-
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21
Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Polyphenols through
Suppression of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B
Navindra P. SeeramUCLA, Los Angeles
Haruyo Ichikawa, Shishir Shishodia, and Bharat B.
AggarwalUniversity of Texas, Houston
CONTENTS
21.1
Overview..................................................................................................24321.2
Introduction..............................................................................................24421.3
NF-κB and Disease
.................................................................................24421.4
NF-κB as a Therapeutic Target
...............................................................245Acknowledgments
.............................................................................................262Abbreviations
....................................................................................................263References
.........................................................................................................264
21.1 OVERVIEW
Nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) regulates the expression
of over 200different genes. The activation of NF-κB has now been
linked with a variety ofinflammatory diseases, including cancer,
atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction,diabetes, allergy, asthma,
arthritis, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzhe-imer’s
disease, osteoporosis, psoriasis, septic shock, and AIDS. There is
muchevidence suggesting that phytochemicals can inhibit the
pathways that lead to theactivation of this transcription factor
and have the potential to prevent and treat
243
-
244
Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-Related Diseases
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DK4416_book.fm Page 244 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
the diseases mentioned. These phytochemicals are derived from
plants such asturmeric, red pepper, cloves, ginger, cumin, anise
and fennel, rosemary, garlic,green tea, basil, cauliflower,
cabbage, artichoke, lemon, and pomegranate.
21.2 INTRODUCTION
Plant extracts and natural compounds purified from plants have
been used byhumans for many centuries for the treatment and
alleviation of a variety ofinflammation-related diseases, including
cancer. Eastern medicine, viz., tradi-tional Chinese medicine (TCM)
and the Indian ayurvedic system of medicine,continue to prescribe
complex mixtures of herbs and herbal extracts for thetreatment of
cancer. Recent research has shown that a mechanism-based
approachthat targets the means by which cancer cells prosper has
significant advantagesover the current methods of cancer treatment,
including chemotherapy, with theirattendant adverse effects. The
regulation of the cell cycle (cell survival, prolifer-ation, and
death) requires the integration of a myriad of cell-signaling
factors,including those that direct the transcription of genes
coding for integral cellproteins. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a
transcription factor that regulates the expres-sion of genes
involved in cancer and other diseases.
21.3 NF-κκκκB AND DISEASE
NF-κB, discovered by David Baltimore in 1986, is a ubiquitous
factor that residesin the cytoplasm in an inactive state. When
activated, it is translocated to thenucleus and induces gene
transcription. NF-κB is activated by free radicals,inflammatory
stimuli, carcinogens, tumor promoters, endotoxins, gamma
radia-tion, UV light, and x-rays. On activation, it induces the
expression of more than200 genes, and these genes have been shown
to suppress apoptosis and inducecellular transformation,
proliferation, invasion, metastasis,
chemoresistance,radioresistance, and inflammation.1–3 The activated
form of NF-κB has been foundto mediate cancer,1,4,5
atherosclerosis,6 myocardial infarction,7 diabetes,8
allergy,9,10
asthma,11 arthritis,12 Crohn’s disease,13 multiple sclerosis,14
Alzheimer’s disease,15,16
osteoporosis, psoriasis, septic shock, AIDS, and other
inflammatory diseases17–19
(Figure 21.1). That NF-κB has been linked to wide variety of
diseases is not toosurprising because most diseases are caused by
dysregulated inflammatory mech-anisms.20 Thus, agents that can
suppress NF-κB activation can, in principle, eitherprevent, delay
the onset, or treat NF-κB -linked diseases.
Ever since research has shown that there is an intrinsic link
between inflam-mation and various diseases, it has become obvious
that inhibition of NF-κBactivity is desirable in the treatment of
not only inflammation but also the diseaseitself. For instance,
aberrant NF-κB activation is a known factor in oncogenesis,tumor
growth, and metastasis, and specific constitutive activation of
NF-κB hasbeen identified in a number of cancers including, breast,
ovarian, colon, andprostate cancer and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (for
references see Reference 1). Hence,
-
Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Polyphenols
245
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check wording.
DK4416_book.fm Page 245 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
this transcription factor is an important target in the
prevention of diseases andtheir treatment in humans.
21.4 NF-κκκκB AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET
NF-κB represents an important and very attractive therapeutic
target for plant-derived polyphenols. Much attention has been paid
in the last decade to theidentification of compounds that
selectively interfere with this pathway. Morerecently, a great
number of plant-derived natural products have been evaluatedas
possible inhibitors of the NF-κB pathway (Table 21.1, Figure 21.2).
Thischapter focuses on plant extracts, plant isolates, and distinct
classes of plant-derived compounds that form part of this group. It
is noteworthy that there arealso reports of synthetic compounds and
compounds from nonplant sources (e.g.,caffeic acid phenethyl ester
[CAPE] identified from honey bee propolis) that areknown to block
the activity of NF-κB21.
NF-κB plays a central role in inflammation, and research has
made it clearthat most diseases are linked to inflammation. Because
NF-κB can also regulatethe expression of many key genes involved in
a variety of human cancers, itrepresents a relevant and promising
target for new therapeutic agents. Manypharmaceutical and
biotechnology companies have drug discovery programs thattarget
NF-κB and have been investing heavily in the search for proteins
thatregulate this transcription factor. However, due to the
ubiquitous nature of NF-κB,many of these drugs may exhibit
undesirable side effects.
The mechanism-based approach to combat diseases from different
angleswith combinations of naturally derived compounds has a
distinct advantage in
FIGURE 21.1 NF-κB-linked diseases.
