P-lability in Patani Malay and Urak Lawoi'

13-ICAL

P-Lability in Patani Malay and Urak Lawoi’

Jakrabhop IamdanushChulalongkorn University

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Overview

❖ Labile verb and lability

❖ Patani Malay (PM) & Urak Lawoi’ (UL)

❖ Labile verbs in the languages

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Lability

John is boiling the water.

The water is boiling.

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Lability

❖ Labile verb = “a verb which can be used transitively or intransitively without any formal change” (Letuchiy 2009)

❖ Other terms

❖ Ambitransitive verb

❖ Ergative verb

❖ Alternating transitive verb

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Lability

❖ P-lability (= Patient-preserving lability)Ex. John is boiling the water. vs. The water is boiling.

❖ A-lability (= Agent-preserving lability) Ex. John is reading a book. vs. John is reading.

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Lability

❖ Semantics of labile verb (Letuchiy 2009)

❖ Spontaneity

❖ Degree of affectedness of patient

❖ Weak semantic transitivity

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Lability

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Lezgian AncientGreek

No implicational universal

Lability as causative/inchoative alternation

❖ Haspelmath (1993)

John is boiling the water. causative

The water is boiling. inchoative

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Lability as causative/inchoative alternation

❖ Other 4 alternations

❖ CausativizationEx. Turkishöl ‘die’ vs. öldür ‘kill’

❖ AnticausativizationEx. Russiankatat'sja ‘roll (intr.)’ vs. katat’ ‘roll (tr.)’

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Lability as causative/inchoative alternation

❖ Other 4 alternations

❖ EquipollenceEx. Japaneseatumaru ‘gather (intr.)’ vs. atumeru ‘gather (tr.)’

❖ SuppletionEx. Finnishvaipua ‘sink (intr.)’ vs. laskea ‘sink (tr.)’

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Lability as causative/inchoative alternation

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C. A. E. L. S. Total % of L.

Russian 0 23 5 0 3 31 0

French 2 20.5 0 7.5 1 31 24.19

Greek 0 13.5 0 16.5 1 31 53.23

English 0 2 1 25 3 31 80.65

Lability as MSEAn feature

❖ Large number of labile verbs found in languages of MSEA (Enfield & Comrie 2015)Ex. Thai, Vietnamese

❖ Shift toward analyticity, i.e. becoming less agglutinative

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Lability as MSEAn feature

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C. A. E. L. S. Total % of L.

Thai 0 0 0 18.5 7.5 26 71.2

Vietnamese 10.67 2 0 15.33 3 31 49.5

Indonesian 14 0 17 0 0 31 0

Kapampangan 4 4 20.5 0.5 1 30 1.67

Lamaholot 16 0 1 6 1 24 25

Patani Malay & Urak Lawoi’

❖ Malayic languages spoken in Southern Thailand

❖ Most speakers of the languages are bi-/multilingual (Kraisame 2009; Masor, 2012)(speaking Thai apart from their languages)

❖ Monosyllabization and truncation

❖ Many periphrastic constructions

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An example of periphrastic constructions

E.g. ‘do-give’ causative construction PM aŋiŋ waʔ-wi ɣumɔh ɣutoh UL aŋen buwaiʔ-bri rumah rutoh Thai phaː1juʔ4 tham1-haj3 baːn3 phaŋ1

wind CAUS-CAUS house collapse

‘The storm caused the house to collapse.’

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‘open’

PM

pitu b-bukɔ door INCH-open

‘The door opens.’

jɔ bukɔ pitu 3SG open door

‘He opened the door.’

UL

pitu buka door open

‘The door opens.’

ɲa buka pitu 3SG open door

‘He opened the door.’

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PM

❖ Spoken by ethnic Malay of the Deep South of Thailand

❖ Similar to Kelantan Malay ❖ Competence in Standard

Malay

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PM

❖ Fairly agglutinativeGemination as the only morphological process (Paramal 1991; Uthai 1993)E.g. buŋɔ ‘flower’ vs. bːuŋɔ ‘bloom’

❖ Strong ethnicitySub-nationalism > separatism

❖ In healthy condition (not endangered) Children still speak in daily life.

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UL

❖ = Orang Laut‘Sea People’

❖ Former nomad ❖ Thai Mai ‘New Thai’

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UL

❖ Less/not agglutinative (Hogan 1988; Thavisak 1992) Prefixes found are possible fossilized.

❖ Less strong ethnicity

❖ Toward endangerment (different view from Kraisame 2009)Possibly moribund now

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PM & UL

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PM UL

Fairly agglutinative Less/not agglutinative

Strong ethnicity(sub-nationalism) Less strong ethnicity

Healthy Toward endangerment

Methodology❖ Haspelmath (1993) wordlist

The same wordlist is also used in The World Atlas of Transitivity Pairs (2014)

❖ Additional words from existing resources (e.g. dictionaries)

❖ Elicitation

❖ Create sentence with given words

❖ Grammatical judgement

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Lability in PM

❖ Very few verbs are labile.

