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PRESIDENTS MESSAGE MWF News NOVEMBER 2015 - ISSUE NO. 546 WEB SITE - www.amfed.org/mwf Member of the American Federation of Mineralogical Societies President David Rich 1166 Broadview Tallmadge, OH 44278 330.630.9625 [email protected] 1st Vice President Tom Whitlatch 1147 Staub Court NE Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 319.551.3870 [email protected] 2nd Vice President David Root 1051 Meadow Lane Jenison, MI 49428 616-498-4698 [email protected] Secretary Donna Moore 25235 North State Route 97 Cuba, IL 61427 309.789.6501 [email protected] Treasurer Sandy Fuller 8445 Grange Blvd. Cottage Grove, MN 55016 651.459.0343 [email protected] club members of the Summit Lapidary Club and they gave me an invite to their club house. The rest is history; I was hooked. So, that’s my story. November signals the changing of the seasons and a new president for the MWF. I would like to thank Jim Marburger for his dedication to our federation. Jim guided our federation through our 75th year. That is a respectable amount of time as a federation. Thanks for all your help, Jim. I look forward to working with you in the future. I would also like to thank the Livingston Gem and Mineral Society for being perfect hosts for our MWF fall meeting. The LGMS provided a super great meeting room and a wonderful show to attend after the meeting. Hands down, LGMS has one of the best lapidary and silversmith shops I have ever visited. Keep an eye on that club for membership growth. (Continued on page 4) by David Rich, MWF President Well, I guess you could say I am now the “Top rock” on the pile of 7,000+ rocks. Let me introduce myself. I am a soon to be retiree. I have worked 35 years in machine maintenance. I am married to a wonderful gal, Mary Ann and we have two sons. I have volunteered in Boy Scouts for years. I love to fish and garden when not collecting rocks. My passion is lapidary and silver working. So, what’s my story? How did I get into this hobby? Well, it was spring time and we were out looking for mushrooms. After an extended hike in the woods, we got back into the car to head home. On the way home I saw a sign that read, “Gem Show Today.” “Hey guys, do you want to check this out?” Mary Ann responded, “As long as they have a bathroom!” We stopped and checked it out. I talked to Cancelled Stamps .................................................... 7 Cumulative Scholarship Donations ......................... 4 Dues & Events Forms Now Available .................... 2 Dues Form ............................................................. 10 Election Results ....................................................... 3 Events Form .......................................................... 11 Fall Meeting .......................................................... 12 Geology Notes for 2014-2015 ........................ 5,7,8,9 WHATS INSIDE? Insurance Certificates Requests............................... 3 Logo Policy ........................................................... 12 Membership & Events Forms Notes ....................... 2 President’s Message ............................................. 1,4 Rockhound of the Year ......................................... 3,7 Submission of Articles ............................................ 9 Upcoming Events .................................................... 6 Youth Poster Contest ............................................... 5
12

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Page 1: 2015-11 MWF News (546) MWF News (546).pdfactivity during the past year) when computing your ... rocks, fossils, minerals, and lapidary ever since. I enjoy sharing my collection and

MWF News November 2015, Issue No. 546 Page 1

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

MWF News NOVEMBER 2015 - ISSUE NO. 546

WEB SITE - www.amfed.org/mwf

Member of the American Federation of Mineralogical Societies

President David Rich 1166 Broadview Tallmadge, OH 44278 330.630.9625 [email protected]

1st Vice President Tom Whitlatch 1147 Staub Court NE Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 319.551.3870 [email protected]

2nd Vice President David Root 1051 Meadow Lane Jenison, MI 49428 616-498-4698 [email protected]

Secretary Donna Moore 25235 North State Route 97 Cuba, IL 61427 309.789.6501 [email protected]

Treasurer Sandy Fuller 8445 Grange Blvd. Cottage Grove, MN 55016 651.459.0343 [email protected]

club members of the Summit Lapidary Club and they gave me an invite to their club house. The rest is history; I was hooked. So, that’s my story.

November signals the changing of the seasons and a new president for the MWF. I would like to thank Jim Marburger for his dedication to our federation. Jim guided our federation through our 75th year. That is a respectable amount of time as a federation. Thanks for all your help, Jim. I look forward to working with you in the future.