Heart failure
Atherosclerosis
Boneresorption
Multiple sclerosis
Muscular dystrophy
Cardiachypertrophy
Ischemia/Reperfusion
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Inflammatorybowel disease
Neurological disease
Arthritis
AIDS
Asthma
Lupus
Cancer
Viral infections
Diabetes
Alzheimer’sdisease
Incontinentia pigmenti
NF-κκκB
-
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TAB
LE 2
1.1
Nat
ural
Pro
duct
s fr
om P
lant
s th
at E
xhib
it C
hem
opre
vent
ive
and
Ther
apeu
tic
Act
ivit
ies
agai
nst
Can
cer
Com
poun
dSo
urce
Bot
anic
al N
ame
Stru
ctur
e↓↓↓↓ N
F-κκκκ B
PT
Ref
.
Poly
phen
ol
Am
ento
flavo
ne
(bia
pige
nin)
* G
ingk
oG
ingk
o bi
loba
; C
ypre
ss s
pp.;
G
aleo
bdol
on c
hine
nse;
Gar
cini
a in
term
edia
; Se
lagi
nell
a sp
p.;
Bio
phyt
um s
ensi
tivu
m
+—
—22
,23
Api
geni
n*
Frui
ts a
nd v
eget
able
sSc
utel
lari
a sp
p. (
incl
. in
Chi
nese
he
rbal
mix
ture
, PC
SPE
S, H
uang
-Qi;
Q
ingk
aili
ng; S
huan
ghua
ngli
an e
tc.)
; C
iris
ium
spp
.; C
rota
lari
a sp
p.;
Que
rcus
nut
gall
;Mat
rica
ria
recu
tita
; Sa
ussu
rea
med
usa;
Lan
tana
m
onte
vide
nsis
Bri
q.
4′,5
,7-T
rihy
drox
yflav
one
+—
—24
–26
Arc
tigen
in*
and
dem
ethy
ltrax
illag
enin
Arc
tium
lap
pa;
Cen
taur
ea s
pp.;
To
rrey
a nu
cife
ra+
——
27
Aur
apte
neC
itrus
fru
its (
hass
aku,
gr
apef
ruit,
nat
udai
dai)
Cit
rus
spp.
7-G
eran
yl-o
xyco
umar
in—
——
28
Bai
cale
in*
and
its
deri
vativ
esa
Skul
lcap
Scut
ella
ria
spp.
(in
clud
ed i
n C
hine
se
herb
al m
ixtu
re, P
CSP
ES,
Hua
ng-Q
i;
Qin
gkai
ling
; Sh
uang
huan
glia
n, e
tc.)
5,6
,7-T
rihy
drox
yflav
one
++
+29
–31
Blu
eber
ry a
nd b
erry
mix
Blu
eber
ry, b
lack
cur
rant
, ra
spbe
rry,
str
awbe
rry
Rub
us s
pp.;
Vac
cini
um s
pp.;
Fra
gari
a an
anas
sa+
——
32–3
4
Can
nabi
nol*
Hem
p se
ed o
il,
mar
ijuan
a C
anna
bis
spp.
6,6,
9-T
rim
ethy
l-3-
pent
yl-6
H-
dibe
nzo[
b,d]
pyra
n-1-
ol;
+—
+35
–37
-
AU
: Wha
t do
es th
is
sym
bol i
ndi-
cate
?
AU
: Sho
uld
this
be
“com
pone
nt o
f”?
AU
: Sho
uld
this
be
“and
ot
her
ber-
ries”
?
-
Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Polyphenols
247
DK4416_book.fm Page 247 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
Cat
alpo
side
*C
atal
pa s
pp.;
Ver
onic
a sp
p.O
xire
no[4
,5]c
yclo
pent
a[1
,2-c
]pyr
an-β
-D-
gluc
opyr
anos
ide
+—
—38
Cat
echi
ns*
(and
th
eafla
vins
*)b
Gre
en t
ea (
incl
udin
g fe
rmen
ted,
i.e
., bl
ack
teas
), s
potte
d kn
apw
eed,
she
a ke
rnel
s, c
ocoa
Cam
elli
a si
nens
is;
Cen
taur
ea m
acul
osa;
Vit
ella
ria
para
doxa
; T
heob
rom
a ca
cao
3′,4
′,5,7
-Tet
rahy
drox
y-2,
3-tr
ans-
flava
n-3-
ol+
++
39–4
1
Cir
sim
ariti
n*B
asil,
sag
e, r
osem
ary
Cir
sium
mar
itim
um;
Oci
mum
sa
nctu
m;
Salv
ia o
ffici
nali
s;
Ros
mar
inus
offi
cina
lis
5,4′
-Dih
ydro
xy-6
,7-
dim
etho
xyfla
vone
——
—42
Cur
cum
in*
Tur
mer
ic (
hald
i)C
urcu
ma
long
aD
ifer
uloy
lmet
hane
++
+—
Ella
gic
acid
*St
raw
berr
ies,
ra
spbe
rrie
s,
blac
kber
ries
, ba
yber
ries
, fu
ejio
a,
pom
egra
nate
s,
pine
appl
e, w
alnu
ts
Fra
gari
a an
anas
sa;
Rub
us
idae
us;P
unic
a gr
anat
um;
Jugl
ans
regi
a
4,4′
,5,5
′,6,6
′-Hex
ahyd
roxy
-di
phen
ic a
cid
dila
cton
e—
——
34,4
4
Em
odin
*A
loe
vera
Po
lygo
num
spp
.; C
assi
a sp
p.;
Glo
ssos
tem
on b
rugu
ieri
(m
ogha
t);
Rhe
um s
pp.
(rhu
barb
); H
oven
ia
acer
ba
3-M
ethy
l-1,
6,8-
Tri
hydr
oxy-
anth
raqu
inon
e+
+—
45
Flav
opir
idol
c5,
7-D
ihyd
roxy
-8-(
4-N
-met
hyl-
2-hy
drox
ypyr
idyl
)-6′
-ch
loro
flavo
ne h
ydro
chlo
ride
+—
—46
Gen
iste
in*
Soyb
eans
, ch
ickp
ea,
kudz
u ro
otG
lyci
ne m
ax;
Cic
er a
riet
inum
; P
uera
ria
loba
ta r
adix
; D
esm
odiu
m
spp.
