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7/11/2011CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
Introduction toCENTRIFUGES
Principles of Operationand Best Performance
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7/11/2011CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
Optimum Cut Points
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
SEDIMENTATION SEPARATION
Separation of solids from liquid through the use of an opensedimentation pit
Solids laden fluid enters at one end, exits the other
Travel time from entry point to exit allows largest solids tosettle to a depth that effects their separation
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
PARTICLES MOVE IN TWO (2) DIRECTIONS
SEDIMENTATION SEPARATION
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
SEDIMENTATION SEPARATION
SEDIMENTATION RATE ACCORDING TO STOKES LAW ISEFFECTED BY
Particle Diameter
Fluid Viscosity
Particle & Liquid Density Difference
( The greater the difference, the faster the settling
velocity).
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION
Based on the principal of centrifugal acceleration to increasegravity or “G”force
When an object is rotated about an axis, gravity increasesfrom 1”G” at the axis of rotation to some maximum “G”
force at the objects periphery
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION
CENTRIFUGAL ACCELERATION
MIN “G” FORCE
MAX “G” FORCE
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION
CENTRIFUGE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY
“G” FORCE(Small Bowl Diameter)
VS
RETENTION TIME(Large Bowl Diameter)for equal bowl length
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION
“G” FORCE DEVELOPED RESULTS FROM
1) BOWL RADIUS OR DIAMETER (Inches)
2) BOWL SPEED (RPM's)
THIS HAS RESULTED INTO SOME CONTROVERSY, AS TOWHICH PARAMETER IS MOST IMPORTANT FORSEPARATION EFFICIENCY
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
BOWL RPM & BOWL DIAMETER
Inability to accurately balance the large diameter centrifugelimits the rotating speed (rpm)
BOWL DIA. MAX. RPM “G” FORCE
14 in. 3250 2100
18 in. 2100 1150
24 in. 1550 850
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION
TIME REFERS TO HOW LONG SOLIDS ARE SUBJECTED TO
THE “G” FORCE (RETENTION TIME)
RETENTION TIME IS A FUNCTION OF
1) POOL VOLUME (Gallons)
2) FEED RATE (Gal./Min.)Pool Volume
Feed Rate
Retention Time =
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
When a suspension of solids is fed into the rotating bowl, thesolids strive to move outward through the liquid toward theinternal surface of the bowl
The effective force generated by the particles as they move
to the internal surface of the bowl is determined mostly by “g” force and particle size
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
CENTRIFUGE EFFICIENCY
FOR A GIVEN SIZE PARTICLE TO BE SEPARATED BY THECENTRIFUGE
RETENTION TIME > SETTLING TIME
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
CENTRIFUGE EFFICIENCY
0% EFFICIENCY 100%
EFFICIENCY = VOLUME SOLIDS REMOVED AS A PERCENT OFMAXIMUM* CAPABILITY
*All Centrifuges have removal limitations (Tons / Hour), if
exceeded, the unit will shut down
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
CENTRIFUGE BOWL
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
PITCH = 4.33 in
SWACO CENTRIFUGE (414 & 518)
CENTRIFUGE CONVEYOR
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
RATIO = 57:1
RATIO can be
varied by
changing the
direction or
speed of SUN-
WHEEL SHAFT
rotation
CENTRIFUGE GEAR BOX
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
PERFORMANCE ADJUSTMENTS
Adjustable five (5) ways
Bowl speed (rpm)
Bowl/conveyor speed diff. (Rpm)
Pool depth (inches)
Feed tube placement
Feed rate (gpm)
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
CONVEYANCE RATE
The rate (inches/minute) that separated solids are removedfrom the centrifuge
Conveyance rate affects both the physical appearance of thediscarded solids and the torque or physical work that musttake place to discard the solids
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
Parameters affecting solids conveyance rate
Speed (relative to bowl)
Pitch (distance between flights)
Torque between the bowl & conveyor isthe limiting factor for solids removalFor swaco units (50-60 ft/lbs.)
