28 29 30 31 32 33 Stramenopiles. 1 3 4 5 STRAMENOPILES: Autotrophs (“Ochrophytes”) Brown Algae Yellow-Green Algae Synurans Golden-Brown Algae.

2829

30 31

32

33

Stramenopiles

13

45

STRAMENOPILES: Autotrophs(“Ochrophytes”)

Brown Algae

Yellow-Green Algae

Synurans

Golden-Brown Algae

2

STRAMENOPILES: Autotrophs(“Ochrophytes”)

Diatoms

67

Water Molds

STRAMENOPILES: Heterotrophs

Saprolegnia

STRAMENOPILES: Heterotrophs

Late Potato Blight Grape Downy MildewDamping Off Disease,Root Rot

PlasmoporaPythiumPhytopthora

Stramenopile Phylogeny

Stramenopiles Synapomorphy:Heterokont Flagellae

13

45

Brown Algae

Yellow-Green Algae

Synurans

Golden-Brown Algae

Diatoms

Stramenopiles: Ochrophytes

Putative Chloroplast Origin in “Ochrophytes”

10

11

2

3

1

Diatoms

(Marine, Freshwater)Diatom Habitat

7 8

Pelagic Benthic

Diatom Habitat

24

Plankton Periphyton

Diatom Substrates

9Epizoic

Endozoic

11(Foraminfera)

Epiphytic

Endophytic/Endosymbiotic

Epilithic

(Cnidaria)

Diatom Substrates

Ocean Sediments

14

13

Primary Productivity: 20% of Global Carbon Fixation

26

Diatomaceous Earth

27

Pseudo-nitzschiaAmnesiac Shellfish Poisoning

15

Neurotoxin: Domoic Acid(Binds to Kainate Receptors Membranes of Nervous System)

Frustule

18Silica (SiO2, Silicon Dioxide)

19

• Abundant in Water

• Inert to Enzymatic Attack

• pH buffer; maintains Carbonic Anhydrase Activity

Frustule Components

Fig. 12-16 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Epivalve, Epicingulum, Hypovalve, Hypocingulum

Girdle = Cingulum

Girdle View

2220

Valve View

Areolae

Fig. 12-19 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Fig. 12-18 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Loculate and Poroid Areolae (and Velum)

STRIAE

Fig. 12-20 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Striae

Ocellus: Mucilage Secretion

Figs. 12-21, 12-22 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Fig. 12-14 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Tubes: Labiate Processes

Tubes: Strutted Processes

Figs. 12-14, 12-23 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Forms of Extracellular Mucilage

Fig. 13.10 in Lee 1999

Raphe, Central Nodule, Polar Nodules

Fig. 12-25 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Fig. 13.1 in Lee 1998 Fig. 13.3 in Lee 1999

Raphe System

Figs. 12-24, 12-26 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Valve View

Girdle View

Diatom Structural Diversity:Centric, Araphic Pennate, Raphic Pennate

CENTRIC

ARAPHIC PENNATE

RAPHIC PENNATE

Licmophora Skeletonema

Tabellaria

Asterionella

Chaetoceros

Colonial Diatoms

Periphytic Diatoms

Gomphonema

Diatom Phylgoeny

Fig. 12.14 in Graham et al. 2008

Chloroplast Origin

34

Fig. 12.24 in Graham et al. 2008

Diatom Cell Division

Centric Sex

Fig. 12.25 in Graham et al. 2008

Pennate Sex

Fig. 12.26 in Graham et al. 2008

1 http://www.daviddarling.info/images/diatoms.jpg

2 http://www.bhikku.net/archives/03/img/diatoms.JPG

3 http://www.zarzora.com/albums/Great-Sand-Sea/silica.jpg

4 http://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/images/upwelling.gif

5 http://library.thinkquest.org/5194/picts/ocean%20map.JPEG

6 http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/graphics/photos0506/ laketurnover.gif

7 http://www.mholmer.biology.sdu.dk/grafik/snapshot/Pelagic% 20trap.JPG

8 http://dept.bio.unipd.it/~casellato/research/foto/benthic1.jpg

9 http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/fishlab/Dhaku/epizoic%20diatom/Falcula %20hyalina/1st%20ante%20em.jpg

11 http://fce.lternet.edu/publications/presentations/FCEslides/images/Slide17.jpg

12 http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/water/coasts/contentpix/shore.jpg

13 http://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/gradschool/BCMSc/graphics/wifs.gif

14 http://hjs.geol.uib.no/marinemicro/maps/0-0-2-map-sediments-facies.jpg

15 http://www.arpa.emr.it/daphne/progetto_mare/images/im_ Pseudo_nitzschia_seriata.jpg

16 http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2131.jpg

17 http://www.ualg.pt/adiac/intro/frustule.GIF

18 http://www.microscope-microscope.org/applications/sand/LakePowell3.jpg

19 http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1597/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1597-27246.jpg

20 http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2131.jpg

21 http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/images/diatom.jpg

22 http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/images/diatom.jpg

23 http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgapr02/db2sa.jpg

24 http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Chromista/Vaucheria_epiphytes.jpg

25 http://www.scienceprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/plankton_591.jpg

26 http://courses.bio.psu.edu/fall2005/biol110/tutorials/tutorial30_files/ diatomaceous_earth.jpg

27 http://www.holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/zyklonb/Sample3-diatomaceousearth.jpg

28 http://www.carolina.com/images/en_US//local/products/altview_large/152940_lp.jpg

29 http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/GLWL/Protozoa/Ochromonas2.jpg

31 http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/Species/Chromophycota/ o_lamhyp.jpg

32 http://herbarium.biosci.ohio-state.edu/Diatom.jpg

33 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/images/saprolegnia.jpg

34 http://myweb.dal.ca/jmarchib/pic.secondary-endo.jpg