I would also like to thank the Livingston Gem and Mineral Society for being perfect hosts for our MWF fall meeting. The LGMS provided a super great meeting room and a wonderful show to attend after the meeting. Hands down, LGMS has one of the best lapidary and silversmith shops I have ever visited. Keep an eye on that club for membership growth.

(Continued on page 4)

by David Rich, MWF President

Well, I guess you could say I am now the “Top rock” on the pile of 7,000+ rocks. Let me introduce myself. I am a soon to be retiree. I have worked 35 years in machine maintenance. I am married to a wonderful gal, Mary Ann and we have two sons. I have volunteered in Boy Scouts for years. I love to fish and garden when not collecting rocks. My passion is lapidary and silver working. So, what’s my story? How did I get into this hobby? Well, it was spring time and we were out looking for mushrooms. After an extended hike in the woods, we got back into the car to head home. On the way home I saw a sign that read, “Gem Show Today.” “Hey guys, do you want to check this out?” Mary Ann responded, “As long as they have a bathroom!” We stopped and checked it out. I talked to

Cancelled Stamps .................................................... 7

Cumulative Scholarship Donations ......................... 4

Dues & Events Forms Now Available .................... 2

Dues Form ............................................................. 10

Election Results ....................................................... 3

Events Form .......................................................... 11

Fall Meeting .......................................................... 12

Geology Notes for 2014-2015 ........................ 5,7,8,9

WHAT’S INSIDE?

Insurance Certificates Requests ............................... 3

Logo Policy ........................................................... 12

Membership & Events Forms Notes ....................... 2

President’s Message ............................................. 1,4

Rockhound of the Year ......................................... 3,7

Submission of Articles ............................................ 9

Upcoming Events .................................................... 6

Youth Poster Contest ............................................... 5

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Page 2 November 2015, Issue No. 546 MWF News

NOTES ABOUT MEMBERSHIP AND EVENT FORMS

2016 DUES AND EVENT FORMS NOW AVAILABLE

by Sandy Fuller, MWF Treasurer

The 2016 Midwest Federation forms for renewing club memberships are now available on our website (www.amfed.org/mwf) and in this issue of the MWF News. Look for them! Meanwhile, please alert club officers to collect information for the forms.

One important piece of information needed is the total number of individual adult and youth members during your most recently completed year. You will need these figures for dues and insurance calculations. The rationale is that your total membership is usually very similar from year to year, so you always pay the current year dues based on your most recent experience. The treasurer needs this information before January 15 so dues can be submitted on time.

The secretary provides a roster of current officers, including preferred mailing addresses, phone numbers, and e-mail addresses. If an individual does not want this information published, there will be a place to indicate this on the form. However, please provide all contact information so we can reach you.

Show and event chairs will provide details on their upcoming activities, using the EVENTS form. You may

include a flyer, printed on white paper, as additional information. If this information is submitted with the dues, we will make sure it gets to the website, newsletter, and directory coordinators. If it is submitted later, or separately, it is more likely to get overlooked.

Finally, and probably most important to many, the 2016 membership rates are the same as before. This is possible, thanks to our MWF Endowment Fund, which supports many of our special activities. Dues are $2.00 per adult and $.50 per youth.

Insurance is going up for 2016. Our new rate is $4.00 per individual to be covered by the policy. Please include all active members (attended/participated in an activity during the past year) when computing your insurance premium.

Questions about the forms? Call Sandy or Martha at 651.459.0343, or e-mail Sandy [email protected]

Questions about insurance? Call Marge Jensen at 218.546.8288, or e-mail her at [email protected]

by Sandy Fuller, MWF Treasurer

When you submit your renewal and events forms no later than January 15, we are able to efficiently distribute the appropriate information to the MWF Secretary, the MWF News Editor, the Webmaster, the Insurance Chair, the Directory Editor, and State Directors, while saving you time and postage.

We will scan each piece of your submitted information. To help us distribute your forms and information:

Provide the information requested. Use an asterisk (*) to designate any information that should not be published on electronic media.

Type or write legibly, using ink, so we can decipher it.

Send ORIGINALS. Keep the photocopies for your files. Photocopies fade when scanned.

