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add to LengthAdvantages ListBark LocalBelieve Magazinesbottom of make medicinesBranch make rubber Breathe manage toBridge Materialsbrush teeth Musical

build Narrowcalculate NewspaperCardboard NutsChemicals Paint Climate palm treesclose together Paper Cloth PartsClothes ProductsCooking protect from

cut down Queue Deep Reasondepend on Recently Depth rechargeDestroy removeDig ring disadvantages ringsdo damage rootsEquipment rubber

Extract sap

fall over seedsFertilizers serious Fill sportsFinally strengthFruit surpriseFuel taste sweetFurniture toothpaste

global warming trousersGloves tube

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Goats turpentineHammer tyresHarden - usesice cream valuableinstead of weather

Instructions wideInstrument widthLeaves wooden stick

bark (n)

(U N.)The hard substance that covers the surface of a tree/ the hardoutside part of the tree.(CN.) The sound that a dog makes.

Harden (v.)

To become hard and stiff, or to make something become hard and stiff.

ring (n)

Something that is the shape of a circle.

Tube

A pipe made of glass ,plastic , metal , etc, especially for liquids orgases to flow through.

Cardboard a very stiff thick paper used especially for making boxes.

Instrument Something such as a piano or violin used for producing musical sounds.

Products Things that are made or grown to be sold.

Rubber A substance used for making tyres , boots , etc

Sap (n.)

The liquid that carries food through plants and trees.

Toothpaste

A substance used for cleaning your teeth.

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Turpentine

A strong smelling liquid used for removing paint.

Lea

k

Branch

One of the many parts of a tree that grows out from its trunk()

Roots The parts of trees that grow under the ground and find water.

Leaves The flat green parts at the ends of branches of a tree.

Prepositions & ExpressionsMake out of depends on Make of ( ) NearlyMake from ) below the bark

Add to it is sometimes difficult to

Protect. from Badly damagedTake in In addition to

Keep .away manage to

drill into Do damagedied aged 85

Adjective Noun Adverb VerbShort Shortness/shortage Shortly shortenLong Length Long Lengthen

Wide Width Widely Widen

Sharp Sharpness Sharply Sharpen

Deep Depth deeply Deepen

High Height /highness Highly -

Strong Strengthen Strongly Strengthen

Hard Hardship Hard Harden

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..

be used to +infinitive

=be used for + (v-ing)

Turpentine is used to remove paint. Turpentine is used for removing paint. Be able to + (infinitive.) =can + infinitive

Be capable of (v-ing.)

have the ability to +infinitive

manage/d to +infinitive

He is able to / can read and write English.He is capable of reading and writing English.

He has the ability to read and write English.He manages to read and write English.

Hard (adj.) (adv.), , ,

hardly (adv.)

You can't break it. It is very hard.He is a hard worker. = He works hard. I can hardly hear you .Raise your voice, please.

Root (n.) /- /

rooted(adj.) Root out (v.)

Money is the root of all evils.

Most prejudices are rooted in ignorance.

It is our aim to root out corruption.

Damage (n.)-(v.)-

damaging(adj.)

damaged (adj.)

He suffered brain damage in the car crash.

Smoking can seriously damage your health.

The world suffers from the damaging effects of pollution.

The storm did a lot ofdamage. It will cost a fortune to repair the damage to the roof.

short (adj)-

Shortness (n.) Shortage (n.) I am abit short of money. In short we need more money.Many African countries suffer from food shortage

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Presenter: in todays Natural World, ProfessorJeremy Beech is going to answer listeners

questions about trees. Welcome to theProgramme.Professor Beech: hello.Presenter: can we have both first question,Please?Female caller: hello. Id like to ask theProfessor about the tallest tree in the world. Where is it and how tall is it?