3-(4
-Hyd
roxy
phen
yl)-
5,7-
dihy
drox
y-ch
rom
en-4
-one
++
+47
,48
Glo
ssog
yne
tenu
ifol
iad
Her
bG
loss
ogyn
e te
nuif
olia
+—
—49
-
248
Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-Related Diseases
DK4416_book.fm Page 248 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
TAB
LE 2
1.1
(con
tinu
ed)
Nat
ural
Pro
duct
s fr
om P
lant
s th
at E
xhib
it C
hem
opre
vent
ive
and
Ther
apeu
tic
Act
ivit
ies
agai
nst
Can
cer
Com
poun
dSo
urce
Bot
anic
al N
ame
Stru
ctur
e↓↓↓↓ N
F-κκκκ B
PT
Ref
.
Hem
atei
n*N
atur
al d
ye f
rom
lo
gwoo
d+
——
50,5
1
Hes
peri
dine
Ora
nges
Cit
rus
spp.
Hes
peri
tin-7
-rut
inos
ide
——
—52
HM
P*B
lack
fru
it or
gal
anga
lA
lpin
ia s
pp.
7-(4
′-Hyd
roxy
-3′-
met
hoxy
phen
yl)-
phen
ylhe
pten
one
+—
—53
Hyp
eric
in*
St.
John
’s w
ort
Hyp
eric
um s
pp.
++
+54
,55
Isot
hym
usin
Bas
ilO
cim
um s
pp.;
Lim
noph
ila
geof
fray
i;
Bec
ium
gra
ndifl
orum
6,7-
Dim
etho
xy-5
,8,4
′-tr
ihyd
roxy
flavo
ne—
——
56
Isom
allo
toch
rom
anol
* an
d is
omal
loto
chro
men
e
Mal
lotu
s ja
poni
cus
+—
—57
Kae
mpf
erol
Frui
ts a
nd v
eget
able
s e.
g.,
tom
ato,
oni
ons
Lyco
pers
icon
esc
ulen
tum
, G
inkg
o bi
loba
3,5,
7,4′
-Tet
rahy
drox
yflav
one
——
—58
Lut
eolin
*Fr
uits
and
veg
etab
les,
te
a C
amel
lia
sine
nsis
; Sc
utel
lari
a sp
p. 2
-(3,
4-D
ihyd
roxy
phen
yl)-
5,7-
dihy
drox
y-ch
rom
en-4
-one
+
——
25,5
9
Mor
inG
uava
, al
mon
d P
sidi
um g
uaja
va;
Pru
nus
dulc
is
2′,3
,4′,5
,7-P
enta
hydr
oxy-
flavo
ne—
++
60
Myr
icet
inFr
uits
and
veg
etab
les
2-(3
,4-5
-Tri
hydr
oxyp
heny
l)-
3,5,
7-T
rihy
drox
y-ch
rom
en-
4-on
e
——
—61
AU
: Wha
t do
es th
is
sym
bol i
ndi-
cate
?
-
Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Polyphenols
249
DK4416_book.fm Page 249 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
Nas
unin
Egg
plan
tSo
lanu
m m
elon
gena
Del
phin
idin
-3-(
p-co
umar
oylr
utin
osid
e)-
5-gl
ucos
ide
——
—62
Nob
iletin
Citr
usC
itru
s sp
p.5,
6,7,
8,3′
,4′-H
exam
etho
xy
flavo
ne—
——
28
Nor
dihy
drog
uaia
retic
ac
id*
Gua
iacu
m o
ffici
nale
+—
—63
Och
na m
acro
caly
x ex
t.O
chna
mac
roca
lyx
+—
—64
Oen
othe
in B
Oen
othe
ra s
pp.;
Eug
enia
uni
flora
Hyd
roly
zabl
e el
lagi
tann
in—
——
65Pa
ndur
atin
AK
aem
pfer
ia p
andu
rata
+—
—66
Proc
yani
dins
Tea,
cra
nber
ries
, ap
ple,
gr
ape
seed
s, p
ear
Cam
elli
a si
nens
is, V
acci
num
spp
.;
Pru
nus
spp.
C
onde
nsed
tan
nins
——
—67
Purp
urog
allin
Que
rcus
sp.
Nut
gall
2,3,
4,6-
Tetr
ahyd
roxy
-5H
-be
zocy
cloh
epte
n-5-
one
——
—68
,69
Pycn
ogen
olM
ariti
me
pine
bar
k ex
trac
tP
inus
mar
itim
a B
iofla
vano
id e
xtra
ct+
——
70,7
1
Que
rcet
inFr
uits
and
veg
etab
les
Mal
us s
pp.;
Lyc
oper
sico
n es
cule
ntum
2-
(3,4
-Dih
ydro
xyph
enyl
)-3,
5,7-
trih
ydro
xy-c
hrom
en-
4-on
e
+—
—72
Rhe
inD
ayli
lies
(H
emer
ocal
lis
spp.
); R
heum
of
ficin
ale
(dah
uang
)1,
8-D
ihyd
roxy
-3-
carb
oxya
nthr
aqui
none
+—
—73
Sang
geno
n C
*M
ulbe
rry
Mor
us s
pp.
+—
—74
Sily
mar
ine
Milk
thi
stle
, ar
ticho
kes
Sily
bum
mar
ianu
m;
Cyn
ara
scol
ymus
Flav
onol
igna
n ex
trac
t+
++
75,7
6,77
Sa
ucer
neol
s*,
sauc
hino
ne,
and
man
assa
ntin
s*
Saur
urus
spp
.+
——
78,7
9
Tang
eret
inci
trus
fru
itsC
itru
s sp
p.5,
6,7,
8,4′
-Pen
tam
etho
xyfl
avo-
ne—
——
80
-
250 Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-Related Diseases
DK4416_book.fm Page 250 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
TAB
LE 2
1.1
(con
tinu
ed)
Nat
ural
Pro
duct
s fr
om P
lant
s th
at E
xhib
it C
hem
opre
vent
ive
and
Ther
apeu
tic
Act
ivit
ies
agai
nst
Can
cer
Com
poun
dSo
urce
Bot
anic
al N
ame
Stru
ctur
e↓↓↓↓ N
F-κκκκ B
PT
Ref
.
