DECLARATION I, Sandeep Singh Bhati hereby declare that I have carried out project report on the topic “MARKET POTENTIAL AND CUSTOMER PERSPECTION ABOUT LIBERTY SHOES”. I further declare that this project is my original work and no part of this report have been published or submitted to anybody or university. Date: Place: (Sandeep Singh Bhati)
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2091. Market Potential and Customer on About Liberty Shoes
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DECLARATION
I, Sandeep Singh Bhati hereby declare that I have carried out project
report on the topic “MARKET POTENTIAL AND CUSTOMER PERSPECTION
ABOUT LIBERTY SHOES”.
I further declare that this project is my original work and no part of this
report have been published or submitted to anybody or university.
Date:
Place: (Sandeep Singh Bhati)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Current market is changing at a fast pace. No body knows what future
has fro him. With the changing market, tastes and preferences are changing
very rapidly. A company cannot work in each and every area. It has to identify
us a segment market and unfulfilled need set of customer. The market
potential of company depends upon identification of needs, wants and its
association with purchasing power.
The entire project would not have been possible without the guidance
and support of other people. I would therefore like to take the golden
opportunity of expressing my sincere and profound gratitude to all those
people who helped me throughout the project. I extend my cordial thanks to all
my friends who helped me to carry out my project work. I am extremely
grateful to Mr. Vivek Srivastava. Truly without her constant support and able
guidance it would have not been possible for me to complete this project.
(Sandeep Singh Bhati)
HISTORY OFFOOTWEAR
HISTORY OF FOOTWEAR & FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURING
The first foot covering was made by our primitive ancestors. The
covering was to protect their feet from jagged rocks, burning sands, rugged
terrains. Development shows that the importance of protecting the feet was
recognized. Egyptians Chiness and other civilization all contain references to
shoes.
The first shoe was made of plated grass or rawhide strapped to the feet.
The early Egyptians made some sandals from plaited papyrus leaves. It shows
that sandal making was recognized as an art, early in the history o that
country. Sandals are most generally worn type of footwear in many warm
countries, often ornamented and in form that is suitable to environment in
which it is worn. Sandals continued to be the same simple kind of footwear
worn in the early century.
In Japan, sandals indicated the social status of the wearer by making
distinct sandals for imperial household, merchants and actors, and in fact, for
the whole range of vacations and professions. In Greece, one emphasized
design and beauty, while in Rome, they made it for military purpose to enable
their legions to travel on foot.
The moccasin protects the foot in cold countries. The outline of the
forepart is puckered seam with a string gathered and tied about the ankle.
Though all this development, little attention was devoted to fitting quality
and comfort. In Eurpoe, perfection in workmanship and styles seems to have
been sought in shoes rather than foot comfort and protection.
The most conspicuous design in the period was the peaked shoe or
crackow, with a toe so long that it made walking difficult. Till the late 1850,
shoes were made only on straight last without recognizing the left and right.
There were only two widths, the slim and the stout.
Up to 1850 shoes were made by hand tools, curved awl, and somke
tools were added such as pincers, lap stone hammer and variety of rubbin
sticks used for finishing edges and heels.
Efforts have been made to develop machinery or shoe production. They
had all failed and it remains or shoemaker in the United States to create the
first successful machinery for making successful shoes.
In 1845, the rolling machine was introduced which replace all the
previous tools used by hand shoemakers or pounding sole leather and
increasing wear by compacting the fibers.
In 1846, Elias Howe, invented the swing machine. This major invention
seems to have set up a chain reaction of research and development.
In 1858, layman Blake, a shoe maker, invented a machine for swing the
sole o shoes to the upper. This was purchased by Gordon Mckey, who
improved the invention.
In 1875, a machine was developed or making different types o shoes,
known as Goodyear welt sewing machine, was developed underthe
management o Charles Goodyear Jr., son of the famous inventor o vulcanizing
rubber.
Invention continued, researched and progress was made. It requied
great sum of money to make one shoe making machine, but it finally paid off.
Today one lasting machine can last 1000 pairs or more of shoes in 8 hours a
day.
HISTORY OF FOOTWEAR IN INDIA
HISTORY OF FOOTWEAR IN INDIA
History of footwear is nearly 5,000 year old when Egypt started covering
the feet of the people who roam about with wooden chappals.
In India, in the ancient period, our ancestors, especially the rishies who
moved about in the forests, wore wooden chappals. There is a mention of king
Bharat putting forth before lord Ram a pair of shoes, crafted from wood and
coated with gold, when despite all requests, Ram refused to accept the throne
of Ayodha.
However, it is still a mystery as to when the use of footwear, in the form
of chappals, actually started in India. There is no reference of footwear in the
writings and picutures related with the Induas valley civilization. In the pictures
of men & women & seals recovered from the site, the feet of both mean and
women are seen bare.
