3.2. Evolution of access networks’ technologies to broadband A. Reference structure of access network Core Network Access Network TP/Coax/Radio/FO/PL AN NT CPE CPE NT - Network Termination CPE - Customer Premises Equipment AN – Access Node TP – Twisted pair FOC – Fiber optic PL – Power line •High cost of access networks - 50-70% of the total cost of local telephone networks •Modems/ISDN, LL (E1) based on four-wire connection
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3.2. Evolution of access networks’ technologies to broadband
3.2. Evolution of access networks’ technologies to broadband A. Reference structure of access network. NT - Network Termination CPE - Customer Premises Equipment AN – Access Node TP – Twisted pair FOC – Fiber optic PL – Power line. CPE. Access Network TP /Coax/Radio / FO/PL. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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3.2. Evolution of access networks’ technologies to broadband
A. Reference structure of access network
Core NetworkAccess Network
TP/Coax/Radio/FO/PL
AN NT
CPE
CPE
NT - Network Termination
CPE - Customer Premises Equipment
AN – Access Node
TP – Twisted pair
FOC – Fiber optic
PL – Power line
•High cost of access networks - 50-70% of the total cost of local telephone networks•Modems/ISDN, LL (E1) based on four-wire connection
Local networks based on outdated principles are became a “bottleneck”, limiting subscriber’s access to modern services.
Key forces:• New subscriber’s requirements to providing new services• New regulations• Development of new services in voice, data and video information in
interactive and broadcasting mode # WWW pages with powerful video information # Multimedia applications Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), Video-on-Demand (VoD), interactive TV
• Emergence of alternative operators in local networks, who compete with incumbent operators in provisioning a wide set of additional services
• Construction of high-speed core networks with a capacity of dozens and hundreds of Gbit/s
• Wireless Technologies
B. Access networks go to broadband
Technology Trends• Data communications exceed telephony
Grow the market in three waves:– High-speed Internet access (HSIA)– Business access (start with underserved SOHO segment)– Residential multimedia (gaming/video/entertainment)
Address new audiences (PC, TV, console)
Build on existing infrastructure
Move aggressively
into HSIA
C. Different media to the customer
Backbone Networks
Satellites / Sky Stations
Access Network
Twisted Pair
Cable/Coax
Optical Fiber
GSM/GPRS/UMTS
WLAN
Technological limitations of different transmission media
Optical fibers are the only alternative at high bandwidth and distancesOptical fibers are the only alternative at high bandwidth and distances
Mbit/s Limits of Transmission Media
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0,1 1 10 100
Distance [km]
Tra
nsm
issio
n C
ap
acit
y [
Mb
it/s
]
Mbit/s Limits of Transmission Media
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0,1 1 10 100
Distance [km]
Tra
nsm
issio
n C
ap
acit
y [
Mb
it/s
]
Fiber
Coax
Cellular Wireless*
*Capacity in Mbit/s/qkm, Bandwidth 500 MHz
250
Copper Twisted Pair
D. Access networks’ technologies
time
1900
1975
2010
1980
1990
1995
2000
2005
Copper
Fiber opticsWirelessCoaxCopper
WLLSatellite Cellular radio
DECT
AMPS
GSMPDC
CDMA
GPRSHSCSD
EDGE
PON AON
OPAL
BPON
TV analog
Voice
VoD
TV digital
ISDN
4B3T
2B1Q
xDSL
HDSL ADSL
UDSL SDSLVDSL
VSATTV
SHDSL
STM 1
UMTS
PMP
CDMA
WLAN
BluetoothPOTSPower line
10 Mb/s
5.5 Mb/s
3.5 Mb/s
1 Mb/s
7.5 Mb/s
ADSL+
ADSL
Bit rates
E. Broadband access with xDSL technologiesExtending high bit rates coverage
CentralOffice
DSLAM
Increasing loop length
CPE
# 63.8 m DSL lines worldwide at end of 2003
Source: DSL Forum, 2004
# 'Top Ten' DSL countries by number of lines
Source: DSL Forum, 2004
# 'Top Ten' countries per 100 population
Source: DSL Forum, 2004
F. Broadband access in CATV network
CoaxHub
TV
CPh TS
PC
STB
CM
Headend
POTS
Internet