Wed
elol
acto
ne*
Wed
elia
spp
.; E
clip
ta a
lba
1,8,
9-T
rihy
drox
y-3-
met
hoxy
- 6H
-ben
zofu
ro[3
,2][
1]-
benz
opyr
an-6
-one
,
+—
—81
Yak
uchi
none
s* A
and
BA
lpin
ia o
xyph
ylla
1-(4
′-Hyd
roxy
-3′-
met
hoxy
phen
yl)-
7-ph
enyl
-3-
hept
anon
e,1-
(4′-h
ydro
xy-3
′-m
etho
xyph
enyl
)-7-
phen
ylhe
pt-1
-en-
3-on
e
+—
—82
Terp
enes
And
alus
ol*
Side
rite
s fo
eten
s+
——
83A
neth
ol*f
and
ana
logs
Bro
ccol
i, an
ise,
clo
ves,
ca
shew
B
rass
ica
oler
acea
; ll
licu
m v
erum
; O
cim
um sp
p.; S
yzyg
ium
aro
mat
icum
; A
naca
rdiu
m o
ccid
enta
le;
Hib
iscu
s sa
bdar
iffa
4-M
etho
xypr
open
ylbe
nzen
e+
++
84,8
5
Art
emis
inin
(qin
ghao
su)
Art
emis
ia a
nnua
L.
spp.
+—
—86
Avi
cins
*gA
casi
a vi
ctor
iae
+—
—87
Aza
dira
chtin
hN
eem
tre
eA
zadi
rach
ta i
ndic
a, A
. Ju
ssie
u—
——
88β-
caro
tene
Car
rot,
citr
us f
ruits
, pu
mpk
inD
aucu
s ca
rota
sat
ivus
; C
itru
s un
shiu
m
ar;
Cur
curb
ita
mos
chat
a—
——
89,9
0
β-cr
ypto
xant
hin
Frui
tsC
aric
a pa
paya
L.
Phy
sali
sβ,
β-C
arot
en-3
-ol
——
—89
,91
Bak
uchi
ol (
drup
anol
)*B
emch
i se
eds
Pso
rale
a co
ryli
foli
a (b
emch
i);
Oth
olob
ium
pub
esce
ns
4-(3
-eth
enyl
-3,7
-dim
ethy
l-1,
6-oc
tadi
enyl
)-ph
enol
+
——
92
AU
: Wha
t do
es th
is
sym
bol i
ndi-
cate
?
-
Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Polyphenols 251
DK4416_book.fm Page 251 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
Bet
ulin
ic a
cid*
Bir
ch t
ree,
alm
ond
hulls
Bet
ula
spp.
; Q
uisq
uali
s F
ruct
us;
Cou
ssar
ea p
anic
ulat
a; A
lang
ium
la
mar
ckii
3-β-
Hyd
roxy
-1up
-20(
29)e
n-28
-aci
d+
——
93
Car
noso
l*R
osem
ary,
sag
eR
osm
arin
us o
ffici
nali
s; S
alvi
a of
ficin
alis
2H
-9,4
a-(e
poxy
met
hano
)-ph
enan
thre
n-12
-one
+—
—94
Cel
astr
ol*
Cel
astr
us o
rbic
ulat
us+
——
95C
ostu
nolid
e*M
agno
lia
gran
diflo
ra;
Tso
ongi
oden
dron
odo
rum
; Sa
ussu
rea
lapp
a
+—
—96
Cuc
urbi
taci
nsi
Cuc
urbi
tace
aeC
ucur
bita
and
rean
a; T
rich
osan
thes
ki
rilo
wii
; E
laeo
carp
us m
aste
rsii
3-β-
(β-D
-Glu
cosy
loxy
)-16
-,23
-α-e
poxy
cucu
rbita
-5,
24-d
iene
-11-
one
——
—97
,98
Erg
olid
e*In
ula
spp.
Dih
ydro
bige
lovi
n+
——
99E
xcis
anin
A*
Isod
on (
Rab
dosi
a) s
pp.
+—
—10
0Fo
liol*
Side
riti
s sp
p.+
——
101
Ger
mac
rano
lides
*j an
d E
udes
man
olid
es
Car
pesi
um d
ivar
icat
um;
Mon
tano
a hi
bisc
ifol
ia+
——
102,
103
Gin
kgo
bilo
ba e
xt.
Gin
gko
bilo
ba+
——
104
Gin
seno
side
Rg3
*Pa
nax
spp.
+—
—10
5G
lycy
rrhi
zin*
Lic
oric
e ro
otG
lycy
rrhi
za g
labr
a; G
lycy
rrhi
za
ural
ens
+—
—10
6
Gua
iano
lides
*Vi
guie
ra g
ardn
eri
+—
—10
7H
elen
alin
*A
rnic
ae s
pp.;
Hel
eniu
m a
rom
atic
um+
——
108
Hyp
oest
oxid
eH
ypoe
stes
ros
ea+
——
109,
110
Kam
ebac
etal
A*
Isod
on (
Rab
dosi
a) s
pp.
+—
—10
0K
ameb
akau
rin
Isod
on (
Rab
dosi
a) s
pp.
+—
—10
0K
aure
nic
acid
*Si
deri
tis
spp.
ent-
kaur
-16-
ene-
19-o
ic a
cid
+—
—10
1L
imon
ene
Citr
us f
ruits
Cit
rus
spp.
4-Is
opro
peny
l-1-
met
hyl-
1-cy
cloh
exan
e—
++
111
AU
: Is
this
co
mpl
ete?