Professor Beech: the tallest tree in the world is a giant Sequoia and its in

California. Its 83.8 meters tall. Scientists say it is between 2300 and 2700years old.Presenter: Thats incredible! Now, lets move on to our second caller.Boy caller: Hello. I know a trees leaves help it to take in light from thesun. But Id like to ask what the bark of a tree does.Professor Beech: Well, the bark is like our skin - it protects the living partof the tree on top of the and the tubes which carry water from a trees rootsto its leaves. If the bark is badly damaged, the tree dies. Animals such as

goats, love eating bark, so its especially important to keep animals awayfrom young trees.Presenter: Thank you. Whats the next question?Male caller: hi. Id like to ask: how is it possible to calculate the age of atree by counting its rings, without cutting the tree down?Presenter: Good question. Perhaps you could start by explaining what therings are that this caller is referring to.Professor Beech: Well, most trees grow bigger every year. Just under the

bark, that is a circle of soft cells which hardens every spring or summer.This forms a ring of new wood each year. This means we can calculate theage of the tree by counting rings.Presenter: You can see the rings if you cut the tree down. But how do youdo this without killing the tree?Professor Beech: We can drill into the tree to make a deep, narrow hole.We then extract a very thin piece ofwood which does no damage to the tree.Presenter: And are the rings the same width every year?

Professor Beech: No, they arent. The width depends on the climate andthe amount of rain. If theres a lot of rain during the year, the rings are quite

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wide. If its a dry year, the rings are narrower. In this way, we can find outwhat the weather was like hundreds of years ago when the tree wasyounger.Presenter: Really? Well, Im afraid thats all we have time for in todays

programme. Thanks to everyone. a pleasure.Reading

Why do we need trees? If you ask people why we need trees, most of them will answer: we needwood from tees for building houses; we get fruit and nuts from trees; wemake paperout ofwood from trees; we can use wood as a fuel forcooking and heating. Recently, people have added a more serious reason

to this list: Trees help the earth to breathe or they protect us from globalwarming. It has been said that more than 5000 things in everyday use aremade from trees. Here are a few of them: furniture, sports equipment,pencils, magazines and newspapers, cardboard boxes, musicalinstruments and believe it or not- some kinds of toothpaste. In addition tothese uses, trees also give us valuable chemicals.Turpentine, which is used as paint remover, is made from the sap oftrees. Sap can also be used to make rubber. If wood is heated, chemicals

are produced which can be used to make medicines and some kinds ofplastic. Wood products can also be turned into paper, cardboard andmaterials from which clothes can be made. You may be surprised to hearthat wood products are also used in some types of ice cream and otherfoods. So, the next time you are reading a newspaper, eating an icecream, playing the piano or cleaning your teeth, just stop and think: howwould you manage to do these things if there were no trees?

The process for making paper was invented in China in the secondcentury A.D., and all paper was made one sheet at a time until 1798. The

first step in making paper is to find the raw material, tree bark or wood. Theworkers will cut the bark / wood into finer strips and pieces and then

ground it up to prepare it for the cooking stage. The bark is added to waterand boiled until the mixture becomes a homogeneous thick paste-like

liquid. After the mixture is cooked, it is ready to be made into paper. Thecooked mixture is poured into the screen. The mixture is stirred with the

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fingers to distribute the concentrated mixture. After a few minutes thescreen can be supported in the sun to dry. In a few hours, the paper is dry.

1- Respond to each of the following situations :

1- Your friend asks how he can make tea.2- You give your instructions how to use the computer.3- Your friend asks you how to recharge a mobile.4- You tell your brother how to plant a tree.

2- Mention the place , the speakers and the language eachof the following two min-dialogues :

1-A) Can I see your driving license, please?B) What for?

A) You have parked in a no-parking area.

2- A) How can I help?B) Well, my car has been stolen.A) How?

B) I had parked it last night in front of my houseIn Ramses street .In the morning it wasnt there.

A) What make is it ?B) BMW.

3-Choose the correct answer from a , b , c or d :

Listening Ex l1) The tallest tree in the world is a giant Sequoia and 83.8 meters.

a- tall b-high c- longd- wide

2) A trees leaves help it to light from the sun.a- take in b- take out c- takeoff d- take to

3) The .is like our skin - it protects the living part of the tree on topof the Land.