TV Studio
TS - Telephone setCPh - Cable phoneSTB - Set-top boxCM - Cable modemPOTS - Plain old telephone system
HubTV
Coax or Fiber
Cable modems
• Access to the Internet provided by operators in CATV networks –
Due to new regulations for CATV operators -
Key factor of cable modem applications
• New application of cable modems – HBR access to Internet
# 3 Mbit/s in symmetrical configurations
# 30 Mbit/s in forward and 10Mbit/s in backwards directions in asymmetrical configurations
• Other most important services in CATV networks
# Distribution of digital TV programs
# Interactive digital television
# Voice over IP and Voice over ATM
• New possibilities of broadband access via cable modems –
due to an evolution of AN Coax infrastructure to HFC infrastructure
G. Broadband Wireless Access
General term – Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
G1. Fixed BWA (LMDS/MMDS/PtM…) for fixed wirelessaccess
LMDS - Local Multipoint Distribution SystemMMDS - Microwave Multipoint Distribution System
•Interactive television TV with related services
•Voice service (usually as supplement to other services)
•High-speed data transmission for business users
•Access to the Internet and streaming multimedia from Web sites
WLAN Standards:IEEE 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g802.11b - Wi-Fi ("wireless fidelity") technology Wi-Fi - alternative to a wired LAN (offices/homes)
•Ethernet protocol & CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) for common channel sharing•Frequency range - 2.4 GHz •Data speeds - up to 11 Mbps
•802.11a BRs from 1 to 12 Mb/s D 100 50 m
•802.11b 1 11 Mb/s 100 50 m
•802.11g 1 54 Mb/s 100 20 m
G2. Mobile BWA (WLAN, UMTS, IMT-2000…)
G.3. WiMax – Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
Source: dBrn Associates, Inc., 2004
•Most fundamental difference between Wi-Fi and WiMax – they are designed for totally different apps
•Wi-Fi is LAN technology designed to add mobility to wired LANs.
•WiMax was designed to provide MAN BWA services
•Wi-Fi supports a transmission up to few hundred meters, WiMax could support services in area up to 50 km
WiMax Cell
Beyond 3G vision
H. Comparison -How long does it taketo download:
E-mail
CableWLAN
30
UMTSADSL
Fiber
GSM
PSTN
GPRSISDN
bit/sByte
1
0,01
30 3
2,5
0,4
0,2
1 30
sec
min
min
20
9,6 k
56 k
115 k128 k
2 M8 M
30 M80 M
800 G
1 h video
MPEG 4 in TV-Quality
Song or photo
MP 3 High resolutionWirelesswired
sec
sec
sec
sec
ms
ns
7
3,5
12
sec
µsec
min
sec
ms
Liv
e V
ideo
Co
dec
s st
arti
ng
wit
h 3
2 kb
it/s
days
hours
3
12
hours6
min42
3 k 3 M 300 M
Broadband access in Europe and USEUROPE• According to a new IDC study, broadband penetration in Western Europe will continue to surge in coming years. By
2009, 46% of Western European households will have broadband access, compared to 20% at the end of 2004. By 2009, there will be more than 92 million broadband connections, up from 40 million at the end of 2004. 83% of these will be provided to the residential market.
• Although Internet access will remain the most important application for the short to medium term, services like voice over broadband and IPTV will be cornerstones of successful business strategy.
USIn 2004, the number of high-speed subscribers in the U.S. grew by 35.4% to 32.5 million subscribers, consisting of the
following access technologies: • cable modem - 17.0 million • DSL - 12.6 million • fixed wireless - 2.2 million • fiber-to-the-home - 0.2 million • satellite - 0.4 million• mobile wireless (3G) - 0.1 million • broadband over power line - less than 50,000
J. Access networks – concluding remarks
# Access networks are the most expensive part for operators
# Copper cables have an average life span of approx. 50 years.
# Copper transmission systems reach their theoretical limits in access networks at approx. 50 Mbit/s.
# In Europe and North America massive investments inaccess networks will be realized in 10-20 years.Most of these investments will be applied to fiber opticsand to wireless networks.