Submit 8½ by 11 pages only (no half sheets please…short pages require extra handling).

If you enlarge the pages to complete the forms, please scale them back to standard size before printing. The membership form should print as one page.

Just fold pages together with the check in the middle. No staples or paperclips needed. (The indentions from the staples and paperclips do a good job of jamming the scanner and if things really go wrong, it tears the paper.)

Use white paper. Colored paper scans as dark grey or black, effectively obliterating all of the black type.

Remember, we are volunteers who are doing our

best to read your information and transfer it to appropriate media. If we make a mistake, kindly let us know.

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MWF News November 2015, Issue No. 546 Page 3

MWF OFFICER ELECTION RESULTS

by Stephen Shimatzki, Chairman

I guess I should start with an introduction. My name is Stephen Shimatzki, and I’m the new MWF “Rockhound of the year” Chair. I currently reside in Woodville, Ohio, which is about a half hour outside of Toledo. I started out collecting a few fossils in Pennsylvania shale as a kid and have been fascinated by rocks, fossils, minerals, and lapidary ever since. I enjoy sharing my collection and knowledge with school children when teachers ask the club for someone to talk about earth sciences.

I have served the Toledo Gem and Rockhound Club in many capacities during the past eleven years, including President, Treasurer, Vice President, Show Vendor Chair, and Historian, among others. I am also involved with my son and his Boy Scouts, and our club’s Junior Rockhounds meetings.

With that out of the way, you may now be wondering, “HOW does one nominate someone for “Rockhound Of The Year”!?” (ROTY)

There are a few guidelines that were handed down to me and I think they will serve us all well, so when your club has a nomination for ROTY, please send me the following information, by e-mail or snail mail, so we can process it properly:

The Person’s Name Accomplishments to warrant the nomination.

(How you would like it to read in the MWF News announcement.)

Name, phone number, and address of where the award is to be sent, not necessarily the recipient if you plan to present it to the recipient at a club event.

The year the award is for.

Normally we would allow only one nomination per club per year, but I’m catching up a few loose ends. If you need to get the information to me for 2014 or 2015, you should do so ASAP.

My contact information is:

MWF Rockhound of the Year c/o Stephen Shimatzki 4295 County Rd. 16 Woodville, OH 43469 [email protected] 567-868-8794 (feel free to call or text)

(Continued on page 7)

by Donna Moore, Secretary

Thank you to the MWF Clubs and the MWF Executive Committee members who made the effort to mark and return the ballots for the MWF Election. This is your chance to have a say in the officers and nominating committee members who will serve the Midwest Federation. Eighty-six (86) of the 179 ballots mailed out were returned and counted.

The following were elected:

President - David Rich, Ohio 1st Vice President - Thomas Whitlatch, Iowa 2nd Vice President - David Root, Michigan Secretary - Donna Moore, Illinois Treasurer - Sandra Fuller, Minnesota

It was a very close race; the two people who received the most votes for positions on the Nominating Committee were Marge Collins from Michigan and Kathy Miller from Indiana. They will each serve a three-year term. The committee is comprised of six elected members and chaired by the immediate past president. Jim Marburger will chair the committee in 2016.

MWF INSURANCE CERTIFICATE REQUESTS

by Marge Jensen, MWF Insurance Chair

We continue to receive “last minute” requests from clubs for a Certificate of Insurance. The MWF insurance carrier requests a MINIMUM of two weeks notice prior to an event, and a ONE MONTH notice for special coverage for an item or display, ie., something the club may borrow for a show.

The company suggests that each club request a certificate of insurance as soon as it knows its show or event date, even if it has not been required to have one in the past.

The policy renews on March 1 of each year. It is imperative that each club completes the MWF renewal form so it arrives no later than January 15 of each year. This will allow the insurance company time to prepare a quote so certificates can be issued in a timely manner.

Please direct questions or suggestions to Marge Jensen, Insurance Chair, at 218.546.8288 or 218.838.8477. Thank you!

ROCKHOUND OF THE YEAR

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Page 4 November 2015, Issue No. 546 MWF News

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE - CONTINUED CUMULATIVE SCHOLARSHIP DONATIONS

by Marge Collins, MWF Chair

As reported last year, we are now keeping track of the total dollars each Club contributed to Scholarship over the years - and Certificates are presented in $1,000 increments. Thirty-seven Clubs received a Certificate in the initial Recognition.