-
252 Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-Related Diseases
DK4416_book.fm Page 252 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
TAB
LE 2
1.1
(con
tinu
ed)
Nat
ural
Pro
duct
s fr
om P
lant
s th
at E
xhib
it C
hem
opre
vent
ive
and
Ther
apeu
tic
Act
ivit
ies
agai
nst
Can
cer
Com
poun
dSo
urce
Bot
anic
al N
ame
Stru
ctur
e↓↓↓↓ N
F-κκκκ B
PT
Ref
.
Lin
earo
l*Si
deri
tis
spp.
+—
—10
1L
utei
nTo
mat
oLy
cope
rsic
on e
scul
entu
m—
——
112,
113
Lyco
pene
Tom
ato
Lyco
pers
icon
esc
ulen
tum
ψ,ψ
-Car
oten
e—
——
112–
114
Ole
andr
in*
Ner
ium
ole
ande
r; P
lum
eria
obs
ta+
——
115
Oxo
acan
thos
perm
olde
skM
ille
ria
quin
quefl
ora
+—
—11
6Pa
rthe
nolid
e*Fe
verf
ewTa
nace
tum
par
then
ium
and
T.
larv
atum
; M
iche
lia
cham
paca
; Ta
laum
a ov
at; M
agno
lia
gran
diflo
ra;
Art
emis
ia m
yria
ntha
+—
—11
7,11
8
Pris
timer
in*
Hip
pocr
atea
spp
.; M
ayte
nus
spp.
;Cel
astr
us o
rbic
ulat
us;
Rei
ssan
tia
buch
anan
ii;
Sala
cia
bedd
omei
; H
eist
eria
pal
lida
+—
—11
9
Tri
ptol
ide*
* (P
G 4
90)
Trip
tery
gium
wil
ford
ii+
——
120,
121
Urs
olic
aci
d*B
asil,
ros
emar
y, b
erri
esR
osm
arin
us o
ffici
nali
s; O
cim
um
sanc
tum
; A
roni
a m
elan
ocar
pa;
Oxy
cocc
us q
uadr
ipet
alus
; Ori
ganu
m
maj
oran
a; D
iosp
yros
mel
anox
ylon
; Sa
lvia
prz
ewal
skii
Max
im
+—
—12
2
With
anol
ides
Sola
nace
aeW
itha
nia
spp.
; P
hysa
lis
angu
lata
; So
rpic
hroa
ori
gani
foli
a—
——
123,
124
AU
: Wha
t do
es th
is
sym
bol i
ndi-
cate
?
AU
: Is
this
co
rrec
t?
AU
: Sho
uld
this
be
“Sal
-pi
chro
a”?
-
Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Polyphenols 253
DK4416_book.fm Page 253 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
Alk
aloi
dsC
apsa
icin
oids
*l
Pepp
er,
red
chill
i, pa
prik
a fr
uits
Cap
sicu
m s
pp.
8-M
ethy
l-N
-van
illyl
-tra
ns-6
-no
neam
ide
++
+12
5–12
7
Cep
hara
nthi
ne*
Step
hani
a ce
phar
anth
a+
——
128
Con
ophy
lline
*Ta
bern
aem
onta
na s
pp;,
Erv
atam
ia
mic
roph
ylla
+—
—12
9
Hig
enam
ine
Ran
uncu
lace
aeA
coni
tum
jap
onic
um;
Arg
emon
e m
exic
ana;
Gne
tum
par
vifo
lium
Ben
zyl-
tetr
ahyd
rois
oqui
nolin
e al
kalo
id—
——
130,
131
Mah
anim
bine
Rut
acea
eM
urra
ya k
oeni
gii;
Cla
usen
a du
nnia
na;
Mur
raya
sia
men
sis
—+
—13
2,13
3
Mah
anin
eR
utac
eae
Mur
raya
koe
nigi
; M
icro
mel
um
min
utum
——
—13
2
Mor
phin
e m
and
its
an
alog
s O
pium
pop
pyPa
pave
r sp
p.
+—
+13
4–13
6
Mur
raya
nol
Rut
acea
eM
urra
ya k
oeni
gii
——
—13
3Pi
peri
neB
lack
pep
per
Gar
cini
a xa
ntho
chym
us;
Pip
er s
pp.
——
—11
5,13
7R
ocag
lam
ides
*A
glai
a sp
p.+
——
138
Tetr
andi
ne*
(sin
omen
ine
A)
Step
hani
a te
tran
dra
+—
—13
9
Thi
onia
div
ersi
foli
a ex
t.T
htio
nia
dive
rsif
olia
—
——
140,
141
Ally
lthi
osul
fina
teA
llici
nG
arlic
All
ium
sat
ivum
2-Pr
open
e-1-
sulfi
noth
ioic
aci
d-S-
2-pr
open
yl e
ster
——
—14
2,14
3
Ben
z[a]
phen
azin
eL
apac
hone
Gin
seng
, la
pach
o tr
ee,
trun
kwoo
dTa
bebu
ia s
pp.
++
+21
-
254 Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-Related Diseases
DK4416_book.fm Page 254 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
TAB
LE 2
1.1
(con
tinu
ed)
Nat
ural
Pro
duct
s fr
om P
lant
s th
at E
xhib
it C
hem
opre
vent
ive
and
Ther
apeu
tic
Act
ivit
ies
agai
nst
Can
cer
Com
poun
dSo
urce
Bot
anic
al N
ame
Stru
ctur
e↓↓↓↓ N
F-κκκκ B
PT
Ref
.
