,N"oatchNP

46RT'!bit.I*P

delayms%*((P

46RT'!bit.I(P

delayms%A((P

46RT'!bit.I*P

delayms%*((P

46RT'!bit.I(P

delayms%-(((P

\

else

Y 7cd'ommand%7cd'7&$RP

7cd6utput%*,*,N=elcomeNP 7cd6utput%-,*,N'ast 9ote!!!!NP

46RT'!bit.I*P

delayms%*((P

46RT'!bit.I(P

#hile%46RT$!bit(II( // 46RT$!bit*II( //

46RT$!bit-II( Y

\

if%46RT$!bit(II*

Y

#hile%46RT$!bit(II* Y

\

count*Icount*O*P

\

if%46RT$!bit*II*

Y

#hile%46RT$!bit*II*

Y

lvii


57/62

\

count-Icount-O*P \

if%46RT$!bit-II* Y

#hile%46RT$!bit-II*

Y \

count.Icount.O*P

\

\

\

delayms%*((P

\

\

&":= So-t7,re e/cription

lviii


58/62

>ere firstly the counter and the 46RT' bit . is initialiFed as (!the 7'D is being initialiFed at

port b and displays 81"5&R4R1"T 96T1"5!

$n infinite loop is made and displays the message s#ipe finger! The fingerprint sensor ta0es the

data in the form of @ bits #hich are entered into the integer!#hen the portc bit is high then buFFerblo#s ! if a match is found then buFFer blo#s one time and if the match is not found then it

blo#s t#o times!

$t port $ s#itches are connected so! So the counter of the candidate increases according to the

bit corresponding to that s#itch becomes high!

&>: APP9ICATIONS

lix


59/62

8ast trac0 voting #hich could be used in small scale elections, li0e resident #elfare

association, JpanchayatL level election and other society level elections!

1t could also be used to conduct opinion polls during annual share holders meeting!

1t could also be used to conduct general assembly elections #here number of candidatesare less than or e


60/62

"umber of candidates could be increased by using other microcontroller or an C-AA 1'!

1t could be interfaced #ith printer to get the hard copy of the result almost instantly fromthe machine itself!

1t could also be interfaced #ith the personal computer and result could be stored in the

central server and its bac0up could be ta0en on the other bac0end servers!

$gain, once the result is on the server it could be relayed on the net#or0 to various

offices of the election conducting authority! Thus our project could ma0e the result

available any corner of the #orld in a matter of seconds

CONC98SION

lxi


61/62

&ngineering is a #ay of education in #hich #e see a clear balance bet#een theoretical

andpractical aspects of anything! The theoretical #or0 done in the college during B!&! is notsufficient, therefore it is essential to go under 4ractical 4roject #or0!

8ingerprint Based 9oting achine is designed to ma0e the procedure of voting easier and more

convenient as it is a modified system!it has proved to be very advantageous in providing security&9 is capable of saving considerable printing stationery and transport of large volumes of

electoral material! 1t is easy to transport, store, and maintain! 1t completely rules out the chance

of invalid votes!

1n total, the complete system %including all the hard#are components and soft#are routines is

#or0ing as per the initial specifications and re


62/62

Tutorial on microcontrollerG###!41'*)8+!netEmicrocontrollertutorials

Tutorial on 7'DG

###!picprojects!netElcd?interfacing

httpGEE###!efy!comEminorprojectsEmicrocontrollerEpic*)8+

41'micro 8amily TreeN, 41'*)8 Seminar 4resentation

httpGEE###!microchip!com!t#E4D8E-((@springE41'*)8^-(seminar^presentation!pdf
http://www.picprojects.net/lcd-interfacinghttp://www.microchip.com.tw/PDF/2004_spring/PIC16F%20seminar%25presentation.pdfhttp://www.picprojects.net/lcd-interfacinghttp://www.microchip.com.tw/PDF/2004_spring/PIC16F%20seminar%25presentation.pdf

44526819 Fingerprint Based Voting Machine

Documents