This year, three Clubs reached a new level of participation and Certificates were presented at the Convention. They are:

Michigan Geology & Gemcraft Society (achieved $2,000 level)

Lincoln Orbit Earth Science Society (achieved $5,000 level)

Minnesota Mineral Club (achieved $5,000 level)

Each organization contributed (or was credited with) $1,000 or more during the past year. Such a large donation isn’t always needed to achieve a new level. Your club may need to add only $100 or $200 to reach the $1,000 or higher level. Participation levels (as a %) are listed in the Green Pages of the MWF Directory, but actual dollars are not. Cumulative levels are indicated by symbols. If you want to know your Club’s total donations, e-mail: [email protected] (QTM.net). [Note this account will not be used after March 2016, so watch for new address.]

Consider honoring a Club member or a couple by making a donation in their name.

To contribute to Scholarship, include the information on the form below.

Later this month, I will be traveling to the AFMS meeting in Austin, Texas. This should be a fun trip. Mary Ann and I are hoping to sneak in a field trip to look for “Texas Topaz.” I know for sure anytime you get a hotel full of federation members, it turns out to be fun. All meetings of the federation welcome members of all federations to participate. The AFMS is one big happy family of earth science, rock loving, fossil digging, field trip crazed people.

Maybe this is the year you should come to a meeting and check it out. Our super convention will be in South Bend, Indiana. Our hosts will be the Michiana Gem and Mineral Society. The MWF convention will be held August 20, 2016 in conjunction with their show. The MGMS president, Bill Forman, promises some great Hoosier hospitality.

The MWF spring executive meeting on April 23, 2016 will be hosted by the Summit Lapidary Club of Ohio, in conjunction with its 25-30 dealer show, the Gemboree.

The time to pay your MWF dues is coming up and most of the clubs know the drill. Our insurance will remain the same great deal to our member clubs. The dues and club information forms can be found on the MWF website, www.amfed.org/MWF. Just fill out the forms, print and send. Filling out the forms in this manner will make it a lot easier to read. For those who prefer good old paper, the forms can be found in this issue of the MWF News, and again in December.

Here’s to a great year!!

(Continued from page 1)

Donor: $

Address:

Memorial or to honor:

For Memorial donations, a card can be sent to Next of Kin upon request. Name:

Address:

(Individual donors can accrue credit toward a Founders Certificate [$500.00] or assign credit to their Club)

Assign Credit to:

Send check, payable to AFMS Scholarship, to: MWF Chair, Marge Collins, 3017 Niles-Buchanan Rd., Buchanan, MI 49107.

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MWF News November 2015, Issue No. 546 Page 5

YOUTH POSTER CONTEST

2014-2015 GEOLOGY NOTES

MIDWEST FEDERATION YOUTH POSTER CONTEST 2016 “AMAZING AGATES”

Sponsored by the Summit Lapidary Club of Ohio

THEME: “Amazing Agates” A poster illustrating any type of agate, what it looks like, and where it can be found.

ELIGIBILITY: 1st through 8th grade. Each grade will have a winner .

PRIZES: Ribbons awarded 1st through 4th place, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd place winners will also receive a pr ize.

CONTEST RULES: All entries must be presented on paper 12"x18" Include name and address, age, and school grade of participant on BACK of entry. No three-dimensional posters accepted. The title may be on front or back. List the name of the agate, a brief description of what it looks like, and WHY you chose it. Artwork on posters can be pen, ink, crayons, magic marker, paint, or any other artist’s medium All entries become the property of MWF and the Summit Lapidary Club.

SCALE OF POINTS: Originality and Art Work - 30 points Design - 25 points Title - 25 points Listing of Agate type, what it looks like, and where it is from - 20 points

DEADLINE: Entr ies must be postmarked by Apr il 15, 2016.

SEND TO: Poster Contest 617 Wooster Rd. W. Barberton, Ohio 44203

Winners will be announced at the MWF Convention in South Bend, Indiana, August 20, 2016. If you have questions, e-mail [email protected]. For more information, visit the MWF website http://www.amfed.org/mwf

by Bill Cordua, MWF Geology Committee Chair

Here are some geology news from 2014-2015 that may be of interest to Midwest Federation members.