Ben
zopy
rene
Rot
enon
eD
erri
s sp
p.+
——
144
Caf
feic
aci
d ph
enyl
ethy
l es
ter
CA
PEH
oney
bee
pro
polis
Api
s m
elli
fera
cap
ensi
s+
——
21
Chl
orop
hyll
Cat
abol
ite
Pheo
phor
bide
ASo
lanu
m d
iflor
um+
——
145
Glu
cosi
nola
teSu
lpho
raph
ane
Bra
ssic
acea
e, e
.g.,
broc
coli,
cau
liflow
erB
rass
ica
oler
acea
4-
Met
hyls
ulph
inyl
but
yl -
isot
hioc
yana
te—
——
146
Indo
les
Indo
le-3
-car
bino
lB
rass
icac
eae,
e.g
., on
ions
, ca
bbag
e A
lliu
m c
epa;
Bra
ssic
a sp
p.3-
Indo
lem
etha
nol
——
—14
7
Irid
oid
glyc
osid
eA
ucub
in*
Alg
aeE
ucom
mia
spp
.; V
eron
ica
spp.
; Vi
tex
spp.
; G
lobu
lari
a sp
p.
+—
—14
8
Nap
toqu
inon
ePl
umba
gin
Plu
mba
go z
eyla
nica
5-H
ydro
xy-2
-met
hyl-
1,4-
naph
toqu
inon
e—
——
149
AU
: Wha
t do
es th
is
sym
bol i
ndi-
cate
?
-
Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Polyphenols 255
DK4416_book.fm Page 255 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
Phen
yl P
ropa
noid
1′-A
ceto
xych
avic
ol
acet
ate
Zin
gibe
race
aeZ
ingi
ber
offic
inal
e; L
angu
as g
alan
ga—
——
28,1
50
Phen
olic
sE
thyl
gal
late
Gra
pes,
tea
, re
d m
aple
Paeo
nia
spp.
; So
phor
a ja
poni
ca; V
itis
vi
nife
ra;
Vite
llar
ia p
arad
oxa;
C
amel
lia
sine
nsis
+—
—15
1
Gal
lic a
cid*
Frui
ts,
e.g.
, gu
ava
Psi
dium
gua
java
; E
rodi
um
glau
coph
yllu
m;
Mel
aleu
ca
quin
quen
ervi
a
3,4,
5-T
rihy
drox
yben
zoic
aci
d—
+—
152
Gin
gero
lG
inge
rZ
ingi
ber
offic
inal
e (1
-[4′
-Hyd
roxy
-3′
met
hylp
heny
l-]-
5-hy
drox
y-3-
deca
ne
——
—15
3
Mor
ellin
Indi
ca f
ruit
Gar
cini
a sp
p.—
——
154
Spho
ndin
*H
erac
leum
lac
inia
tum
;Rut
a gr
aveo
lens
+—
—15
5
Phen
olic
Aci
dR
osem
arin
ic a
cid
Ros
emar
y, s
age
Ros
mar
inus
offi
cina
lis;
Sal
iva
offic
inal
is—
——
156
Syna
pic
acid
Sida
acu
ta4-
Hyd
roxy
-3,5
-di
met
hoxy
cinn
amic
aci
d—
——
157
Syri
ngic
aci
dR
adix
isa
tidi
s4-
Hyd
roxy
-3,5
-di
met
hoxy
benz
oic
acid
——
—15
8,15
9
Poly
sacc
hari
deG
anod
erm
a lu
cidu
m
ext.
Rei
shi
Gan
oder
ma
luci
dum
++
+16
0
-
256 Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-Related Diseases
DK4416_book.fm Page 256 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
TAB
LE 2
1.1
(con
tinu
ed)
Nat
ural
Pro
duct
s fr
om P
lant
s th
at E
xhib
it C
hem
opre
vent
ive
and
Ther
apeu
tic
Act
ivit
ies
agai
nst
Can
cer
Com
poun
dSo
urce
Bot
anic
al N
ame
Stru
ctur
e↓↓↓↓ N
F-κκκκ B
PT
Ref
.
Poly
isop
reny
late
d B
enzo
phen
one
Der
ivat
ives
Gar
cino
ln
and
its a
nalo
gs
Gar
cini
a in
dica
fru
it G
arci
nia
spp.
——
—16
1
Phyt
oale
xin
Alli
xin
Gar
licA
lliu
m s
ativ
um
3-H
ydro
xy-5
-met
hoxy
-6-
met
hyl-
2-pe
nthy
l-4h
-pyr
an-
4-on
e
——
—16
2
Sapo
nin
Cal
agua
line
Poly
podi
um s
pp.
+—
—16
3
Stilb
ene
Res
vera
trol
*o a
nd
anal
ogs
Japa
nese
kno
twee
d;
berr
y fr
uits
, . E
.gra
pes,
cr
anbe
rrie
s et
c.
Poly
gonu
m c
uspi
datu
m;
Vera
trum
sp
p.;
Viti
s sp
p.;
Vacc
inum
spp
.tr
ans-
3,4′
,5′-
Tri
hydr
oxys
tilbe
ne+
++
164–
166
Oth
ers
Age
d ga
rlic
ext
.G
arlic
All
ium
sat
ivum
+—
—16
7,16
8α-
lipoi
c ac
id*p
Asp
arag
us,
whe
at,
pota
toes
1,2-
Dith
iola
nepe
ntan
oic
acid
+—
—16
9–17
1
App
le e
xt.
(jui
ce)
App
le j
uice
Mal
us s
pp.
+—
—17
2A
stax
anth
in*
Mic
roal
ga,
alga
eH
aem
atoc
occu
s pl
uvia
lis
3,3′
-Dih
ydro
xy-β
,β,c
arot
ene-
4,4′
-dio
ne+
——
173
AU
: Wha
t do
es th
is
sym
bol i
ndi-
cate
?