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A-Park b- parking c- barkd- barking

4) The tubes carry water from a trees .to its leaves.a-rots b-roots c-bark

d- stem5) If the bark is . damaged, the tree dies.a-well b- good c-badly d-worse6) Animals such as goats, love eating, so its especiallyimportant to keep animals away from young trees.a-leaves b-stem c-

roots d- bark7) it is possible to calculate the age of a tree by counting its ,without cutting the tree down.a- rounds b-circlesc- rings d-barks8) The .. Of the ring depends on the climate and the amount ofrain.a- length b-width

c- weight d-thickness9) If its a .. year, the rings are narrower.a-stormy b-rainyc-windy d-dry S.B Exercise10) We make paper wood from trees.

a-of b- intoc- out of d- out11) We can use wood as a .. for cooking and heating.

a- oil b- fuelc-fool d- full

12) Trees help the earth to breathe and they us from globalwarming.

a- protect b- prevent

c-keep d-protective

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13) In addition to these uses, trees also give us . chemicals.a- valueless b- valuec-valuable d-valuate

14) Turpentine, which is used as painted remover, is made from the

.. of trees.a- seed b-sapc- sop d-soap

15) Sap can also be used to make ..a- robber b-rubberc-razor d-robbery16) If wood is , chemicals are produced which can be usedto make medicines and some kinds of plastic.a- cooled b- boiled c-vapourized d- heated17) Wood products can also be .. paper, cardboard andmaterials from which clothes can be made.a- turned b- turned intoc-turned off d- turned out to18) Wood are also used in some types of ice cream and other foods.

a-production b- productsc- produces d- producing19) the width of the ring depends on the ...a- weather b- climate c-water d- sun

W.B Exercise1. The .are the parts of trees that grow under the ground and find

water.a- roots b- rots c- reeds d- leaves

2.The hard outside part of a tree is called the .. ..

a- park b- bark c- brake d- break3...are the flat green parts at the ends of the branches of atree.

a- loaves b- seeds c- leaves d- fruits4. A..grows on a plant or tree and has seeds inside.

a- fruit b- leaf c- bark d- branch

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5. Every year , trees grow extra of new wood.

a- root b- ring c- seed d- bark6.The noun of "wide" is .

a- widen b- wider c- width d- widest

7."long" is an adjective ,but ..is the noun.a- lung b-

longestc- longer d- length

8."high" is an adjective but is a noun.a- height b-

highnessc-highest

d- hire

9."deep" is an adjective but is a noun.

a- depth b- deepen c-deepest

d-deepening

10. Strong is an adjective but is a noun.

a-strength

b-strongest

c-stronger

d- stream

11. Every year, the cells under the bark of a tree .......and become new

wood.

a- hard b- harder c- hardly d- harden12. This road is narrow for all today's traffic, so they are going toit.

a- wide b- widen c- width d- wider13. That old bridge is very weak. They will have to..it soon

a- strong b-strengthen

c-strength

d-strongen

14. My new trousers are too long , so my mother is going to.them.

a-shorten

b-shortage

c- shorts d- short

15. This knife doesnt cut very well. I need to it.

a- sharp b-sharpnes

s

c-sharpen

d-sharper

16. That film is so popular that the queues to see it everyday.

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a- long b- length c-lengthen

d-lengther

17. is the liquid that carries food in trees .

a- sap b- soap c- sob d- sop

18. The.is a large wooden musical instrument with stringsinside and black and white bars that produce sounds when you pressthem.

a- violet b- guitar c- piano d- sax19. We use ..to remove paint.

a- corrector b- gas c-Turpentine

d- kerosene

20. Car tyres and the bottoms of some shoes are made of

a- rubber b- plastic c- synthetic d- gum21. People put on their brush to clean their teeth.

a- toothvarnish

b- nailvarnish

c- toothbrush

d-toothpaste

22. Coal, gas and oil are kinds of .. .

a-

materials

b- wood c- furniture d- fuel

23. Beds, chairs and cupboards are

a-materials

b- wood c- furniture d- fuel

4-Correct the mistakes in these sentences: ( based on vocabulary)1. The storm made a lot of damage.2. He is capable to reading and writing English..

3. Park is the hard outside part of the tree.4. The tree is 120 metres high.5. It is ten metres longly.6. Some poor countries suffer from food shortness.5-Correct the mistakes in these sentences: ( based on vocabulary)7. Tubes carry water from the bark to the leaves.8. They can exact a very thin piece of wood.9. There are many things that are made of trees.