Our active planet continues to impact us. In April 2015, several devastating earthquakes in Nepal killed thousands and resulted in wide-spread devastation. This is a grim reminder of the power of earthquakes along locked faults in populated areas, especially where earthquakes are infrequent and infrastructure is vulnerable.

A magnitude 4.8 earthquake in Kansas in March 2015 was one of a string felt across the mid-continent. Studies are linking these earthquakes, occurring in areas that are tectonically inactive, to deep injection of

waste fluids from oil and gas production. An interesting summary of human-induced earthquakes appeared in the May 2015 issue of Earth. Such events have been linked to mine collapses and weight from filling reservoirs, as well as deep injection of waste waters. Most are less than magnitude 3, but earthquakes as large as 5.6 have been linked to human activity. Increased seismicity in previously inactive areas can change such things as building codes, siting decisions for schools and power plants, and insurance costs.

A new study of the Yellowstone Caldera by University of Utah researchers (Science, April 2015) gives the most detailed picture of the magma system

(Continued on page 8)

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Page 6 November 2015, Issue No. 546 MWF News

UPCOMING EVENTS

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MWF News November 2015, Issue No. 546 Page 7

ROCKHOUND OF THE YEAR - CONTINUED

At this time, I would like to present two ROTY nominations that were previously submitted but lost during the transition before I took over the Chair position. To everyone involved, thank you for your patience while I try to get this all figured out.

2014 Ozark Earth Science Gem, Mineral, & Fossil Club

Sharon Waddell joined our club in 1978. From the very beginning she became active, serving in many ways. Because of her unselfishness and dedication to the hobby of rock collecting, many times when the club would have just thrown up their hands and quit, Sharon was there with a smile on her face saying, “I’ll take the job” when no one else would come forward.

She has served as our field trip director, safety officer, helped many times with educational programs at schools, and since 1996, has served off and on as our President, and she is our show chair head, and the club Liaison. Her last Presidency was from 2012 through 2014.

It is with all this in mind that the club decided to honor her, not only with a plaque to commemorate her years as president, but as our “Rock Hound of the Year.”

We have come a long way with her help, and as a new President takes over, let us not forget that Sharon has always been the “backbone” of the club.

Thank you Sharon for so many jobs well done.

2014 Rock River Valley Gem & Mineral Society

The Rock River Valley Gem & Mineral Society would like to announce the winner of the 2014 Rockhound of the Year Award. Susan Stanforth is the award winner this year. Although somewhat new to rock collecting, she now digs geodes, goes to and enters exhibits at rock shows, and has begun polishing rocks. She has been our secretary for several years and has also taken on arranging field trips for our group. Susan has excelled in both positions. Her enthusiasm is infectious which helps to keep the whole club moving along. We appreciate all she does for us. Thanks and congratulations to Susan on her many accomplishments.

(Continued from page 3) The following nomination was recently received.

2015 Spring River Gem and Mineral Club

The Spring River Gem and Mineral Club, Cherokee Village, Arkansas, proudly submits the name of Lynn Maxedon as Rockhound of the Year for 2015. Lynn has taken on the responsibility of audio/visual, which is setting up our laptop computer and microphone for our guest speakers to use for their presentations.

He also does publicity. His dedication and enthusiasm promoting the club and our interests/hobby in rocks, minerals, and fossils, is inspiring. He can always be counted upon to accomplish whatever he is asked to do, including working on our special committees throughout the year. We are fortunate to have his leadership qualities. Good job and thank you, Lynn.

Submitted by Ellen Wethington (2014 Rockhound of the Year)

This is a very important recognition opportunity to award and encourage member participation in your club! I look forward to submissions from YOUR club soon!

CANCELLED STAMPS

Send cancelled postage stamps for the Endowment Fund, along with the form above, to:

Lyle Kugler 612 S.E. 3rd St.

Aledo, IL 61231.

Club Name Responsible Person Address

Do you want a thank you letter sent? (circle one)

Yes No

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Page 8 November 2015, Issue No. 546 MWF News

yet. It documents a partly melted region on top of a hot spot 4.5 times bigger than the previously mapped reservoir. Researchers say a better understanding of the system will lead to more precise predictions of potential eruptions.