❖ Some labile verbs in PM are not labile in Thai.

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Lability in PM

api padɛ fire extinguish

‘The fire was extinguished.’

jɔ padɛ api dɔh 3SG put.out fire PFV

‘He already put out fire.’

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Lability in PM

bɨchuŋ mula dɔh meeting start PFV

‘The meeting has started.’

kɨtuwɔ mula bɨchuŋ chairman start meeting

‘The chairperson has started the meeting.’

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Lability in PM

❖ hilɛ ‘lost/be lost’bɛʔki ‘improve’tuka ‘change’ ubɔh ‘change’wːɨti ‘stop’tutoʔ ‘close’

❖ No/extremely rare activity verb

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Lability in UL

❖ More labile verbs than PM

❖ Most/all labile verbs in UL are labile in Thai.

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Lability in UL

tali pulaih taŋan rope tie.around arm

‘The rope was tied around the arm.’

ɲa pulaih tali 3SG tie.around rope

‘He tied the rope (around something).’

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Lability in UL

api padap fire extinguish

‘The fire extinguished.’

ɟaŋan naʔ lupa paʔ padap api PROH SR forget ADM extinguish fire

‘Dont’ forget to extinguish the fire’

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Lability in UL

səti bradu car stop

‘The car stopped.’

pita mirah təbeʔ dah bradu səti light red come.out PFV stop car

‘The red light has come out. Stop the car!’

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Lability in UL

❖ 3 classes of labile verb in UL and Thai (Thepkanjana 2000)

❖ Activity verbsE.g. pulaih/mun5 ‘spin’, ɡəlik/kliŋ3 ‘roll’

❖ Verbs with noticeable time span between action & resultE.g. buka/pɤːt2 ‘open’, kapuih/pit2 ‘close’

❖ Verbs without noticeable time span between action & resultE.g. padap/dap2 ‘extinguish’, ləpah/phaŋ1 ‘collapse’

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Conclusions

❖ Lability as one of the features of MSEA is found in UL and PM.

❖ Lability in UL is more similar to one in Thai than one in PM is.

❖ Different contact situations have caused the differences in labilities of the languages.

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Further studies

❖ Lability in varieties of the languages

❖ PM monolinguals

❖ PM speakers without Standard Malay competence

❖ UL speakers in Adang-Rawi Archipelago

❖ Other types of zero derivation in the languages

❖ Any other aspects of the languages

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References

Enfield, N. J. & Comrie, Bernard. 2015. Mainland Southeast Asian languages: State of the art and new directions. In N. J. Enfield & Bernard Comrie (eds.), The languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The state of the art, 1–27. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Haspelmath, Martin. 1993. More on the typology of inchoative/causative verb alternations. In Bernard Comrie & Maris Polinsky (eds.), Causatives and transitivity, 87–120. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Hogan, David W. 1988. Urak Lawoi’: Basic structures and a dictionary. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Kraisame, Sarawut. 2009. Kanthamrong lae kanplian phasa khong klumchattiphan Uraklawoi nai Tambon Ratsada Amphoe Mueang Changwat Phuket [Language maintenance and shift of Urak Lawoi' ethnic group in Radsada Sub-district, Mueang District, Phuket Province]. Kasetsart University Master’s thesis.

Letuchiy, Alexander. 2009. Towards a typology of labile verbs: Lability vs. derivation. In Alexandre Arkhipov & Patience Epps (eds.), New challenges in typology: Transcending the borders and refining the distinctions, 223–244. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Masor, Rusdee. 2012. Sathanakan kanponphasa rawang phasa Malayu Patani lae phasa Thai khong khon Thai mutsalim chueasai Malayu nai changwat Pattani [The situation of code-mixing between Patani Malay and Thai by Patani Malayspeaking people in Pattani province]. Mahidol University Master’s thesis.

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References

Paramal, Waemaji. 1991. Long consonants in Pattani Malay: The result of word and phrase shortening. Mahidol University Master’s thesis.

Thavisak, Amorn. 1992. Phasa Chao Le [Urak Lawoi’]. 2nd edition. Nakhon Pathom: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development

The World Atlas of Transitivity Pairs. 2014. Tokyo: National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. Available online at: http://watp.ninjal.ac.jp/en/.

Thepkanjana, Kingkarn. 2000. Lexical causatives in Thai. In Ad Foolen & Frederike van der Leek (eds.), Constructions in cognitive linguistics, 259–281. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Uthai, Ruslan. 1993. Kanpriapthiap kansangkham nai phasa Malayu Mattrathan lae Malayu Thin Pattani [A comparison of word formation in Standard Malay and Pattani Malay]. Chulalongkorn University Master’s thesis.

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THANK YOU تريما كاسيه

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