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31.1 Postwar Uncertainty The postwar period is one of loss and uncertainty but also one of invention, creativity, and new ideas.
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31.1 Postwar Uncertainty - Brooke Andersondonknuth.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/0/3/22037664/31.1_postwar_uncertainty.pdfA New Revolution in Science • Impact of Einstein’s Theory of

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Page 1: 31.1 Postwar Uncertainty - Brooke Andersondonknuth.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/0/3/22037664/31.1_postwar_uncertainty.pdfA New Revolution in Science • Impact of Einstein’s Theory of

31.1 Postwar Uncertainty

The postwar period is one of loss and uncertainty but also one of invention, 

creativity, and new ideas.

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A New Revolution in Science 

• Impact of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity– Albert Einstein offered radically new ideas in field of physics

– Theory of relativity—idea that space and time are not constant

– New ideas make world seem more uncertain than before

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A New Revolution in Science 

• Influence of Freudian Psychology– Sigmund Freud—Austrian doctor with new ideas about the mind

– Claims that human behavior is not based on reason 

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Literature in the 1920s: The Lost Generation

• Impact of the War– Suffering caused by World

War I leads many to doubt old beliefs.

– Many American younger postwar writers choosing to live in Europe are called the “Lost Generation,” a term used by Ernest Hemingway in his novel The Sun Also Rises, himself a member of the “lost generation.” The term was coined by his mentor, the writer Gertrude Stein.

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Lost Generation Writers

• T.S. Elliot• Wrote The Waste Land, a poem.

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Lost Generation Writers

• F. Scott Fitzgerald• Wrote the short story “Bernice Bobs Her Hair” as well as the novel The Great Gatsby.

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Lost Generation Writers

• Ezra Pound– an American expatriate poet, critic and a major figure of the early modernist movement.

– His best‐known works include Ripostes (1912), Hugh Selwyn Mauberley(1920), and his unfinished 120‐section epic, The Cantos (1917–1969).

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Other Writers

• Writers Reflect Society’s Concerns– Novels of Franz Kafka

reflect uneasiness of postwar years

– Novels of James Joyce reflect Freud’s ideas about the mind

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Literature in the 1920s• Thinkers React to Uncertainties– Philosophy of existentialism—no universal meaning to life

– Friedrich Nietzsche(right) urges return to ancient heroic values .

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Literature in the 1920s• French philosopher 

Jean‐Paul Satre (right) becomes a leading existentialist philosopher.

• Sartre’s partner Simone De Beuvoir(right) is also a existentialist philosopher and feminist author.

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Sartre and Beuvoir

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Revolution in the Arts

• Artists Rebel Against Tradition• Artists want to depict inner world of mind

– Cubism transforms natural shapes into geometric forms

– Dadaism—art that rejected reason and logic, prizing nonsense, anarchy, irrationality and intuition

– Surrealism—art movement that links dreams with real life

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Cubism

• Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907. Considered to be a major step towards the founding of the Cubist movement

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Cubism

• Robert Delaunay, Simultaneous Windows on the City, 1912, Hamburger Kunsthalle, an example of Abstract Cubism

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Cubism

• Juan Gris, Portrait of Picasso, 1912, oil on canvas, Art Institute of Chicago

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Cubism

• Pablo Picasso, Three Musicians (1921), Museum of Modern Art. Three Musicians is a classic example of Synthetic cubism.

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Dadaism

• Hannah Höch, Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer‐Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany, 1919, collage of pasted papers, 90x144 cm, Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zuBerlin

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Dadaism

• Fountain is a 1917 work widely attributed to Marcel Duchamp. The scandalous work was a porcelain urinal, which was signed "R.Mutt" and titled Fountain. 

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Dadaism

• Raoul Hausmann ABCD (Self‐portrait) A photomontage from 1923‐24

• The techniques of Dadaism included– Collage– Photomantage– Assemblage– Readymades 

(manufactured goods the Dadaists considered art).

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SurrealismSalvador Dalí, The Persistence of Memory (1931), Museum of Modern Art

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Surrealism

Max Ernst, The Elephant Celebes (1921), Tate, London

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SurrealismRené Magritte's "This is not a pipe." The Treachery of Images1928–29, Los Angeles County Museum of Art

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Composers Try New Styles

• Composers move away from traditional styles– Jazz—musical style that captures age’s new freedom 

Louis Armstrong (above) and Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe a.k.a. “Jelly Role Morton” (left)

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The King & Carter Jazzing Orchestra photographed in Houston, Texas, January 1921.

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Society Challenges Convention

• Women’s Roles Change– Women take on new roles during World War I

– This work helps many win the right to vote

– In 1920s, women adopt freer clothing, hairstyles

• “Flappers”

– Some women seek new careers 

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Pictures of Flappers

Actress Louise Brooks A flapper on board a ship

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Pictures of FlappersViolet Romer in a flapper dress, c. 1915 Clara Bow, c. 1921

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Pictures of Flappers

Actress Alice Joyce Actress Norma Talmage

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Pictures of Flappers

"Where there's smoke there's fire" by Russell Patterson, showing a fashionably dressed flapper in the 1920s

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Technological Advances Improve Life

• The Automobile Alters Society– Cars improve after the war

– Cars become less expensive

– Increased auto use changes people’s lives

1925 Ford Model T touring sedan.

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Technological Advances Improve Life

• Airplanes Transform Travel–Charles Lindberghis first to fly alone across Atlantic

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Technological Advances Improve Life

• Radio and Movies Dominate Popular Entertainment– In 1920s, 

commercial radio stations spread across U.S.

– Motion picturesbecome major industry, art form 

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Top Three Grossing Silent Films