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Introduc/on to Typology 7: using
typological data, and analysis
Mark Donohue Living Tongues Ins/tute
LSA Ins/tute Kentucky
2017 July 27
What’s all this for?
• Remember the four things we can
do, in broad outline? – Features
to features – Features to languages
– Languages to features – Languages
to languages
• What makes sense?
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Easy!
Predic/ve Areal Typology
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Areality
• contrast: – more (or less) of
the feature(s) in the area than
out of it;
– how much more (or
less)? how far out?
First step?
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Predic/ve Areal Typology
Contras/ve vowel quali/es
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17
Old world
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17
Circum-‐Pacific
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Contras/ve vowel quali/es: propor/ons
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17
Old world Circum-‐Pacific
Predic/ve Areal Typology
• …just like that head-‐marking trend.
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Bodlenecks and Founder effects
Bodlenecks and Founder effects
• Human gene/cs (schema/cally)
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Bodlenecks and Founder effects
• Founder effects can apply to
the homeland as well.
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or
Spa/al scans
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Spa/al scans
Spa/al scans
• Create a line that best
captures the different frequencies of
the feature inside and outside
the area.
• Originally developed for epidemiology.
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Spa/al scans
• Create a line that best
captures the different frequencies of
the feature inside and outside
the area.
• Originally developed for epidemiology.
But, s/ll, ‘What’s all this for?’
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Different histories?
• Malay/Chamic • Recent language spread,
very conserva/ve lexicons, but
radically different in many other
ways.
Malayo-‐Chamic
• 18 Malayo-‐Chamic varie/es: • Acehnese,
Ambonese Malay, Eastern Cham,
Western Cham, Iban, Indonesian,
Jambi Malay, Kerinci, Kupang Malay,
Larantuka Malay, Manadonese, Melanau,
Minangkabau Mualang, Nonthaburi
Malay, Papuan Malay, Tsat, Urak
Lawoi
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Malayo-‐Chamic
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
Malayo-‐Chamic: phonology
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Malayo-‐Chamic: phonology
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
Malayo-‐Chamic: morphosyntax
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Malayo-‐Chamic: morphosyntax
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
Malayo-‐Chamic: morphosyntax
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
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Malayo-‐Sumbawan
(Huson & Bryant 2006)
• Phonology
• Morphosyntax
Malayo-‐Chamic
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
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More points of comparison? Austronesian
(Malayo-‐Sumbawan) Acehnese Ambonese Malay Balinese
Cham Eastern Cham Western Iban Indonesian Jambi Malay Kerinci
Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Madurese Manadonese Melanau
Minangkabau Mualang Nonthaburi Malay Papuan Malay Sasak Sumbawa
Sundanese Tsat Urak Lawoi
Austronesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Maya Amarasi Muna
Ambai Nuaulu Arguni Palue Balantak Pendau Banda Rote Begak Sawu
Biak Selaru Bobongko Souw Amana Teru Buru Taba Cebuano Tagalog
Dadua Tatana Dhao Tboli Dobel Tengger Dohoi Tetun Embaloh Toba
Batak Fordata Tolaki Galolen Tugun Gayo Tukang Besi Helong Uab Meto
Javanese Uma Kambera Uruangnirin Karo Batak West Damar Kei Wolio
Keo Wotu Kesui Koiwai Komodo Lampung
Austro-‐Asia/c Chrau Jahai Khmer Nyah Kur Nyaheun Pacoh
Semelai Sre U Vietnamese
Tai-‐Kadai Be Hlai Li Maonan Mulao Thai Zhuang
Tibeto-‐Burman Amoy Bai Cantonese Fuzhou Hangzhou Karen
Kayah Li Lahu Shanghai Tujia
Trans New Guinea Amele Asmat Dani Dom Ekagi
Fore Fuyuge Iha Imonda Kaugel Kewa Lani Menya Mian
WestPapuan Abun MaiBrat Mpur Pagu Ternate Tidore
Tobelo
Sepik Alamblak
Skou Skou
South New Guinea Kanum
Tanah Merah Mairasi
Torricelli Arapesh One
Pama-‐Nyungan Djapu Martuthunira Ngiyambaa Nyawaygi Uradhi
Wirangu
Tangkic Kayardild Yukulta
Tiwi Tiwi
Wororan Ngarinyin
Phonological clusterings
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Phonological clusterings
Morphosyntac/c clusterings
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Morphosyntac/c clusterings
Malayo-‐Chamic
(other) Austronesian
‘Papuan’
‘Australian’
Austro-‐Asia/c, Kradai, Tibeto-‐Burman,
Hmong-‐Mien
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Phonology
WALS
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Where is Malayic (typologically)?