CENTRIFUGE CONVEYOR
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
CONVEYOR PITCH = DISTANCE
BETWEEN FLIGHTS - SWACO UNITS = 4.33 INCHES
EACH RPM DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN THE BOWL AND
CONVEYOR MOVE THE SOLIDS 4.33 INCHES
CENTRIFUGE - CONVEYOR PITCH
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
BOWL / CONVEYOR SPEED DIFFERENTIAL
GREATER DIFFERENTIAL = FASTER CONVEYANCE
GREATER DIFFERENTIAL = WETTER UNDERFLOW
FOR SWACO UNITS, THE DIFFERENTIAL WILL RANGE BETWEEN10 AND 80 RPM
CONVEYANCE RATE
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C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
POOL DEPTH EFFECTS RETENTION TIME.
GREATER POOL DEPTH INCREASES RETENTIONTIME
AND RESULTS IN GREATER SOLIDS REMOVAL.
125mmStandard
CENTRIFUGE - POOL DEPTH
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
CENTRIFUGE POOL DEPTH
RETENTION TIME MUST = SETTLING TIME
FOR A SOLIDS PARTICLE TO BE REMOVED
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
Feed rate determines retention time of solids available forseparation by the centrifuge
Unless solids are exposed to the centrifugal forces for the
time required to achieve their settling rate they will notbe removed
Greater feed rates result in poorer cut-points
CENTRIFUGE - FEED RATE
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7/11/2011
NORMAL SOLIDS DISTRIBUTION - FULLY INSERTED
COARSER SOLIDS DISTRIBUTION - FULLY RETRACTED
CENTRIFUGE - FEED TUBE POSITION
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
CENTRIFUGE APPLICATIONS
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
The primary objective of centrifuge use….
….is to control fine solids that will contribute toundesirable Mud density or mud rheology
Directly related to Mud Cost and System performanceand overall drilling time and safety!
CENTRIFUGE APPLICATIONS
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
Are ALL Centrifuges the same?????
Does one centrifuge fit all requirements in thefield????
NO
CENTRIFUGE APPLICATIONS
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
Make sure you understand what a client wants fromthe centrifuge
Large cutt in short time
Target LGSLowest OOC%
Largest volume throughput
CENTRIFUGE APPLICATIONS
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
Bowl is 14” diameter but short in length 34” Reclaim barite while discarding drilled solids
Reclaim liquid from microclone discard
Discard drilled solids from unweighted mud
Small Bowl CENTRIFUGE APPLICATIONS
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
Barite recovery is the process of salvaging barite, the mostexpensive component of many
Weighted mud systems (water
Based muds only)
Liquid and undesirable drilled solids are discarded
BARITE RECOVERY
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
How do we determine when to operate the 414 centrifuge?
Plastic viscosity (pv)
Pv is a good indicator of the total solids volume, the nature oftheir size, reactivity, and ability to produce viscosity
BARITE RECOVERY
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
PLASTIC VISCOSITY
DEFINITION
RESISTANCE TO FLOW DUE TO MECHANICALFRICTION
AFFECTED BY:
SOLIDS CONCENTRATION
SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE SOLIDS
VISCOSITY OF THE FLUID PHASE
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
PARTICLE SIZE EFFECT ON VISCOSITY
• Solids below 2 microns are called Colloidal and have the greatest effect
on Plastic Viscosity
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
M 18
UD 16
D 14EN 12SI 10
T
Y 10 20 30 40
PROCESSING RATE GPM
PROCESSING RATE DECREASES AS MUD DENSITY
INCREASES
414 CENTRIFUGE - BARITE RECOVERY
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
The 414 is designed to continuously Separate a fixed volume ofbarite Sludge from drilling mud
The normal operating parameters should always apply exceptfor :
feed rate varies with mud density
Dilution 2-8 gpm (for 9.0-9.5 efflu.)
414 CENTRIFUGE -BARITE RECOVERY
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
MICROCLONE / CENTRIFUGE COMBINATION
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
Centrifuging weighted mud for barite recovery saves operatorsMany times the centrifuge cost
Liquid fractions of new mud types often cost as much or morethan Barite (chemical, synthetic, oil, etc.)