In the Rig-Veda, there is no mention of any covering for foot, but the
word “vatturinapad” gives a clue of the warriors wearing on the foot is
mentioned in the Yajurvedia and the chappals in the Atharveda.
Thus the use of footwear or chappals started around 1,500 B.C.,
approximately 3,500 years ago from now.
The upanah become quite popular during the period of Ramayana &
Mahabharata (circa 1,000 B.C.), the hides of lions, tigers, deer leopards etc
were being used for making upanah.
The Mahavagga, a Buddist religious treatise, of the 6th century B.C.
gives detailed information about upanah, classifying them into nine types of
shoes & chappalssuch as ‘Patbadh’ (keen high gum boots), ‘Ajvishan’ (made
of goat skin), ‘Maind-Vishan (made of sheep skin) etc.
During the Maryan period (3rd Centruey B.C.) many varieties of footwear
came into existence. The Greek historian Arrian writes that shoes made of
white leather were special with Indians and to increase height, Indians used to
wear shoes high heels.
During the Shunga period (2nd century B.C.) a class of shoe makers
came into existence. They had specialized in making shoes with good designs
and durability, in fashionable styles. These craftsmen were called ‘Charmkar’.
Their work was appreciated but social status was low.
The Kushan period was a golden era of footwear. The shakes,
parathions, Greeks and the Kushans belonging to the Chinese dynasty
brought themselves various designs and styles. A headless statue ofKanishka,
made of red stone (1st century A.D.) has been recovered from Mathura where
he has shown wearing laced shoes.
In the Gupta period (4th to 6th century A.D.) the demand of footwear
increased greatly and the hides of cows, buffaloes, goats, sheep and wild
animals came into much use. Chappals and shoes of various heights (Up to
the heels, knee or thigh) were in use amongst people from all walks of life. On
their coins, Samudra Gupta and other Gupta kings are depicated wearing
shoes, decorated with flowers. In the paintings of the Ajanta caves, several
horse riders are shown wearing something like shoes.
FOOTWEARMANUFACTURING
PROCESS
FOOTWEAR MANUFECTURING PROCESS
Footwear manufacturing process looks to be a very simple process for a
common man who has actually not gone through it. Infect, it involves so many
complicated processes and sub process which one can/t even think of. The
various operation involved in footwear manufacturing may differ from one item
to the other, depending upon the design, material, purpose etc. But, there are
some common operations which are designing, clicking, closing bottom
making and finishing. These may be summarized as follows:-
DESIGNING:
Designing is the first and foremost stage which decides the picture of
the product and process and how the end product will look like. Once the
design is finalized, there are two later stages which are:
PATTERN DEVELOPMENT:
The design which has been finalized on paper is now transferred on the
standard size o last (a metal, plastic or wooden mould in the shape o the oot
on which shoe is manufactured). After having the design, the sectional
patterns are developed. Sectional patterns are various parts in the shape of
which leather components are cut to be assembled together. Like in a shirt
three are various components like, sleeves, pocket, collar etc. Similarly there
are various parts of a shoe for which patterns are developed. These patterns
are used to cut leather components and test their accuracy and fitness. Once
they give satisfactory results, they are taken to be as final.
This job of pattern development was commonly done by designers by
their own hands. But in the latest development, some big organizations have
adopted the CAD-CAM system. The various dimension o the last are
introduced to the computer. The computer then gives the output in the form of
sectional patterns for the desired designs. After finalizing them, they are cut on
the hard sheet by means of a pattern cutting machine.
GRADDING:
Grading is a process in which the patterns of standards size are
converted into various lower and upper sizes.
CLICKING OF MATERIAL:
This can be termed as the second stage of footwear manufacturing. This
includes selection of proper material, their cutting and preparing them or
further stages. Here, selection of material required mainly for natural material
such as leather because being a natural material, there may not be uniformity
in the product. So to get a proper quality and uniformity in the finished product,
selection is done. In some large organization, there are scientifically equipped
laboratories or proper testing and selection of almost all materials. Next comes
clicking.
Clicking (or cutting) is the term used or cutting of materials in the
required shape. Mainly, the the upper and bottom materials such as sole,
insole, toe puff stiffeners are cut.
Traditionally, cutting is done manually by means of a curved metal blade
on a metal sheet. The sectional patterns which were developed in the
designing stage are converted and copied to make plastic or tin patterns.
While cutting, these patterns are placed on the material to be cut (say leather )
and the cutter moves the blade around the edges of the pattern to cut the
required component.
Today, the clicking machines have replaced this job. Clicking machines
may be big or small, depending upon whether the material is light or heavy.