Language(s) Phonology Morphosyntax
Nonthaburi Malay, Urak Lawoi’
Mainland SE Asia ‘Mainland SE
Asia’
Indonesian, Jambi, Kerinci, Mualang,
Iban
Central Central
Melanau Central Northern (Philippine)
Menado, Ambonese Malay, Larantuka
Peripheral ‘Mainland SE Asia’
Kupang Malay Eastern ‘Mainland SE
Asia’ Papuan Malay Eastern Eastern
What has happened?
• A: – Malayic languages spread with
the spread of Malayic socio-‐economic
influence;
– Speakers of Malayic languages moved
to new places; – They acquired
linguis/c traits of local languages.
• B: – Malayic languages spread with
the spread of Malayic socio-‐economic
influence;
– Speakers of local languages
relexified to par/cipate in the
new Malayic socio-‐economic sphere.
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Contact
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Language histories (crude)
• History of the lexicon: – that
bit which the compara/ve methods
pays aden/on to, and with the
safeguards of that method;
• History of the phonology: –
including accent, innova/ons, and
areally-‐determined ‘trends’;
• History of the morphosyntax: –
Including inherited quirks, and acquired
paderns.
Language histories
• P
L
M
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Language histories
• P
L
M
Language histories
• P
L
M
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Language histories
• P
L
M
Language histories
• P
L
M
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Language histories
• P
L
M
Language histories
• P
L
M
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Contact
Contact: some variables
• (should have many more)
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Sketches of social interac/ons and
linguis/c outcomes
Malayo-‐Chamic: phonology
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Contact
Social interac/ons and linguis/c
outcomes
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Contact
• Languages with recent rapid
expansion: – Malay – English – Mandarin
– Arabic – Quechua
• Language (familie)s with erra/c
correspondence to the compara/ve
method’s principles. – Don’t forget
pidgins and creoles.
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Or Wales:
• Bach ‘small’ [bax]
• ‘Cold I am, isn’t it?’
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Contact
• Languages with recent rapid
expansion: – Malay – English – Mandarin
– Arabic – Quechua
• Language (familie)s with erra/c
correspondence to the compara/ve
method’s principles. – Don’t forget
pidgins and creoles.
Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels t k
q ʔ i u
b d dʒ a
t k ʔ i u b d dʒ
ɡ
a
t tʃ k ʔ i ɨ b d
dʒ ɡ ə o
ɗ ɠ æ a
Chad
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Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels t k
q ʔ i u
b d dʒ a
t k ʔ i u b d dʒ
ɡ
a
p t tʃ k i u b d
dʒ ɡ e o
a
Juba
Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels t k
q ʔ i u
b d dʒ a
t k ʔ i u b d dʒ
ɡ
a
p t tʃ k q i u b
d dʒ ɡ e ə o
a
Hasköy
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Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels t k
q ʔ i u
b d dʒ a
t k ʔ i u b d dʒ
ɡ
a
p t tʃ k q ʔ b d
dʒ ɡ ə
a
Mardin
Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels t k
q ʔ i u
b d dʒ a
t k ʔ i u b d dʒ
ɡ
a
t k ʔ b d dʒ ɡ ə
k’ a
Yemen
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Contact
• From above, below, or the side
• Different effects depending on the
nature of the contact.