-
Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Polyphenols 257
DK4416_book.fm Page 257 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
β-G
luca
nB
arle
y, s
oy b
ean,
m
ushr
oom
Ave
na s
ativ
a; H
orde
um v
ulga
re;
Aga
ricu
s bl
azei
——
—17
4
β-si
tost
erol
Plan
ts,
nuts
, la
pach
a tr
ee,
cact
usG
lyci
ne m
ax;
Ara
chis
spp
.; M
icon
ia
rubi
gino
sa;
Opu
ntia
ficu
s-in
dica
α−D
ihyd
rofu
cost
erol
——
—17
5
Cat
’s c
law
Unc
aria
tom
ento
sa+
——
176
Cir
silin
eol
Bas
il, t
hym
eO
cim
um s
anct
um;
Lan
tana
m
onte
vide
nsis
Bri
q.;
Thy
mus
vu
lgar
is
——
—56
Dia
llyls
ulfid
eG
arlic
, C
hine
se l
eek
All
ium
sat
ivum
Dia
llyls
ulfid
e—
——
177
Flav
okaw
ains
(Kav
a la
cton
es)
Kav
a ka
vaP
iper
met
hyst
icum
——
—17
8
Ger
min
ated
bar
ley
+—
—17
9Pe
rsen
one
AA
voca
do P
erse
a am
eric
ana
1-(
Ace
tylo
xy)-
2-hy
drox
y-5,
12,1
5-he
neic
osat
rien
-4-o
ne
——
—18
0
Pom
egra
nate
win
eP
unic
a gr
anat
um—
——
181
S-al
lylc
yste
ine*
All
ium
sat
ivum
+—
—18
2St
ingi
ng n
ettle
ext
.U
rtic
a di
oica
——
—18
3T
rans
-Asa
rone
Car
rot
Dau
cus
caro
ta L
.tr
ans-
1-Pr
ophe
nyl-
2,4,
5-tr
imet
hoxy
benz
ene
——
—18
4
Vita
min
C*
Frui
ts a
nd v
eget
able
sA
scor
bic
acid
+—
—18
5,18
6V
itam
in E
Plan
t se
eds
and
vege
tabl
esα-
Toco
pher
ol+
——
187,
188
Not
e: T
and
P r
efer
to
ther
apy
and
prev
entio
n, r
espe
ctiv
ely;
the
ast
eris
k in
dica
tes
that
the
Che
mic
al s
truc
ture
is
show
n in
Fig
ure
21.2
(A
to
D).
aB
aica
lein
and
its
der
ivat
ives
inc
lude
bai
calin
, w
ogon
in,
and
wog
onin
, 6-
met
hoxy
-bai
cale
in (
orox
ylin
A).
bC
atec
hins
inc
lude
cat
echi
n, e
pica
tech
in,
epic
atec
hing
alla
te,
epig
allo
cate
chin
, an
d ep
igal
loca
tech
inga
llate
; th
eafla
vins
are
pol
yphe
nols
fou
nd i
n fe
rmen
ted
gree
nte
a, i
.e.,
blac
k te
a.c
Synt
hetic
com
poun
d cl
osel
y re
late
d to
a p
olyp
heno
l is
olat
ed f
rom
the
Ind
ian
plan
t, D
ysox
ylum
bin
ecta
rife
rum
.d
Glo
ssog
yne
tenu
ifol
ia i
s C
hine
se m
edic
ine
Hia
ng-j
u.
AU
: Wha
t do
the
blan
k sp
aces
indi
-ca
te?
-
258 Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-Related Diseases
DK4416_book.fm Page 258 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
TAB
LE 2
1.1
(con
tinu
ed)
Nat
ural
Pro
duct
s fr
om P
lant
s th
at E
xhib
it C
hem
opre
vent
ive
and
Ther
apeu
tic
Act
ivit
ies
agai
nst
Can
cer
eSi
lym
arin
inc
lude
s si
lybi
n, s
ilibi
nin,
sili
dian
, an
d si
lych
rist
.f
Ane
thol
and
ana
logs
inc
lude
eug
enol
, bi
s-eu
geno
l, is
oeug
enol
, an
d an
etho
ldith
iolth
ione
.g
Avi
cins
inc
lude
avi
cin
D a
nd a
vici
n G
.h
Aza
dira
chtin
ana
logs
inc
lude
axa
dira
chtin
A,B
, D
, H
, I,
etc
.i
Cur
cubu
taci
ns a
nalo
gs i
nclu
de c
urcu
bita
cin
B,
D,
E,
etc.
jG
erm
acra
nolid
es i
nclu
de 2
b,5-
epox
y-5,
10-d
ihyd
roxy
-6a-
ange
loyl
oxy-
9b-i
sobu
tylo
xy-g
erm
acra
n-8a
,12-
olid
e.k
Oxo
acan
thos
perm
olde
s in
clud
e m
etho
xym
iller
-9Z
-eno
lide.
lC
apsa
icin
oids
inc
lude
cap
saic
in*
and
anal
ogs,
e.g
., re
sini
fera
toxi
n* (
daph
neto
xin)
.m
Mor
phin
e an
d its
ana
logs
inc
lude
KT
90
and
sang
uina
rine
.n
Gar
cino
l an
d its
ana
logs
inc
lude
iso
garc
inol
.o
Res
vera
trol
and
ana
logs
inc
lude
pic
eata
nnol
.p
α-L
ipoi
c ac
id i
nclu
des
dihy
drol
ipoi
c ac
id.
-
Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Polyphenols 259
DK4416_book.fm Page 259 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
that the synergies and additive effects of such treatments,
coupled with their mildnature, allow for their safe use. The
increase in the popularity and awareness ofcomplementary medicine
has resulted in its use for the therapy of a variety ofhuman
diseases and by a large percentage of cancer patients. For many
suchpatients, the use of naturally derived plant compounds and
plant extracts is anessential part of their treatment. In addition,
people are now more aware of thehealth benefits associated with the
use of natural products and plant-derivedcompounds and have turned
to these because of the negative perceptions associ-ated with
synthetic compounds. Most of the compounds outlined in Table
21.1are commonly used in the form of concentrated plant extracts,
and combinations
FIGURE 21.2A Structure of some plant-derived polyphenols that
block NF-κB.
