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The Technology Component
The Technology Component
The Technology Component
Information Technology ( IT) has changed the way
organisations function and carry out their activites.
Computers have fundamentally changed MIS from anabstract concept to concrete system that provide efficiency
and transparency in the Oraganisation.
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The Technology Component
The Technology Component
Computer Hardware
CPU
Primary Storage
Arithmetic LogicUnit
Control Unit
Data Bus
Address Bus
Control Bus
Input Devices
OutputDevices
SecondaryStorage
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The Technology Component
Software Categories
Application Software
System Software
Hardware
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The Technology Component
Data CommunicationData Communication consists of
Data Processing & Transactions Transaction is a fundamental organisational
function
Data Transmission
Transmission : Media, networks and paths
Processing :Getting/delivering the right message tothe right receiver
Control : Routing messages, structure maintenance.
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Database Technology
At the heart of the Information Systems o f a n O r g a n i s a t i o n i s t h e c e n t r a l repository of Organisation Data.
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Databases
Databases
Databases
Data - raw facts/details
DATABASE- A shared collection of logically relateddata.
Models real-world enterprise.
Entities
students, courses, instructors
Relationships
Suman is currently taking MB101
Vijay is currently taking MB102
Abhishe k is currently taking MB103 buttook MB101 last semester
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Databases
Databases
Database Management System (DBMS):
large software package designed to store and manage databases
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Databases are everywhere:
Your wallet is full of DB records
Driver's license
Credit cards Gym membership Individual checks Rs. 500 notes (w/serial numbers) Maybe even photos (ids on back)
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Why We Need DBMS?
There is an information explosion intoday's society Need to keep accurate records
Advantages of using a DBMS fall into threemain categories: Proper maintenance of the data Providing access to the data
Maintaining security of the data
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Traditional Approach
Applications developed in an ad-hoc andopportunistic manner
Data requirements for applications derivedindependently
Data files developed for individualapplications
Application programs are data dependent
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Interacting with a Database
DBMS
Database
ApplicationPrograms End Users
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Advantages
Sharing of data Enforcement of security
Enforcement of development andmaintenance standards
Reduction of redundancy Avoidance of inconsistency across
files
Maintenance of integrity Data independence
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3-levels ArchitectureEXTERNAL LEVEL
(individual view) VIEW 1 VIEW 2
CONCEPTUAL LEVEL(community view)
StructuralProperties
& Constraints
INTERNAL LEVEL
(storage view)
LogicalRepresentation
of Stored Records
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Complete DBMS
Hardware
Software
Utilities
Data
Users
Procedures
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Software
The actual DBMS. Allows the users to communicate with the
database. Controls access Includes utilities
Report writers Application development tools
Examples of DBMS software Microsoft SQL Server Oracle Corporation Personal OracleTM IBM DB2TM
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Data
The database should contain all the dataneeded by the organization.
Emphasis is on the relevant data pertaining
to one or more objects or entities.
Entity: a thing of significance about which information needs to be known.
The characteristics that describe or qualifyan entity are called attributes of the entity.
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Data continued...
For each attribute, the set of possible values that theattribute can take is called the domain of the attribute.
The domain of the date of birth would be all the
dates that might be reasonable in the student body.
No date in the 1700s would be expected.
Undergraduate class levels would probably berestricted to Part I Part II Part III No other values would be allowed.
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Users
Each type of user needs different software capabilities: The database administrator (DBA) is the person or
group in charge of implementing the database
system within the organization.
The end users are the people who sit atworkstations
and interact directly with the system. The application programmers interact with the
database by accessing the data from programs written in high-level languages such as Visual Basic etc.
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Data Models
Models generally allow people toconceptualize an abstract idea more easily Model airplanes Model homes
A data model is a way of explaining thelogical layout of the data and the relationship of various parts to each
other and the whole.
Different data models have been usedthroughout the years.
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0bject 0riented Database -00DBMS
Handle big and complex data that relational databasescould not.
Joining of object-oriented programming with databasetechnology, which provides an integrated application development system.
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Object Relational - ORDBMS
RDBMS extended to include Object Oriented conceptsand structures.
Handle new types of data such as audio, video, andimage files that relational databases were not equipped
to handle.
