2 nd International UGEC Conference Urban Transition & Transformation Science, Synthesis & Policy Taipei, Nov. 6-8, 2014 Urban Climate Governance in Taiwan.

2nd International UGEC Conference

Urban Transition & Transformation

Science, Synthesis & Policy

Taipei, Nov. 6-8, 2014

Urban Climate Governance in Taiwan

Sue-Ching JouDepartment of GeographyNational Taiwan University

[email protected]

Key questions for the panel

• What needs for good urban governance?• How to enhance urban institutional capacities

to support good urban governance in climate change? – Institutional approach: its strength and inadequacy

• Reflection and implications from Taiwan experiences– to raise the questions for further discussion and

interaction

Why Taiwan?

• Experiences located at the middle ground/ in between developed and developing countries

– Intensive global exposure and good global reach (ex: international conference as platform of networking and policy transfer and learning): good at introducing and transplanting new idea/concept (policy travel)

– Institutional ossification: need to find way toward building institutional culture of innovation

– Contexts: political (neoliberal-developmental state)/ economic and spatial (post-industrial city)/ demographic and social (aging society)/ environmental (hazard-prone island) …

Condition & Impact Perception & knowledge

Mitigation

Sector management

Adaptation

Integrative governance

Urban system-city’sPolicy

StrategyInitiative/ Program

Measure

Urban Governance

Operation of governance system Mode of governance & Role of municipal government

StateCentral gov’t

MarketPrivate sector

StateMunicipal gov’t

Civil societyCommunity & 3rd sector

Climate Change

EnergyTransportationBuilding

Built environmentFlood control

Water environment

Decision makingPlanning & implementationManagement & Maintenance

Self-governingEnabling

ProvisionAuthority

Human activities

Extreme weather

GHGsHeat islandNatural hazard

ScienceInstitution

Network

IPCCUNFCCICLEI

Urban climate governance as a multi-scalar and trans-boundary endeavor• City as site of

– trans-scalar policy travel and knowledge transfer– institutional innovation and social learning

• Approach: Institutions & Actors (Networks)• Needs to

– Consider the scale & pathway– Map out the stakeholders and ecosystem– Identify policy gridlock & potentials

• Leadership matters• The gap between top officers and public servants• Path-dependent and institutional inertia• Public engagement & community involvement

Source: IPCC (2012) 《Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change》 , Figure 6-2, p. 358

INTERACTIVE

Guidelines & Funding

Practices Innovation &

Institutionalization

National initiatives & policy framework Top down Bottom up

Framework of Taiwan's Sustainable Energy Policy

(2008.7)

National Action Plan on Energy Conservation and

GHG Reduction (2010.9)

Act & bill (Green Gases Reduction Act, Renewable Energy Development Bill, Energy Management Law, Energy Tax Bill)Research & scienceNational Energy and Technology ProgramLow-carbon city program (promote low-carbon demonstration communities, low carbon cities, low carbon living spheres) Carbon Footprint Management plan (CFM Plan)

Join ICLEI: global urban voluntary action to reduce carbon emission

Propose carbon tax levy (Kaohsiung City)

Turning aquaculture ponds into solar farms project (Pingtung)

Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change in Taiwan

(2012.6)Local Adaptation Plans (2+14)

FundingGuidance & InstructionConsultation & Assistance

• Vulnerability assessment• Prioritization of action plans

City marketing on international networks & conferences

Institutional approach

Pathway & timeline matters

Scientific knowledge

Nuclear safety

nuclear-free homeland

National Action Plan on Energy Conservation and GHG Reduction

Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change in Taiwan

1992 1998 2000Energy saving & carbon emission

20 12

Discourse on ENERGY

issue

2005 2008

2010Mitigation &Adaptationframeworks

National

International

Adapted from T L Lin (2008)

National policy and framework: shall be focus of examination

SCIENCE POLICY MANDATE & ACTION

SCIENCE

POLICY & ACTION

DISCOURSE

Research funding and projects on climate change funded by Ministry of Science & Technology ( National Science Council)

Sustainable Development Research Committee

Dept. of Natural Sciences & Sustainable Development

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

案件數量研究經費

Year

Funding

# projects

1,000 NTD

#$

H

W

C

Y

KW

H

L

C

L

D

H

D

H

K

H

J

P

L

C

GeographySociology

Public affairs

Planning

Landscape

Planning-Hazard

HydrologyGlobal North

Global South

year

Policy A

Policy C

Policy B

bott

om-u

p

top-down

Energy

Transportation

Flood control

Landuse

planningArchitecture

AdaptationMitigation

City Taipei City Taipei City Kaohsiung City

International networks

UCLG ICLEI

UCLG ICLEI

UCLG ICLEI WMCCC

Policy travel and learningCity marketing

Policy & act

Energy Efficiency and Carbon Reduction Action Plan

Industry & business sector mainly

Low-carbon community

Wetland parks (riverbank)