10. Trees can protect us from local warming.11. What do you refer for?

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12. Sap is used to making rubber.6-Translate into Arabic:Hospital patients have been shown to recover from surgery more quicklywhen their hospital room offered a view of trees. The strong ties

between people and trees are most evident in the resistance ofcommunity residents to removing trees to widen streets.7-Translate into English:

1. -2. -Grammar

if conditional zeroIf + present simple present simple

Ifwaterboils, it turns into steam.

Ifa volcano erupts, it sends dust into the atmosphere. .

First ConditionalIf + Present simple will / may / can /should / must + inf.

:If I earn some money, I'll buy a new car.

:If you are ill, I'll call a doctor.

I may have money. If so, I will buy a new lab top. (If)

IfI have money, I will buy a new lab top.

It is + adj. + to + i

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As long as = If = provided (that) / Providing (that) = only ifYou can borrow my caras long as you are careful.

Example:A Can you tell me how to plant a tree?B 1- First of all, dig a hole where you want to plant the tree. The holemust be deep and wide enough for the roots of your tree2- At this point, it's a good idea to put fertiliser into the hole.3- When you put the tree into the hole, make sure the roots are opened out.4- Now fill the hole. lt is important topress the soil down hard with your foot.5-Then, using a hammerput a strong wooden stick next to the tree.6- Finally, tie the tree to the stick.

1- Respond to each of the following situations :1- You give your friend instructions about how to make tea the English way.2- You ask your friend about how to plant a tree.3- Your friend asks you how to operate the computer.4- you tell your friend about the best way to switch off the computer.

2- Mention the place , the speakers and the language eachof the following two min-dialogues :

Asking for instructions Giving instructions

1-Can you tell me ? 1- You should make (be)sure that.

2- Would you show me .? 2-Be careful (not) to3- What should I do if ? 3- Remember (not) to ..4- What do you think I ought to do next? 4- First you should5- Would you tell me ? 5-Then you have to

6- After that you must

7- Finally you ought to

8- It is a good idea to .

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1-A) Id like to change some money, pleaseB) Cash or travelers cheques?

A) Travellers chequesB) That is fine .Sign the cheques and

Show me your passport.2-A) Could you arrange us a trip to Luxor?

B) Certainly .BY coach or by train.A) By train, please. S.B

3.-Choose the correct answer from a, b ,c or d

1. If the bark is badly damaged , the tree

a- die b- willdie

c- dies d- shall die

2.You see the rings if you cut the tree down.a- could b- can c- would d- should3. If theres a lot of rain during the year, the rings . quiet wide.a- are c- will beb- would be d- shall be4. If its a dry year, the rings narrower.a- be b- will be c- are d- have

been5..water is boiled , it turns into vapour.

a-While b- Because c- When d-Although

6. If those goats ..the bark on my trees, the trees

will die.a- had eaten b- are eating c- ate d- eat

7. If water freezes , It .into ice.

a- will turn b- isturning

c- turns d- turned

8. If people dont get enough food , they ..ill.

a- willbecome

b- wouldbecome

c-become

d- would havebecome

9. If it .raining for much longer , the will flood.

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a- goes on b- went on c- hadgone on

d- will goon

10. If the farmer's fields get very dry this summer , he .them.

a- irrigates b- will

irrigate

c- would

irrigate

d- irrigated

11. If the wind is very strong, it .a lot of damage .

a- would do b- will do c- would havedone

d- did

12. If there is a sandstorm tonight, all buildings .dusty .a- would be b- are c- will be d- be

13. If you mix yellow and blue , you ..green.a- will get b- get c- would

get

d- got

14. If you dont water these plants soon, they . .a- will die b- die c- would

died- wouldhave died

15. If you heat ice, it .a- will melt b- would

meltc- melts d- would

have meltedW.B4-Choose the correct answer from a, b ,c or d

16. If scientists study the rings of trees, they ..informationabout our climate in the past.

a- could find b- can find c- wouldfind

d- wouldhave found

17.If you pick those apples now, they taste very sweet.

a- won't b- dont c- wouldn't d- didn't18. If you leave now , you .catch the train.

a- would b- will c- ought to d- should19. If a tree has deep roots, it .over in strong winds.

a- wouldnthave fallen

b- doesntfall

c- wouldntfall

d- wontfall

20. water .if the temperature is zero or below.

a- freezes b- freeze c- willfreeze

d- wouldfreeze

21.If you throw that stone , you a window.