518 CENTRIFUGE – DUAL CENTRIFUGING
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
Recovery of expensive liquid and chemical is cost effectivefor
many modern mud systems
Installation and operating Parameters are critical forSuccessful dual centrifuging
518 CENTRIFUGE – DUAL CENTRIFUGING
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
414 / 518 CENTRIFUGE COMBINATION
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
DUAL CENTRIFUGING WEIGHTED MUD
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p
m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
Solids Control Equipment
Arrangement
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
System Arrangement
Un-weighted Mud
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
System Arrangement
Un-weighted Mud
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
System Arrangement
Un-Weighted Mud
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
System Arrangement
Weighted Mud
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
System Arrangement
Weighted Mud- Barite recovery
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
System Arrangement
Un-Weighted and Weighted Mud
A Typical Solids Control System
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
A Typical Solids Control System
Solids dump or waste treatment
Solids dump or waste treatment
CCatc
hTank
BA
2 3 4 5 61
Sand
trap
Degasser
Shakers
Decanting Centrifuge
Dump/waste
treatment (typical
for all tanks)
A = Desanders
B = Desilters
C = Mud cleaners
To
active
To Decanters
Screened
drilling
fluid
Flow
from
well
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
CENTRIFUGE SUMMARY
All centrifuges are not the same
They are the last resort for solids removal,upstream is the focus
Understand the principles of operation to achieve the
maximum desired efficiency• High volume throughput
• High cutt point
• Lower OOC%
•
Barite or LGS removal
Tell me how>>>>?
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
Progressive Cavity Pumps
A progressive cavity pump is also known as a progressing
cavity pump, eccentric screw pump or even just cavitypump and, as is common in engineering generally, thesepumps can often be referred to by using a genericizedtrademark . Hence names can vary from industry toindustry and even regionally
examples include: Mono pump, Moyno pump, Mohno pump,Nemo pump, and Seepex pump.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademark
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
How they work.
This type of pump transfers fluid by means of the progress,
through the pump, of a sequence of small, fixed shape,discrete cavities, as its rotor is turned.
Rotor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
Netzsch – NEMO Pump
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g
Pump parts
1 Rotor
In wear- and corrosion-resistant designs including the wear-free ceramic rotor NEMOCERATEC®.
2 Stator Vulcanized into the tube with sealing on both sides in a variety of elastomers, plasticsand metals. Stator inlet with funnel-shaped opening for improved feed of the product intothe conveying chamber. The stator is oil-, acid- and alkali-resistant.
3 Drive ChainCoupling rod and two gimbal joints for the transmission of power from the drive to the
rotor.4 Shaft Seals
Standard with single-acting, bi-directional, wear-resistant mechanical seal. Upon request,with single- or double-acting mechanical seals of varied designs and from variousmanufacturers, cartridge and special seals as well as packed glands.
5 Suction and Discharge HousingFlange and threaded connections in accordance with DIN and international standards.Materials in cast iron, steel, chrome-nickel-steel rubberized; also special materials upon
request.6 Block Construction
The drive is flanged directly to the lantern of the pump, resulting in compact dimensions,low total weight, constant axial heights irrespective of the construction type and size ofthe drive, and ease of maintenance and serviceability as well as high efficiency.
i C i ( i )
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
Progressive Cavity Pumps (Maintenance)
Electrical
• cables should be inspected frequently or damage or worn spots and changed ifnecessary. The motor starter box should be closed and all bolts installed at alltimes when pump is in use and should only be opened to change heater fordifferent voltages. The enclosure drain should be checked periodically forplugging.
P i C i P (M i )
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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.
Progressive Cavity Pumps (Maintenance)
Drive
• See Pump manual for details
Pump Storage
If pumps are to be stored for long periods of time they should be preparedas follows:
• 1. Coat all unpainted surfaces with non-acidic resin free grease.
• 2. remove the stator• 3. grease the rotor surface
• 4. remove the stuffing box packing
• 5. grease both the shaft and cylinder of the stuffing box casing
• 6. Remove the drain plug and both inspection ports to allow the suction housing to
drain. After housing is completely dry, replace the inspection ports.• 7. drive units which are operated very intermittently should be run briefly at least
one a month to protect bearings
P i C it P (M i t )
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Progressive Cavity Pumps (Maintenance)
Pump
•
Lubricate pump packing daily with a small amount of bearinggrease. A grease fitting is provided on the stuffing box. Checkpacking leak rate for 10 to 100 drops per minute.
• After 8,000 hours or two years, remove, clean and repack thebearings with new grease. Approximately 40% of the area
around the bearings should be filled with grease.
• The universal gear joints are fully sealed and do not requireperiodic lubrication. Replace joints every 8,000 hours or twoyears.
• 4. The adjustable speed drive oil level should be checked daily.Insure that the oil is filled to the center of the oil level gauge.