8 I Facts and Figures 3. Work ■ Number of Employed Persons by Industry and Sex The number of employed women continues to increase. By contrast, the number of employed men has declined since 1995, particularly in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, construction, and manufacturing. ■ Number of Dual-Income Households Looking at the employment of wives in households in which their husbands are employed (as salaried workers), in 1980 the number of single-income households (man was employed) was nearly double the number of dual-income households, however in the 1990s the number of dual-income households surpassed the number of those in which only the man was employed, and it connues to be on an upward trend. Source: “Labour Force Survey (Basic Tabulaon),” MIC Note: Aenon should be paid to the me-line of the data, because of revisions of the Japan Standard Industry Classificaon. Source: “Special Survey of the Labour Force Survey” “Labour Force Survey (Detailed Tabulaon)”, MIC Note: 1. “Households consisting of an employed husband and a non working wife” refers to households in which the husband is employed in a non- agriculture and forestry sector and the wife is not employed. 2. “Dual-income households” refers to households in which both the husband and the wife are employees in non-agriculture and forestry sectors. 3. Actual numbers in brackets for 2010 and 2011 are national wide results that exclude Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima Prefectures. 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1955 1975 1995 2005 2015 2016 Men Women Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Mining Construction Manufacturing Electricity/Gas/Heat supply and Water, Transport and Communications Wholesale and Retail trade, Eating and Drinking places Financing and Insurance, Real estate, Services Government 10,000 persons (Year) 774 172 466 169 426 233 112 38 774 172 466 169 426 233 112 38 330 420 871 319 619 524 165 15 330 420 871 319 619 524 165 15 198 557 915 371 723 883 176 5 198 557 915 371 723 883 176 5 163 487 774 425 696 951 180 3 163 487 774 425 696 951 180 3 140 425 723 450 649 1009 168 3 140 425 723 450 649 1009 168 3 138 418 727 449 652 1030 168 2 138 418 727 449 652 1030 168 2 19 239 335 291 762 24 23 7 19 239 335 291 762 24 23 7 31 501 508 44 475 59 331 1 31 501 508 44 475 59 331 1 42 944 726 73 542 106 169 1 42 944 726 73 542 106 169 1 49 1112 769 104 368 81 119 1 49 1112 769 104 368 81 119 1 62 1317 731 122 313 75 87 1 62 1317 731 122 313 75 87 1 62 1358 738 125 313 74 84 1 62 1358 738 125 313 74 84 1 700 900 1100 1300 600 800 1000 1200 (10,000 households) (Year) 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018 Households consisting of an employed husband and a non working wife Dual-income households 823 897 942 916 1,077 720 1,065 745 [987] [771] [773] [973] 1,114 687 1,129 664 641 606 1,188 1,219 614 1,114
3
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3. Work...Continuous employment (using child- care leave) (Year of birth of first child) Employed before becoming pregnant 72.2% Cessation of employment upon becoming pregnant 46.9%
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8
I Facts and Figures
3. Work
■ Number of Employed Persons by Industry and SexThe number of employed women continues to increase. By contrast, the number of employed men has declined since 1995, particularly in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, construction, and manufacturing.
■ Number of Dual-Income HouseholdsLooking at the employment of wives in households in which their husbands are employed (as salaried workers), in 1980 the number of single-income households (man was employed) was nearly double the number of dual-income households, however in the 1990s the number of dual-income households surpassed the number of those in which only the man was employed, and it continues to be on an upward trend.
Source: “Labour Force Survey (Basic Tabulation),” MICNote: Attention should be paid to the time-line of the data, because of revisions of the Japan Standard Industry Classification.
Source:“Special Survey of the Labour Force Survey” “Labour Force Survey (Detailed Tabulation)”, MICNote:1 . “ H o u s e h o l d s c o n s i s t i n g o f a n
employed husband and a non working wife” refers to households in which the husband is employed in a non-agriculture and forestry sector and the wife is not employed.
2. “Dual-income households” refers to households in which both the husband and the wife are employees in non-agr iculture and forestry sectors.
3. Actual numbers in brackets for 2010 and 2011 are national wide results that exclude Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima Prefectures.
Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesMiningConstructionManufacturing
Electricity/Gas/Heat supply and Water, Transport and CommunicationsWholesale and Retail trade, Eating and Drinking placesFinancing and Insurance, Real estate, ServicesGovernment
10,000persons
(Year)
774 172 466 169 426 233 112
38
774 172 466 169 426 233 112
38
330 420 871 319 619 524 165
15
330 420 871 319 619 524 165
15
198 557 915 371 723 883 176
5
198 557 915 371 723 883 176
5
163 487 774 425 696 951 180
3
163 487 774 425 696 951 180
3
140 425 723 450 649 1009 168
3
140 425 723 450 649 1009 168
3
138 418 727 449 652 1030 168
2
138 418 727 449 652 1030 168
2
19 239 335 291 762
24 23
7
19 239 335 291 762
24 23
7
31 501 508 44 475 59 331
1
31 501 508 44 475 59 331
1
42 944 726 73 542 106 169
1
42 944 726 73 542 106 169
1
49 1112 769 104 368811191
49 1112 769 104 368811191
62 1317 731 122 31375871
62 1317 731 122 31375871
62 1358 738 125 31374841
62 1358 738 125 31374841
ここにあった原稿は消去しました。
700
900
1100
1300
600
800
1000
1200
(10,000 households)
(Year)
1980
1990
2000
2010
2018
Households consisting of an employed husband and a non working wifeDual-income households
823
897
942
916
1,077
720
1,065
745
[987]
[771] [773]
[973]
1,114
687
1,129
664641
606
1,188
1,219
614
1,114
9
I Facts and Figures
■ Women’s Labour Force Participation Rate by Age GroupThe labour force participation rates of women in Japan by age group illustrates an “M-shaped curve” due to the burdens in the labour force participation of women around their thirties.The Women’s labour participation rates in most of other developed countries no longer shows M-shape.
■ Women Employment RateThe women employment rate from age 15 to 64 in Japan in 2017 is 67.4% and 16th among 35 OECD countries.
■ Work History of Wives before and after Giving Birth to Their First ChildThe percentage of women who continue working before and after giving birth to their first child had hovered around 40% but the percentage of women giving birth to their first child between 2010–2014 increased to 53.1%. “Before” means when finding out about pregnancy and “after” means when child was 1 year old.
Source: Japan: Data from “Labour Force Survey 2018 (Basic Tabulation)” MICOther Countries: Data from “LABORSTA” and “ILOSTAT,” International Labour Organization (Data of United States as of 2018; Data of Sueden, France and Germany as of 2017)Note: “Labour force participation rate”=Proportion of labour force participation (Employed persons+Unemployed persons) in total population 15 years and over
Source: Created from “OECD Stat,” OECDNote: “Women employment rate” = the number of Women employed persons / Women population
Source:Data from “The National Fertility Survey,” the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research
(%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
10
30
50
70
90
(Age)15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 and Over
Not StatedUnemployed before becoming pregnant Cessation of employment upon becoming pregnantContinuous employment (not using child- care leave)Continuous employment (using child- care leave)
(Year of birth of first child)
Employed before becoming pregnant 72.2%
Cessation of employment upon becoming pregnant
46.9%
Continuous employment 53.1%
3.1
35.5
37.3
18.4
5.7
3.4
34.6
37.7
16.3
8.1
3.8
32.8
39.3
13.0
11.2
3.8
28.4
40.3
12.2
15.3
4.1
24.0
42.9
9.5
19.4
4.2
23.6
33.9
10.0
28.3
10
I Facts and Figures
■ Type of EmploymentThe graph indicates the declining proportion of regular staffs in recent years. Particularly, proportion of women regular staffs have been declining since 1985, less than half since 2005, but it has turned upward since 2015.
■ Wage for WorkersThe wage gap between men ordinary workers and women ordinary workers has been decreasing. The wage gap between ordinary workers and part-time workers also has been decreasing.
Source: Data of 1985 and 1995 come from “Special Survey of the Labour Force Survey” (every February) by the Management and Coordination Agency, while data of 2005 and after come from the “Labour Force Survey (Detailed Tabulation)” (annual average) by MIC. Caution is necessary for making chronological comparisons.
Source: Taken from “Basic Survey on Wage Structure,” MHLWNote: ”Wage” is calculated from the scheduled cash earnings in June of each year
MenWomen
0 20 40 60 80 100100 80 60 40 20 0
1985
1995
2005
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
( )( )
Regular staffPart-time workers and Arbeit (temporary worker)Other statuses (e. g. Dispatched worker from temporary labor agency, Contact employees, and entruted employee)
67.928.53.6
60.935.53.7
47.540.711.8
43.644.112.3
43.344.312.3
44.143.912.0
4.1
3.392.6
3.75.291.1
9.18.682.3
11.310.578.2
11.110.878.1
11.111.177.9
11.011.078.1
10.711.577.843.944.211.9
44.543.511.9
(Year)
(%)
Wage of men ordinary workers = 100
(Year)
Level of wages of women ordinary workersLevel of hourly wages of part-time workers