On the climate front, a new satellite, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) has begun producing data about the distribution and amount of the earth’s atmospheric CO2. The satellite produces a global map every 16 days, showing how concentrations vary on weekly and monthly scales due to such things as crop growth, harvesting, slash and burn, and industrial activity.

The West Antarctic Ice sheet is now definitely destabilized, according to scientists at University of California-Irvine. Melting of this sheet, which is largely on land, may cause sea level to rise as much as 10 feet. The good news is that it may take several centuries to complete. On the other end of the planet, Arctic Ocean sea ice had the lowest maximum extent on record in 2014 according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center. Meanwhile, more explosion craters have been opening up in the Siberian tundra. These are ascribed to permafrost thawing, freeing trapped methane that can explode under the right conditions. Siberia is warming, with an average temperature this year 4-5 degrees higher than 2012, making more of these events likely. So far, none have been in populated areas. Russian scientists are continuing to investigate.

Studies of dust in Nevada and Arizona reveal more wide-spread asbestiform particles in dust in certain areas than expected. This includes areas popular with mountain bikers, off-road vehicles, and equestrians. The asbestos comes from weathering of nearby metamorphic rocks containing fibrous clays and amphiboles. Even though the specific health risks are not clear, this could lead to limitations in recreational activities, road work, and building construction in the affected areas.

On a more positive “dirt” note, Arizona State University scientists have been investigating the anti-bacterial properties of clay minerals found in hydrothermally altered rocks at Crater Lake, Oregon. Clays have been widely known for their use in treating wounds and skin conditions. The clays near Crater Lake are the most effective found so far. The clays there are mixtures of illite and smectite with pyrite. Their application to skin apparently lowers the pH (increases acidity), which degrades bacterial cells.

(Continued from page 5)

2014-2015 GEOLOGY NOTES - CONTINUED

In local mining news, ownership of the Twin Metals project, a proposed copper-nickel mine along the Kiwishiwi River south of Ely, Minnesota, was sold by Duluth Metals to Antofagasta, a Chilean-based mining firm. The company will continue to analyze samples from drill core sites in the property. Applications for permitting and approval of environmental impact statements drag on, so mining is not imminent in this area. Also in Minnesota, Essar Global, a large conglomerate based in India, is funding a massive taconite mining and pelletization project in the Mesabi Iron Range near Nashwauk. They have a goal of producing taconite pellets by December 2015. In Wisconsin, the proposed new iron mine in the Mellen area is on hold, after Gogebic Mining closed its Hurley office, saying further investments “were unfeasible at this time.” Recognition of additional wetlands on the site complicated the development of the proposed 4.5 mile long, 1,000-foot deep open pit mine.

The University of Minnesota released results of a long-term study showing workers in the state’s taconite mines have a higher risk of getting certain forms of lung cancer. This was tied to the inhalation of asbestiform mineral fibers in dust released from the ore. The occurrence of mesothelioma in miners who worked for 30 years in taconite mines and lived to be 80 is over twice that of other people living to be 80.

New finds continue to make news in the dinosaur world. Fossils uncovered in Argentina turned out to be of the largest known land animal ever. This plant eater, now dubbed Dreadnoughtus schrani, was 85 feet long and weighed 65 tons. In Morocco an enormous aquatic predator dinosaur, with a spectacular “sail” of spines 7 feet long was unearthed. Spinosaurus aegyptiacus was bigger than T. Rex and could both roam the land and swim, terrorizing anything in its path. Could we see these dudes in the next Jurassic Park movie, please?

Speaking of bringing back extinct species, publication of a more complete genome for a wooly mammoth using tissue frozen into Arctic tundra, raises the possibility of cloning or creating a hybrid. Is such de-extinction a good idea? Should we create a Pleistocene park teeming with once extinct beasties?

On an invertebrate paleo front, the oldest fossils of a reef-building organism were found in 548 million-year old rocks in Namibia. These small reefs, built by poorly-understood filter feeders, pre-date the Cambrian

(Continued on page 9)

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MWF News November 2015, Issue No. 546 Page 9

by 8 million years. This suggests that animal diversification was occurring long before the “Cambrian explosion.”

