28-7-2014 Challenge the future Delft University of Technology Thermal collector facade A refurbishment strategy for high rise building typologies by :

11-04-23

Challenge the future

DelftUniversity ofTechnology

Thermal collector facadeA refurbishment strategy for high rise building typologies

by: Shilesh Hariharan,

Building Technology

External Mentor – Mr. Franklin van der Hoeven

Permasteelisa guide – Mr. Stijn Schouwenaars

First Mentor – Mr. Tillmann Klein

Second Mentor – Mr. Arjen van Timmeren

2Titel van de presentatie

Permasteelisa Group (PG)

Solar thermal collector systems inside their unitized facades.

Building envelope and Cladding specialist

Introduction

Solar blindsSemi transparent solar

thermal collectorsVacuum tube collectors


Primary energy consumption

• 49% of primary energy consumption utilized for space heating

• 80% of this lies underneath 250°C, which can be powered by solar thermal systems

Introduction


Need for refurbishment

•2/3rd of office buildings in Western Europe are older than 30 years

Introduction

•Refurbishment of buildings can save up to 75% of energy

The EU has an indicative target of 20% improved energy efficiency and binding targets of a 20% use of renewable energy and a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, all by 2020 (EuroACE)

Russig 1999 Ebbert 2010


Location in focusIntroduction

61° June 22

14° December 22

•Primary focus of study in London (UK)

•United Kingdom, Netherlands, Germany with same North Atlantic Oceanic climate

United Kingdom

Sun angle

Solar irradiance


1.Solar thermal collectors


Solar thermal collectors

•Trap incident solar heat radiation, in a storable and usable medium, for generation of consumable form of energy.

•Usage:

Solar thermal energy


Vacuum tube collectors

•Double glass tubes with vacuum created between the glass layers, reducing conduction & convection heat loss

•Efficiency of the entire collector unit of the order or 40 to 60%.

•Medium temperature heating (75°C - 150°C)


Direct flow vacuum tube collectors

Heat pipe Air vacuum tube collectors



•Use of heat energy for the production of chiller water using Sorption Chillers used in building HVAC systems.

•Green, clean and free energy

Space cooling

Direct Fired Lithium Bromide Absorption Chiller


State of the art of solar thermal collector


•Sorption chillers have very low efficiency. So need a lot of energy for production of chilled water

•Roof area of high rise not enough to provide hot water needed for space cooling

•Façade become the only option for large scale integration of solar thermal collectors

Space coolingSolar thermal collectors


2.Collector facade


Collector facade

Unitized facade

• Unitized façade are a type of curtain wall façade which consists of a single structural frame on to which any in-fill elements can be added to make up a unit.

•Unitized elements are hung from horizontal cleats installed on the main structural system of the building

•Unitized elements are hung from bottom - up, interlocking every element with the one above it with the help of a tongue and groove setting


Collector facade

Unitized façade + & -

1. Very high efficiency2. State of the art technology3. Integration of Building service

components4. Low labour and fast assembly at

site5. Accuracy and perfection owing

to factory production6. Longer life span7. Ease of replacement and repair

of units8. Ease of maintenance9. Cost effective in large scale

production10.Modern and trendy with huge

design possibilities11.Custom made identity to

building

1. Transportation of units from factory to site

2. Scale of the project: too costly for small buildings

3. If material is damaged during transportation, might lead not only the replacement of the material, but possibly entails re-manufacturing of the entire element.


Collector facade

Solar thermal collector

3 types of solar thermal collectors considered for unitized integration

1. Vacuum tube collectors

2. Semi-transparent solar thermal collector (© Permasteelisa group)

3. Solar blinds thermal collector (© Permasteelisa group)


Collector facade

Semi-transparent solar thermal collector (TSTC)

As the name indicates, these are semi transparent thin nature, providing selective vision when viewed at 30° angle.

1. They provide effective sun shading and glare protection

2. The approximate weight of a 3m x 1.7m TSTC panel that is 1.5mm thick having 21 pipes at 76mm centre to centre weights around 33.5 Kg.


Collector facade

Solar blinds collector

• Aluminium, extruded thin louvers, coated with selective absorption coating on both side.

• 2 type of collectors possible

•Only tiltable collectors•Retractable & Tiltable collectors

•The approximate weight of a 30 blinds of 100mmx1700mm that are 1mm thick having copper heat pipes of dia 15mm weights around 15.5 Kg.


Collector facade

Collector configurations

Façade Size

collectors

Window collector

Parapet collector

Spandrel collector

Collector façade combination with 3 identified types of solar thermal collectors can be placed within unitized façade in 13 different ways.


Collector facade

Collector configurations

Vacuum tube collectors

Semi-transparent solar thermal

collector

Solar blind collector


Collector facade

Design issues – Integrated concepts

•Installations such as Cooling ceiling, Thermally Activated Building Mass systems (TABS) are a integral part of solar cooling concept

•They increase the efficiency of solar cooling


Collector facade

Design issues – Façade radiation

•Semi-transparent Solar thermal collector & solar blinds inside a closed cavity have a working temperature of 80°C

•Inner glass layer of collector façade have temperature range of 29°C


Collector facade

Design issues – Maintenance

•Maintenance for collector system are designed to be accessed internally from the building


Collector facade

Test model & Simulation

•50m x 50m building ;40 stories high (165m) with Semi transparent solar thermal collector in S, E & W facades, along spandrel & parapet of unitized facade. Area of collector in one unitized façade (53.5%)

•Location : Frankfurt


Collector facade

Test model & Simulation


Collector facade

Architectural expression


Collector facade

Architectural expression


3.High rise office façade

Refurbishment


Collector RefurbishmentFaçade typologies

• Dr.-Ing. Thiemo Ebbert, a PhD researcher from TU Delft, dealt with the technical refurbishment of Western European post-war office facades.

