344-471 ปัญญาประดิษฐ์และระบบชำนาญการ ( Artificial Intelligence & Expert Systems)

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344-471 ปั�ญญาปัระดิ�ษฐ์�และระบบชำ�านาญการ

(Artificial Intelligence & Expert Systems)

ดิร.วิ�ภาดิา เวิทย์�ปัระสิ�ทธิ์�� ภาควิ�ชำาวิ�ทย์าการคอมพิ�วิเตอร� คณะวิ�ทย์าศาสิตร�

มหาวิ�ทย์าล$ย์สิงขลานคร�นทร�

ห'องท�างาน : M1003/ โทรศ$พิท� :-074288702

E-mail : [email protected]

Web site : http://

www.cs.psu.ac.th/wiphada

344-471 AI & ES Chapter 1 2

วิ$ตถุ+ปัระสิงค�1. ให'น$กศ-กษาม.ควิามร/ 'ควิามเข'าใจเก.1ย์วิก$บปั�ญญาปัระดิ�ษฐ์�และสิาขาต2างๆ

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ต$วิเอง การวิ�ดผล : สิอบกลางภาค 30% สิอบปัลาย์ภาค 3 0% สิ$มมนา/การบ'าน 1 0% Assignment 20%เวิลาเร�ยน : จ$นทร� 10 - 11 ห'อง วิท1 พิ+ธิ์ 9 –10

ห'อง M.309พิฤห$สิ 9 –10 ห'อง M.309 และ 10-11 ห'อง

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344-471 AI & ES Chapter 1 3

เน78อหาวิ�ชำาเน��อหา งาน

Chapter 1 : What is Artificial Intelligence?

Homework 1Chapter 2 : Heuristic Search techniques

Homework 2Chapter 3 : Knowledge Representation

Homework 3Chapter 4 : Predicate Logics

Chapter 5 : Expert Systems

Lab 1 : ส�มมนาChapter 6 : Natural Language Processing

Lab 2 : ส�มมนาChapter 7 : Robotics Lab 3 : ส�มมนาChapter 8 : Computer vision

Lab 4 : ส�มมนาChapter 9 : Neural Networks

Lab 5 : ส�มมนาChapter 10 : Machine Learning

Lab 6 : ส�มมนา

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เอกสิารอ'างอ�ง1. Artificial Intelligence second edition, Elaine Rich and

Kevin Knight, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1991.2. Neural Networks : A Comprehensive Foundation,

Simon Haykin, Macmillan College Publishing Company Inc. 1994.

2. Artificial Intelligence : Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving, Second Edition, 1993.

3. Expert Systems and Applied Artificial Intelligence, Efraim Turban, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992.

4. Understanding Decision Support Systems and Expert Systems, Efrem G. Mallach, Richard D. Irwin, Inc. 1994

5. Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Mary Dee Harries, 1985.

5

Chapter 1What is Artificial Intelligence?

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AI AreasArtificial Intelligence (AI) :

the branch o f computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior.

AI Areas : Game Playing Automated Reasoning and Theorem Proving Expert Systems Natural Language Understanding and Semantics Modeling Modeling Human Performance Planning and Robotics Machine Leaning Neural Networks

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Task Domain of AI

Mundane Tasks Perception : Vision, Speech Natural language :Understanding, Generation, Translation Commonsense reasoning Robot control

Formal Tasks Games: Chess Mathematics : Logic, Geometry

Expert Tasks Engineering : Design, Fault finding, Manufacturing

planning Scientific analysis Medical diagnosis Financial analysis

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Intelligence require knowledge

1. It is voluminous.2. Is it shard to characterize accurately.3. It is constantly changing.4. It differs from data by being organized

in a way that corresponds to the ways it will be used.

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Knowledge Representation and Search for AI

1. The knowledge captures generalizations.2. It can be understood by people who must provide it.3. It can easily be modified to correct errors and to

reflect changes in the world.4. It can be used in many situations even if it is not

totally accurate or complete.5. It can use to narrow the range of possibilities that

must usually be considered.