There was a lot of “space geology” news this year. Penn State astronomers have come up with an explanation for why the front and back sides of the moon are so different. Unlike the near side, the moon’s far side has few dark circular mare, (huge impact craters filled with basalt lava). When the moon first formed by being torn loose from the earth by impact of our world with a Mars-sized planetoid, the earth’s lingering heat made the near side of the moon warmer. Thus, more material accreted to the moon’s cooler far side. The thicker crust on the moon’s back side resisted impact melting better than the familiar side facing us.

NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft ended its Mercury mission in April 2015, after thousands of orbits since 2011. In addition to detailed studies of Mercury’s surface, the spacecraft investigated the planet’s magnetic field and geologic makeup. One of the many surprising discoveries was the presence of ice in the shaded polar craters. The mission ended when the failing spacecraft was rammed, intentionally, into the planet to gather more information on Mercury’s internal structure.

Mars continued to the focus of new geological discoveries due to data from two surface rovers and five orbiting spacecraft. Finds include verifying the presence of meteoritic impact glass, studying the Martian aurora, and evaluating the nature of mineral salts on the surface. Observations on layered rocks from NASA’s Curiosity Rover on Mars’ Mount Sharp, a high spot in Gale Crater, suggest some were deposited in a lake. This is more evidence for the existence of long-standing bodies of liquid water and a thicker atmosphere earlier in Mars’ history. Other lakes may have been present for a time under glaciers on Mars’ large volcanoes, such as Olympus Mons. The volcanic heat would have melted part of the ice, provided long-lived sheltered lakes, similar to those under Iceland’s glaciers. Most recently, an article in Nature Geoscience verified waterlogged salts occurring in streaks on the Mars’ surface that grew and shrank with the seasons. These are interpreted as evidence for “flowing” (more like oozing) liquid salty water on Mars today. Mars-mania is expected to continue with the release of the new movie, The Martian, in early October.

(Continued from page 8)

2014-2015 GEOLOGY NOTES - CONTINUED

On March 7, 2015 NASA spacecraft, Dawn, successfully arrived at and began orbiting the dwarf planet Ceres in the asteroid belt after a successful visit to Vesta. In November 2014, the European Space Agency landed a small probe (Rosetta) on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gera. The probe landed in the shadow of a cliff, causing it to shut down as its solar batteries ran down. The probe “woke up” in June 2015 when it moved into the sun. These missions are gathering data on comet composition, including the presence of organic compounds. In a related study on Earth, Czech scientists used a powerful laser array to model the effects of an extraterrestrial impact on our planet. Their goal was to see if they could synthesize the chemicals needed for RNA from those known to be on comets and asteroids and those suspected to be on the early earth. The experiments, as reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, were partial successes, showing that the early rain of impacts on our planet could have been a catalyst for the origin of life.

Pluto mania was in full swing with the NASA New Horizons spacecraft flyby of that “ice dwarf” planetoid and its five moons in July 2015. Pluto shows a complex icy surface of plains and mountains, craters and rifts, a thin hazy atmosphere and a surprising reddish color. The famous heart-shaped feature is a bright upland plain coated by nitrogen ices. The New Horizons continues on exploring the Kuiper Belt.

Beyond our solar system, the number of confirmed exo-planets orbiting other stars is nearing 2,000. New technology has allowed scientists to begin to find earth-sized worlds, some in the “Goldilocks Zone” of distance from their home stars that would allow the existence of liquid water on their surfaces. One can dream of what wonderful rocks may be found there!

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MWF News November 2015, Issue No. 546 Page 11

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Sharon Marburger, Editor Midwest Federation of Mineralogical and Geological Societies [email protected] 402.792.2348 P.O. Box 64 Hickman, NE 68372

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Your Midwest Federation Officers, Committee Chairs, and State Directors representing you at the 2015 Fall Meeting in Howell, Michigan

(Left to right) Alan Hukill, Susan Stanforth, Marge Collins, Cindy Root, James Marburger, Deb Coursey, Sharon Marburger, J.C. & Donna Moore, Kevin Ponzio, David Rich, Julia Donker, John Donker, George Coursey. Also present but not photographed was David Root.