This machine comprise of a pressure arm. The material required to be cut is
placed on the flat surface. Here metal dyes are used in place of sectional
patterns to be cut. The switch when pressed grings the pressure arm
downwards with force due to which the component is cut. Machine cutting is
very helpful where the cut component has to be very accurate as there may be
some possibility of slight variance. Another advantaged of clicking is that if
there are some perforations or punches in the design, they may be given in the
dye itself which punches.
Simultaneously while cutting Otherwise in hand cutting, punching is done later
by a hand puch and hammer.
PRINTING:
Due to the large number of components, there is always a possibility of
mixing up of various components with other sizes and articles. To avoid this,
size number and design number are written on the back side of the component
to avoid mixing. This is done be means of a color pencil or wax crayon.
As modern method printing machines are used to print size, article
number etc. this machine contains various alphabets and heated characters
are pressed over it to give an impression.
INSOLE MOULDING
This is an operation not found in the hand process. This operation
moulds the insole exactly in the bottom shanpe of the last which facilitates
better shape formation.
CLOSING
This is an important stage which involves a number of complicated
operations. The material already clicked is the raw material here which is
assembled together to
be converted into upper. This involves various operations which are as under:
SKIVING
Skiving is an operation which is performed to remove some material of
the edges of a component. This is done to any bulk material where two
components are combined together. The width and thickness of the substance
removed may differ as per the purpose of skiving, i.e. for underlay, folding etc.
Skiving by hand is done by means of a long metal blade commonly
known as “Rampi”. This skilled worker moves the blade on the portion required
to be skived, with varying force depending upon the thickness of the material
to be removed.
For mechanized skiving, a skiving machine is used. This machine has a
revolving blade and a grinder. The portions in a component to be showed are
inserted from one side and skived component come out from the other side.
There is no need to remove the blade to sharpen the edges as it gets
sharpened with the moving grinder. Another advantage of this machine is that
the width and thickness of the part to be removed can be set prior to operation
as per the requirement. This gives accuracy and required strength in the
component.
FOLDING
Folding as the word means is to turn and the edge to give the folded
edge, a more beautiful look. Folding in a footwear component is similar as it is
in a pant bottom. AS in pant, the bottom is turned and folded to hide the rough
edges and give a better look, similarly the raw edge to be folded and sticked.
There generally, the edge to be folded is skived prior to folding so as to
facilitate folding. To stick the turned portion, rubber adhesive mixed with water
is used.
Folding machines are a latest development which is not common even
in large manufacturing units. In this machine the synthetic adhesive which is in
crystal form is filled which melts in the heating chamber and comes from a thin
nozzle which spreads it on the required portion. A folding clip goes on turning
the portion and after a while when the molten adhesive solidifies the two
surfaces get permanently fixed sticked.
LINING ATTACHEMENTS
Lining material may be leather, leather split, synthetic leathers, rexines,
textiles etc. by hand attachments adhesive is applied on the surface of the
lining material and upper material and they are fixed together and hammered.
In case of machine attachments a hot iron press is used. The lining
material used here is self coated with dry adhesive. When heated, this
adhesive melts and the two surfaces get attached together when the pressure
is exerted. Lining attachement by means of machine is time saving, simple and
the attachment is compact.
PUNCHING AND EYELATING
Punching here is meant for eyelet fitting. A round punch and an eyelet
setter are used for this purpose. The punch of the required size is kept on the
mark and hammered. An eyelet is inserted into this punch and fitted with an
eyelet setter. But in case of eyeleting machine, both the operations took place
in one stroke, i.e. as soon as the punch is made, the eyelet is inserted and
fitted.
TEMPORARY ASEMBLING OF COMPONENTS
At the stage, components are assembled together as and where
required, by means of adhesive. To facilitate the attachment, marks are made
on the components where the other component has to come. This gives more
accuracy.
STITCHING
Stitching is an operation which can only be done by stitching machine,
whether in hand manufacturing or in machine manufacturing. The types of
machine may differ depending upon the type or purpose of stitch. There are
flat bed sewing machine, post bed sewing machine cylindrical bed sewing,
zigzag sewing machine, double needle machine, etc. earlier, the machines
were run by foot paddle, but now they are fitted with mechanical motor which
runs by electric power.
The latest developments in stitching machines are computer operated
stitching machines. The stitch lengths, point of stitch, speed etc are feeded
and the machine operates itself. These have got a very high speed and can
stitch hundreds of upper in a shift.
FINISHING
After the upper components are assembled together to give the shape
of upper. This upper is now ready to be send for next stage i.e. Bottom making
and finishing. But before that, the upper has to be finished, which means any
faults in the upper are either to b e removed or to be hidden. These include
removing any adhesive marks, scratches, dirt, extra threads etc.