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Common Features of AI Problems

1. The use of computer to do the symbolic reasoning.2. A focus on problems that do not respond to algorithmic

solutions. Heuristic search.3. Manipulate the significant quantitative features of a

situation rather than relying on numeric methods.4. Dealing with semantic meaning.5. Answer that are neither exact nor optimal but

“sufficient”.6. Domain specific knowledge in solving problems.7. Use meta-level knowledge.

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 1

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 1

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 1

Board : nine element vector representation. 0 = blank, 1 =X, 2 = O Moveable : Their Complexity = 39 = 19,683

view vector board as a ternary number (base three)

1 2 3

7 8 9

4 5 6

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2

Board : nine element vector representation. 2 = blank, 3 =X, 5 = O

an integer indicating which move of the game is about to played. 1 indicate the first move. 9 indicate the last move. Board[5] = 2 mean blank

Poswin(p) : If it produce (3*3*2) =18 X can win p = 0 if the player can not win on his next move.

Poswin(p) : If it produce (5*5*2) =50 O can win Go(n) : Make a move on square n.

TURN is odd if it is playing X TURN is even if it is playing O More efficient in term of space.

1 2 3

7 8 9

4 5 6

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2’

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2’

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2’

Board : nine element vector representation. 2 = blank, 3 =X, 5 = O

an integer indicating which move of the game is about to played. 1 indicate the first move. 9 indicate the last move. Board[5] = 2 mean blank

Poswin(p) : If it produce MAGIC SQUARE (8 + 3 + 4) =15 p = 0 if the player can not win on his next move.

Go(n) : Make a move on square n. TURN is odd if it is playing X TURN is even if it is playing O More efficient in term of space.

8 3 4

6 7 2

1 5 9

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 3

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 3

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 3

Board_Position : nine element vector representing the board, a list of board positions that could result from the next move, and a number representing as estimate of how likely the board position is lead to an ultimate win for the player to move.

Minimax Procedure : in chapter 12. Search tree : need more time Use AI technique : Decide which of a set of board positions is best.

find highest possible rating. consider all the moves the component could make next.

See which move is worst for us.... (Assume the opponent will make that move)

1 2 3

7 8 9

4 5 6

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Question Answering 1

Russia massed troops on the Czech border.

POLITICS program [Corbonell,1980)

Q1: Why did Russia do this?

A1: ร$สิเซี.ย์ต'องการเข'าแทรกแซีงการเม7องในเชำคโกสิโลวิาเก.ย์.....

Q1: What should the United States do?

A2: ส�งทหารไปช่�วิยรบก�บเช่คโกสโลวิาเก�ย OR

A2:ประณามการกระท!าของร�สเซี�ย

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Question Answering 2Mary went shopping for a new coat. She found a red one she really liked. When she got it home, she discovered that it went perfectly with her favorite dress.

ELIZA Q1:What did Mary go shopping for?A1: .............................................Q2:What did Mary find she liked?A2:.............................................Q3: Did Mary buy anything ?A3:.............................................

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The level of the model

1. What is the goal in trying to produce programs that do intelligent things that people do?

2. Are we trying to produce programs that do the tasks the same way people do?

3. Are we attempting to produce programs that simply do the tasks in whatever way appears easiest?

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Model human performance

1. To test psychological theories of human performance. วิ�เคราะห�น�สิ$ย์เกเรของคนไข' PAPPY {Colby, 1975]

2. To enable computers to understand human reasoning. อ2านหน$งสิ7อพิ�มพิ�และวิ�เคราะห�ข2าวิไดิ'

3. To enable computers to understand computer reasoning. เข'าใจวิ2า คอมพิ�วิเตอร�ปัระมวิลผลล$พิธิ์�ต2างๆมาไดิ'อย์2างไร

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Criteria for success

How will we know if we have succeeded?

Turing test. Human Computer Person asking?

DENDRAL : is a program that analyzes organic compounds to determine their structure.

HUMAN CHEMIST COMPUTER

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Homework 1 (2%)

1. Given the meaning of Artificial Intelligence from your point of view. You may add citation from searching documents in the web or from the text book.

2. Given all AI fields with some explanations.

Due date : Wednesday 17 November 2004 in class