OHO
HO
O
OOH
O
O
OHO
OHHO
Catalposide
OMeOH
OO
OMeHO
Curcumin I
OHAc
OHMeOCH2
OHO
AcOH
O
OH
OH
RHO
O
OOH
HO
HO
OH
O
O
OH
OH
Amentoflavone
OH3C O
H3C O
O OH
OCH3
Arctigenin
O
HO
Cannabinol
O
OHHO Pr
O
Carnosol
OOH
HO O
OH
Genistein
OO
HO
OH
HMP(hydroxymethoxyphenyl-phenylheptenone)
OH
HO
O
O
OH
OH
Emodin
Isomallatochromanol
O
O
OHOH
OHHO
OH
OHOH
OHO
EGCG(epigallocatechin gallate)
RPiceatannol OH
Resveratrol -
HO
OOH
OH
OH
Hematein
O
O
OH
OHO
O
HO
HO
Ellagic Acid
O
N
CH3
OH
HO
OH O
Cl
Flavopiridol
O
O
Lapachone
-
260 Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-Related Diseases
DK4416_book.fm Page 260 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
FIGURE 21.2B Structure of some plant-derived terpenoids that
block NF-κB.
OR O
MeO OMe
OOH
OMe
OMe
R1 R2 R3 R4Apigenin
- - OH -
BaicaleinOH - - -
Luteolin- - OH OH
Oroxylin-AOCH3 - - -
Wogonin - OCH3 - -
OOH
HO O
R3
R1
R4
R2
R
Mana-ssantin A
CHMeCH(OH) O
OMe
Mana-ssantin B
C HMeC H(OH)
O
O
Saucerneol H
OH
HO O
OCO
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO OOH
O
OH
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
Theaflavin-3,3-digallate
O
HO
HO
O
O
HO OMe
Wedelolactone
O HO O O
OMeOH
O
OPh
H2C
O
Resinferatoxin
HO OH
O
OH
HO HO
OH
O
O OH
CMe2
OH
Sanggenon C
OH
MeO OH
O
Ph
C Me2
Panduratin A
OHHO
OHOH
Nordihydroguaiaritic acid
O
O
O
OMeHO
HO
OHO
OH
OH
Silybin
-
Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Polyphenols 261
DK4416_book.fm Page 261 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
FIGURE 21.2C Structure of some plant-derived alkaloids that
block NF-κB.
HO
C H2H2C
OHOH
Andalusol
O O
Costunolide
O
HO
HO
OH
O
HO
HO
HO
O
OHHO
OO
O
COOHOH
OH
O
O
OHOH
OHC OOH
C OOH
Glycyrrhizin
O
O
O
O
O
OH
OH
Pr-i
O
O
Germacran-8 ,12-olide
-
H3C O
C H=CHMe
Anethole
O
O
OHOHO
OH
O
OHO
OHOH
OH
O
R
OH
O
O
OH
OH
OOH
O
OH
Avicin D
HO
C OOH
Betulinic acid
HO
O
HOOC
Celastrol
HO
C H2
C Me2
Bakuchiol
OMe
OAc
MeO O
Ergolide
OH
OH
OH
OHo
Excisanin A
OHHO
HO
Foliol
Ginsenoside
O O
C H2
OH
OC H2
O
C H2
C HOMeO
Methoxymillerenolide
OO
O
O
O
OH
Guaianolides
OMe
OH
MeO O
Helenalin
OH
OO
OH
OMe
Kamebacetal A
HO
H
O
OH
H
Ursolic acid
O
O
O
i-P rOH
O
O
Triptolide
OOHHOOC
Kaurenic acid
HO
AcOMe
OH
Linearol
OHO
MeO O
OAc
OO
OH
Oleandrin
O
HO
O
Pristimerin
O
OH
Eugenol
OH
O
Isoeugenol
-
262 Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-Related Diseases
DK4416_book.fm Page 262 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
of these extracts can be very complex. However, although humans
have beenusing complex mixtures for much longer than they have been
using single isolatedcompounds or drugs, there is a need for
careful standardization of dietary sup-plements and effective
regulatory control to ensure human safety.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank Walter Pagel for a careful review of the
manuscript. Thecontributions of Aggarwal, a Ransom Horne, Jr.,
Distinguished Professor ofCancer Research, have been supported by
the Clayton Foundation for Research,
FIGURE 21.2D Structure of some plant-derived miscellaneous
compounds that blockNF-κB.
OHMeO
MeOHN
MeOOC
N
E tOH
ONH
N
O
E t
C OOMe
MeO
O
NMe
OO
O
NMe
OMe
Cepharanthine
N OMeO
N
MeO
OMe
O
OMe
Tetrandine
OHO OH
NMe
Morphine
Rocaglamide
OHN
OH
O
Capsaicin
Conophylline
O
OH
NMe2
O
OHOMe
MeOPh
OMe
C HO
HNHO
OH
Erbstatin
O
O
OO
MeN
Sanguinarine
-
Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Polyphenols 263
AU: Pls. provide captiofor Fig. 21.2E.
DK4416_book.fm Page 263 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
a Department of Defense U.S. Army Breast Cancer Research Program
grant(BC010610), a PO1 grant (CA91844) from the National Institutes
of Health onlung chemoprevention, and a P50 Head and Neck SPORE
grant from the NationalInstitutes of Health.
ABBREVIATIONS
IκBα: inhibitory subunit of NF-κBIKK: IκB kinase
FIGURE 21.2E
O
HO
HO
HOOH
OHO
O
OHAucubin
SS
O
OH
-lipoic acid
O OH
-tocopherol HO O
Astaxanthin
COOEt
OHHO
HO
O O
OMe
O
Sphondin
OH
OH
HO
OO
HO
Vitamin C
Ethylgallate
HO
HO
HOO
OH
Gallic acid
O
O
Ph
OH
HO
CAPE(caffeic acid phenylethyl ester)
-n
-
264 Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-Related Diseases
AU: Update?
DK4416_book.fm Page 264 Wednesday, July 27, 2005 12:44 PM
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