Transformation of industrial city, Carbon Information Platform

Public transportation

Wetland parks

Institutional approachNetworks matters

Urban policy & actions in responding to climate change

Enhancing resilient

Resilient CityRisk

DevelopmentEco-city

AgencyPrivate sector

Public Sector

Reducing vulnerability

Public sector / People

Third sector

Mitigation AdaptationPolicy

& Actions

Goal

Market potential & opportunities

Wellbeing & safety of society

Urban responses to climate change at the crossroad of growth & risk

EX: Unraveling the nature of Local adaptation plans • Old wine in new bottle– Repacking old programs into new plans, not really taken it

as an opportunity for urban transformation ( industrial restructuring & infrastructure rebuilding)

• To pass the fish eyes for pearls (魚目混珠 )– Priority of local adaptation plans: urban regeneration &

flood control– Eco-city policy and programs: to masquerade the property

development; green gentrification; city marketing

Trans-boundary Learning & practices

INTERACTIVE

Guidelines & Funding

Practices Innovation &

Institutionalization

AdaptationMitigation

bott

om-u

p

top-down

Energy

Transportation

Flood control

Landuse

planningArchitecture

Budget from

1st phrase(2006-2007)

2nd phrase(2008-2010)

3rd phrase(2011-2013)

Duration(2006-2013)

Ministry of Economic Affairs

22.090(18.03%)

27.880(14.47%)

30.030(17.58%)

80(16.46%)

Ministry of the Interior

1.115(0.84%)

3.520(0.77%)

1.365(0.29%)

6(0.56%)

Council of Agriculture

7.760(8.34%)

13.100(4.11%)

9.140(2.78%)

30(4.05%)

Total & % in nat’l general budget

30.965(8.87%)

44.500(4.58%)

40.535(4.17%)

116(5.06%)

Unit: NT$ billion(% of ministry’s budget and general budget)

Flood-prone areas management planWater Act (Special Act for Flood Management/ special budget)

Central government Ministry of Economic Affairs Water Resources AgencyWater Resources Planning InstituteTaipei Watershed Management Office3 Regional Water Resources Offices10 River Management Offices

Municipal government Department of Water Resources District/Township Offices

Institutional Setting for Flood Risk Management in Taiwan

ProblemsLanguage and Knowledge

Experts vs. Citizen• Expert knowledge – expressed in mandarin, professionalism, precise &

scientific survey and modeling, regulated by engineering/ structural (flood prevention) works, confined in government division of labor

• Local knowledge– expressed in dialect, related to everyday life, fuzzy &

disorganized, accumulated from life experiences, adaptive and integrated knowledge on living environment, totalitarian government functions

Preventive flood control vs. adaptive water governance

Event & ProcessesConflict management

Negotiation on Flood Risk Management Plan (Flood prevention works)

StakeholdersGovernment agenciesIntermediary organizationsLocal community

Multi-stakeholders Platform A forum for negotiation/ knowledge transfer/ social learning

public meeting/ forum/ workshop

Analytical Framework

Stakeholders who is in the ecosystem of local planning?

Dept of Water Resources,NTC

10th RiverManagement OfficeWRA/MoEA

Intermediary Organizations

Consulting Firms 1Chungiun Engineering

Consulting Firm

Consulting Firm 2AECOM Taiwan

TIIWETaiwan International Institute for Water Education

OURsThe Organization of Urban Reforms

Water Watch

LocalcommunitiesGovernment

WR agencies

Township mayorsVillage chieves

ElitesGentries

ResidentsLocal Business

Knowledge transferConsensus building

Social learning

1987-2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011

Frequent typhoons &

ravaged flooding

WR Watershed management

planning I

Flood-prone Area Management Plan

8 yr, 116 billion NTD

WR Watershed management

planning II

Explanation meetings

Workshop OURs, Water

watch, and local residents

Watershed management

council

WR Watershed management planning III

2012-2013

Public meeting Forum Workshop(in-house)

Workshop(field-work)

Conflict management

• Encounter• Interaction

• Dialogue• Communication

• Negotiation• Solution

Social learning • Trust & Consensus building

• Empowerment & capacity building

• Mutual understanding& learning

public communication consultant firm 2 +

TIIWEForum

gov’t agencies + consultant firm 1

Conclusion & Discussion• The linkages among science-policy-action

– the role of citizen science– the need of de-scaling & gap-meeting knowledge– contexts and embeddedness

• Impasse & dilemma of risk & growth in the climate policy & planning– Green gentrification– Neoliberalizing the climate services

• Trans-scalar & trans-boundary learning and practices– The openness of information & user-friendly (user-centered) S & T– Variegated & diversified; reciprocal & mutual

• Circulation of human resources & reciprocal process – from action (practices) to policy and institutionalization– local contexts and historical experiences (ex: successful experience of promoting disaster

resistant community &“Pay-as-You-Throw” (PAYT) schemes- recycling at the community level)