BOTTOM MAKING & FINISHING
This is the last stage where the shoe is actually given its shape. This
includes a large number of manufacturing operations. These may be briefly
described as follows:
INSOLE ATTACHEMENTS
The molded insole is attached to the bottom of the last. By hand, it is
placed on the bottom and nailed at two or three points with the help of
hammer. For this purpose, a stapling machine is used which inserts metal
staple with force as and wherever required.
INSERTION OF REINFORCEMENTS
At this stage, commonly two reinforcement materials are inserted. One
in the toe is known as toe puff and the one in the counter that is above the heel
portion, is known as stiffener. In the hand made process, there is a
reinforcement cut in the required shape, coated with adhesive and inserted
between the upper and lining material.
A solvent activated is also used. This material when dipped in the prescribed
solvent softens and becomes sticky. This is now inserted on drying it becomes
harnd and takes the required shape.
In case of machine operation, the reinforcement material is heat
activated plastic sheet of varying thickeness. The machine has two jobs to
perform. One is to activated the reinforcement sheet and secondly to mould it
in the required shape. The cut reinforcement material is inserted in the upper
and placed on the machine. This heated press comes down with force. Due to
its high temperature, the reinforcement material softens and sticks to the
upper. The high pressure moulds it in the required toe or heel portion.
UPPER CONDITIONIONG
Upper conditioning means making the upper moist and soft so that it
can be stretched and molded on the last easily. For this purpose, there are a
number of methods. These include dipping the upper in a bucket of water or
keeping them on the kettle which contains boiling water. The conditioning
machine used for this purpose contains water jars. On heating, very hot steam
is relased and the upper gets moist and soft.
LASTING
Lasting is an operation which is most complicated and important at this
last stage. Lasting is generally performed in three stages, i.e. for part or toe
part lasting, seat or heel part lasting, and side lasting. Manually lasting is done
by means of iron pinches and nails. The worker doing this job, holds the last
tight between both his feet while sitting on the floor. He places the upper on
the last, holds the edges by means of pincers, pulls and stretches over the last
and inserts a nail so that the upper remains intact to the last. He keeps on
doing it at various points until the whole upper is lasted. This job can also be
done in a standing position where there is no need to hold the last by feet but it
is fixed in a jack placed over a table.
Today, in most of big manufacturing organization, lasting is done by
machines. This gives not only uniformity but also high speed of production. But
machine lasting is not done by a single machine, but is production. But
machine lasting is not done by a single machine, but is done by three different
machines. That is a different machine fore toe part, heel part and side lasting.
First of all, toe part lasting is done followed by heel part and then side. In the
lasting machine, hot melt adhesive is used which may either be polyester or
polyamide. But nails can also used in place of adhesive.
HEAT SETTING
The purpose of this operation is to heat the lasted upper so that- it takes
the shape of the last properly. In manual production, lasted uppers are simply
kept in sunlight for some hours. For mechanized production, there is a heat
setting machine. In this machine, three is a heat chamber through which the
shoe is passed amidst hot air and steam. The temperature and duration of
exposure to heat depends upon the upper material.
REMOVEL OF CREASES
There may be chances that in lasting process there may occur creases
at any point in a shoe. To remove these creases, hot iron is applied due to
which the leather shrinks and the creases are removed. For this purpose, a hot
blower machine is used in mechanized production . This machine gives a very
hot blow of air on the affected are and the creases get removed.
SOLE ATTACHING
Sole attaching is done mainly in three stages, i.e. applicant of adhesive
on sole and on the bottom of shoe, activating the adhesive and sticking the
sole and sole pressing. Application of adhesive is generally done by hand
using a brush. In more modern setups these days, automatic application
machines are used. After applying the adhesive on the sole and shoe, it is kept
for some time to dry up. The shoe and sole are than kept in a heating even to
activate the adhesive and as it is activated, the sole is placed on the bottom
and sticked to it. The shoe is then placed on the sole pressing machine and
pressed hard so that it sticks hard
FINISHING
Finishing may involve a number of operations depending upon the type
and quality of shoe.But commonly, finishing means means cleaning the shoe
and then polishing it. Cleaning means removing the marks, dust, adhesive etc
on the shoe and on the sole. Polishing is done after coloring.
In manual production, liquid polish of the color of the shoe is first applied
and brushed which gives shining to the shoe. In modern developments, spray
gun or spray chamber is used in which the color and polish in liquid form is
sprayed over the shoe to give it the required color and polish in liquid form is
sprayed over the shoe to give it the required colour and shine. Shoe making
operations come to almost and end here and the shoes are then sent for
inspection and packing
Company ProfileLiberty Shoes Ltd.
INTRODUCTION
Liberty in India’s No. 1 footwear brand and the 5th largest footwear
manufacturer in the World. Liberty produces footwear for the entire family, right
from the toddlers to the young at heart. Liberty Footwear is the only Indian
company that is among the top 5 manufacturers of leather footwear of the