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a- break b- willbreak

c-wouldbreak

d- havebroken

22.I will get a headache if I too long the computer.

a- spend b- will

spend

c- would

spend

d- spent

23.If she trains hard , she ..next week's race.

a- wins b- willwin

c- wouldwin

d- won

24.If you will mix red and white , you ..pink.

a- get b- will get c- wouldget

d- got

25.If you practise a sport, you .......in the sports team.

a- gets b- will get c- wouldget d- got

26. If you work hard , you the first.

a- will be b- are c- wouldbe

d- shallbe

27.I want to make tea the English way .what I do ?

a- will b- can c- would d- should28.It is a good .to wait for three or four minutes-the tea

tastes better if you wait.a-thought

b-thinking

c- idea d- way

5-Correct the mistakes in these sentences: ( Based onGrammar)

1) If I felt tired, I will go to bed.2) If I found any money at school, I will take it to the teacher.3) I will tell you if I saw anything unusual.

4) Water will freeze if the temperature is zero or below.5) If you throw that stone, you break a window.6) If she trains hard, she wins next week's race.

6-Correct the mistakes in these sentences: ( Based onGrammar)

7) If he arrive early, he will catch the bus.8) If you will mix red and white, you get pink.9) If you heat ice, it freezes.

10) Metal floats if it puts in water.

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11) We will die if we dont drink water.12) If metals heat , they expand.

6-Translate into Arabic:Every year Egypt celebrates the international Child's Day in November

.Prizes are given to children who successfully take part in the "Readingfor All" competition. Creative children in the different branches ohknowledge are honoured.7- Translate into English:

1- .2- .

Test on unit 6A- Language Functions

1. Respond to each of the following situations :

1. A friend asks you how to switch on TV.2 You want some instructions from a friend about how you can use the internet.

3 A friend wants to know the best way to keep fit.4 - Ask your teacher for how to study English vocabulary.2- Mention the place , the speakers and the language eachof the following two min-dialogues :

1.A )A- Can I get some information aboutrestaurants where I can have my meals?

B -Certainly sir. What kind of restaurants?

A- Not expensive ones. But not cheap either.

2 A Can I help you, sir?B Yes, please, I want lead free petrol.

A How many liters, Sir?B 20, please

B- Vocabulary and structure3. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:

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1)The bark protects the tubes which carry water and salts from the.........underground to the leaves.

a- branches b- trunks c- roots d- seeds2) He went to the dentist to ..the bad tooth that caused the

pain.a- extract b- plant c- set d- push3) The inner of the wheel must be filled with air.

d-pipec- vesselb-tubea-cylinder4) Parents do their best to .their children from dangers.

d-toc-fromb- ona-by5) He depends ..his brother's help to get his needs.

a- to b- on c- for d- in6) .you tell me how to switch on the TV set, please?

a- Would b- Should c- shall d- Must7) The earthquake a lot of old houses last week.

a-supported

b- mended c-repaired

d-damaged

8) He didnt obey the .,so he was punished.a-

instruction

b-

instructions

c-

construction

d-

constructions9) water boils , it becomes steam

a- while b- when c- Because d- even if10) If a piece of metal in water, it sinks .

a- put b- is put c- puts d- has put11) You will be late for work you dont take a taxi.

a- unless b- if c- so d- while

12) If a volcano erupts, it .dust into atmosphere.a- willsend

b- sent c- wouldsend

d- sends

13) If it rains tomorrow, I to the library.a- go b- will go c- wont go d- would go

14) .you work hard, you wont pass the exam.a- if b- unless c-

providing

d- as longas

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15) If the ice caps melt , the sea level .. .a- willrise

b- wouldrise

c- has risen d- rose

16) If metal is heated , it . .

a- willexpand b-expand c- hasexpanded d- expands

4. Correct the underlined mistakes in the followingsentences

1. He works hardly.2 . In short we need more money.3. We make paper into wood from trees.4 If you go to Sharm El sheikh, you spend a wonderful holiday.