EU backed project, co-ordinated by Fraunhofer Institute for Solare Energie Systeme ISE, in partnership with 23 other organisations and companies, in which Permasteelisa Group a partner.


Collector RefurbishmentRe-face Façade typology

•Classification of office façade typologies based on 3 identified characters. •22 façade typologies in total

•Focus of study in the countries of Unitied Kingdom (UK), Netherlands (NL) and Germany (GER)


Collector RefurbishmentCost-Effective project

•Identified 5 façade categories

•Categories ranked based on their energy consuming


Collector RefurbishmentIdentified high rise façade typologies

3 Façade typologies identified based on the structural nature of existing façade.

•Typology 1 : Presence of planar load bearing elements such as massive concrete parapets and beam projection in building facade

•Typology 2: Skeletal structure, façades with just floor slab and column, without the presence of any planar elements

•Typology 3: ‘Parapet + window’ façade typology having pre-cast non load bearing parapets attached to floor slab of buildings.


Collector RefurbishmentCollector façade analysis

Analysis of collector facades as refurbishment of identified façade typologies based on 2 aspects

1.Technical feasibility

• Maintenance• Piping

2.Architectural aspects

•Transparency


Collector RefurbishmentTypology 1 –Planar facade

• Massive structural parapets that cannot be removed

• Unitize façade have to be fixed on these planar elements in front of them

Tomado houseRotterdam (NL)



Outside access

Maintenance

Below floor or above ceiling

Parapet level

Piping

Increase

Same

Reduced

Transparency


Type 1 – Double skin facade with vacuum tube collectors in parapet area


Type 1 – Double skin facade with vacuum tube collectors in parapet area

Merits

Feasibility of climate skin concepts and natural ventilation for maintenance of

internal comfort

Venetian blinds in cavity are ideal for solar shading

Higher user satisfaction can be achieved if the units are integrated with an

openable windows

Use of commercially available collector system makes it easy to repair and

replace

De-merits

Fragile collector elements have to be transported and installed with extensive

care.


Type 13 – Double skin facade with Retractable and only Tiltable solar blinds up to parapet


Type 13 – Double skin facade with Retractable and only Tiltable solar blinds up to parapet

Merits

They are extremely flexible design solution, with option to create highly

transparent and near opaque facades according to need

Seamless aesthetic integration of collector system inside the facade unit

High level of visual comfort

Minimal change to interior, natural lighting conditions

De-merits

These units have a extremely complicated construction and working principle

Facade radiation of these collector facade if of major concern

Not possible to integrate openable windows or any climate skin concept due

to closed cavity nature of facade.


Type 14 – Parapet collector units with vacuum tube collectors


Collector RefurbishmentTypology 2 –Skeletal facade

• Clear façade structure without the presence of any planar structural element

• Ideal for Unitized refurbishment owing to possibility to hang structure from floor slab

Main TowerFrankfurt am Main (GER)



Outside access

Maintenance

Below floor or above ceiling

Parapet level

Piping

Increase

Same

Reduced

Transparency


Type 9 – Double skin facade with TSTC collector over complete facade


Type 9 – Double skin facade with TSTC collector over complete facade

Merits

They prevent direct sun shine, glare and overheating of interiors.

They allow vision through the collector unit at a certain angle

De-merits


Reduced amount of day lighting inside the building


Type 10 – Double skin facades with Retractable and only Tiltable solar blinds


Type 10 – Double skin facades with Retractable and only Tiltable solar blinds

Merits

They are extremely flexible design solution, with option to create highly

transparent and near opaque facades according to need

Seamless aesthetic integration of collector system inside the facade unit

High level of visual comfort

Minimal change to interior, natural lighting conditions

De-merits

These units have a extremely complicated construction and working principle


Not possible to integrate openable windows or any climate skin concept due

to closed cavity nature of facade.


Collector RefurbishmentTypology 3 –Parapet + Window facade

• Pre case non load bearing concrete parapet attached to the floor slab

• They cannot be loaded with any utilizable façade as refurbishment

• Therefore Parapet collector units are only possible Bielefeld University

Bielefeld (GER)


4.Conclusion



General conclusion

• Solar thermal collector systems integrated inside unitized facades, provide immense possibilities for design innovation.

• Production of these units, being done in a factory line, provides space for design detailing without any compromise on their quality.

• Collector facade systems designed to harness solar thermal energy, become effective energy generation options only when designed with various integrated concepts

• the aspect of facade radiation is of at most concern at this point of time, which has to be corrected before realization of collector facades.

• Collector facades refurbishment of buildings on a whole depends on the nature of facade to be refurbished. Unitized facades being a type of Curtain wall facade are ideal refurbishment solutions for buildings initially designed for such facade systems.

28-7-2014 Challenge the future Delft University of Technology Thermal collector facade A refurbishment strategy for high rise building typologies by :

Documents

solar thermal energy

collector facade slide

angle solar irradiance

franklin van

arjen van timmeren slide

presentatie state

presentatie need

presentatie location