Advantages of ORDBMS i t a l lows organizat ions to continue using their
existing systems, without having to make major changes.
it al lows users and programmers to start using
object-oriented systems in parallel.
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MIS Design
The Concept of'Systems' is ofpivotal importance in MIS
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What is a System?
Systems are created to solve
problems.
S y s t e m s a p p r o a c h i s a n organized way of dealing with a problem.
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System Life Cycle
Organisational process of developingand maintaining systems.
Helps to establish a system projectplan.
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System Study
problem identification and projectinitiation
background analysis inference or findings
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Feasibility Study
Workability,
Meeting user's requirements,
Effective use of resources
Cost effectiveness.
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System Analysis
Specification of the new system
Functional hierarchy
Identify Data items
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System Design
preliminary or generaldesign Structure or detailed
designTools and techniques used for designing:
Flowchart Data flow diagram (DFDs) Data dictionary
Structured English Decision table Decision tree
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Testing
A test run of the system
Unit testing
System testing
Black box testing
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Maintenance
The review of the system is done for:
knowing the required changes orthe additional requirements
studying the performance
If a major change to a system is needed, a new project is set up to carry out the change. The new project will then proceed through all the above life cycle phases.
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Information System & Quality
ATMs
Computerised Railway Bookings
Telephone Network
We do not expect them to fail!
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Quality
"Quality indicates the degree of
excellence of a product or service"
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Quality of MIS application is relative to its users
Primary andsecondar sers operations personnel control personnel
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secondary users, operations personnel, control personnel,
maintenance personnel etc. It has following quality characteristics
Complete data : All items are capturedAccurate data : The correct data are recorded
Understandable output :
Timely output
Relevant output
Meaning full output : Formatted properly
User friendly operations :
Error resistant operation : Procedures for detection and correctionAuthorized use :
Protected system and operations : Security and recovery during
failure
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Duties of Information system executive
Establish and supervise quality assurance procedures for MIS
Establish and supervise various information system control functionsEstablish and monitor procedures to measure and report evidence of quality
as errors, downtime, reruns, application repair maintenance.
The major functions of quality control and assurance are
1. Librarian : to maintain all programs, files, documents2. Processing control : inputs by and distributing outputs to authorized
recipients, maintaining error log
3. Access control : follow up of violation in access rules
4. Database administration
5. Back up and recovery6. Application development quality assurance : review of adequacy of
testing during development
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Quality assurance for application 25 50 % of activities and programs codes are for quality
assurance
Organizational commitment to quality : extra effort and
expenses for both maintenance and operations
Information processing discipline : Following established
procedures
QA in application development can be operated in
cooperative mode , adversary mode or combined
QA in application design state tend to have low error rates.
E.g design of input screen, document, visual verification,
sufficient information on output
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Case study
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Case study
A university is faced with the problem of maintaining the accuracy and
completeness of data in student transcripts. The providers of the data are
removed from users. In fact, many uses may occur after the student has
graduated. The duration from the time an error is made to the errors
having effect can therefore be very long. There is no natural, easy
verification of the transcript data. All these factors contribute to quality
problems . Offsetting these are good data discipline in the transcript
office and well established, regular procedures.
One university sends each student a copy of his or her transcripts with a
request that student identify the error and return the transcript for
correction.
Question :
1. Is this procedure a good example of quality assurance over data?
Justify
2. What other quality assurance procedures might be necessary or
feasible?
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Information Breach
Unauthorised reading of data
Unauthorised modification of data
Unauthorised destruction of data
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Why break I.T. System Security?
Revenge
Money
Notoriety
The challenge of doing "IT"
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Information Security
Your future is not secure
if your information is not secure
Information Resources need to be
guarded, protected and controlled
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Security Threats
The External Threats
The Internal Threats
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Security Threats
The External Threats
Organisation's connection to Internet
Corporate
Network
Internet Firewall
Public Access
Private Access
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Security Threats
The Internal Threats Passwords
User Termination
Special Privilege IDs
Access Reviews
Authorisation levels User information
Routine maintenance
Software updates
The
Greatest
Security
Threats
Come
from
within
Virus checking / checks Physicalconsiderations Audit Trails
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Implement short term. Plan long-term.