5. What do you think I ought do next?6. If people dont get enough food , they will become ill.C- Reading2. 5. Read the following passage then answer thequestions

Trees alter the environment in which we live by moderating climate,improving air quality, conserving water, and harboring wildlife. Climate control isobtained by moderating the effects of sun, wind, and rain. Radiant energy from thesun is absorbed or deflected by leaves on deciduous trees in the summer and isonly filtered by branches of deciduous trees in winter. We are cooler when we standin the shade of trees and are not exposed to direct sunlight. In winter, we value thesuns radiant energy. Therefore, we should plant only small or deciduous trees onthe south side of homes.

Wind speed and direction can be affected by trees. The more compact thefoliage on the tree or group of trees, the greater the influence of the windbreak. Thedownward fall of rain, sleet, and hail is initially absorbed or deflected by trees, whichprovides some protection for people, pets, and buildings. Trees intercept water,

store some of it, and reduce storm runoff and the possibility of flooding.Dew and frost are less common under trees because less radiant energy isreleased from the soil in those areas at night.

Temperature in the vicinity of trees is cooler than that away from trees. Thelarger the tree, the greater the cooling. By using trees in the cities, we are able tomoderate the heat-island effect caused by pavement and buildings incommercial areas.

Air quality can be improved through the use of trees, shrubs, and turf. Leavesfilter the air we breathe by removing dust and other particulates. Rain then washesthe pollutants to the ground. Leaves absorb carbon dioxide from the air to form

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carbohydrates that are used in the plants structure and function. In this process,leaves also absorb other air pollutantssuch as ozone, carbon monoxide, andsulfur dioxideand give off oxygen.

By planting trees and shrubs, we return to a more natural, less artificialenvironment. Birds and other wildlife are attracted to the area. The natural cycles of

plant growth, reproduction, and decomposition are again present, both above andbelow ground. Natural harmony is restored to the urban environment.a) Give short answers to the following questions:1 How can trees improve the environment?2. What is the effect of trees on air?3- What is the relation between the size of tree and temperature?B. Choose the correct answer from a. b, c or d.4. Dew and frost are less common under trees as ..a) heat is released from the sun.b) Energy is released from the soil.c) energy released at night

d) energy released from soil at night .7.The word "deciduous" means .................a) losing leaves in autumn b)evergreen6) Read the following passage, then answer thequestions:

Many experts believe there are too many people in the world. Unless thereare big changes in the way people think about the number of children they shouldhave, the world's population will double in 25 years .there will be more than 20 citieswith populations greater than 20 million. Now there is only one. Some people- whodo not understand what' overpopulation ' means point to countries such as

Australia-and say, "There is plenty of room there." Although most of Australia isunpopulated, and much of it is thinly populated; there are reasons for this. Firstly,much of the land is desert and waterless, and secondly, even the land that is not

desert is not suitable for anything, not even growing grass. Another major problemWe shall have to face as the world's population grows, is a shortage of energy. Weare using up coal and oil and when they have been used up, we shall have to findsomething to take their place. It is true that we can make electricity from the heat ofthe sun and moving water, but we do not yet have the technology to do this in a bigway. Perhaps, the biggest problem we shall have when the world's populationdoubles will be pollution. The air we breathe is already badly polluteda) Give short answers to the following questions:1- How many present cities have a population of over 20 million?

2- According to the passage, why is a great area of Australia unpopulated?3- Mention two problems we will face as a result of overpopulation.

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b) Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:4) The underlined word "they" refers to.

a- coal and oil b- the world's populationc- experts d- population in Australia

5) We do not make electricity from the heat of the sun on a largescale because..........a) We don't have the required money. b) it is harmful.c) We don't have the technology needed for that.d) it isjust impossible. D- The Mask of Gold7. Answer the following questions :

.

E - Writing8. Write a paragraph about 100 words about

Trees are important for man and environment .9. a) Translate into Arabic :

One of the environmental problems is the slight rise in the

temperature of the earth .As the world becomes hotter ,there could beserious changes in weather and widespread flooding as water level inseas and oceans rises .The heavy rains in various parts of the world thiswinter may be considered a warning to man to stop polluting theatmosphere.b) Translate into English :

1-..

2-Vocabulary

Have adirecteffect

Slight rise

Fixed /limited income

Seriouschanges

LocalindustriesWidespread

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Do withoutFloodingHard

currencyLevel

Continuous

rising prices

Warning