1933 - 1939. Learning Targets Roosevelt Takes Office Election of 1932 Hoover was blamed for much of the effects of the depression Franklin Delano.

1933 - 1939

Learning Targets

•Students will be able to explain the different programs that made up the New Deal and the Second New Deal and their impact on American society

Roosevelt Takes Office• Election of 1932

Hoover was blamed for much of the effects of the depression

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) elected president

Program for dealing with depression called the New Deal

Roosevelt was outgoing, confident, and gave hope to the American people

Former governor of New York Married to his cousin, Eleanor

Roosevelt

Roosevelt Takes Office• Polio

FDR contracted polio in 1921 which paralyzed his legs

FDR refused to let people see him as handicapped – all photos showed him standing or seated – never in a wheel chair

FDR established a foundation for polio victims

Entertainer Eddie Cantor suggested every American donate a dime

Drive became known as the March of Dimes and in 1945 FDR’s face was placed on the dime

First New Deal• The Hundred Days

First hundred days of FDR’s administration – flood of bills passed into law

Emergency Banking Relief Act – closed all banks and re-opened those that were financially sound

Fireside Chats – FDR talked over radio directly to the American public to explain problems and solutions

First New Deal Established Security and

Exchange Commission (SEC) – regulated stock exchange and prevented fraud

Glass-Steagall Act – separated commercial banking from investment banking

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – provided government insurance for bank deposits up to a certain amount

First New Deal• Farms

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) – paid farmers not to grow food to raise crop prices

Killed livestock to raise meat prices

Large commercial farmers mostly benefitted

Small farmers, many poor black and white sharecroppers hurt by program

First New Deal• Industry

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) – suspended anti-trust laws and allowed businesses, labor, and government to set up rules for industry

National Recovery Administration (NRA) – ran the program set up by the NIRA. Businesses that agreed to rules were given the Blue Eagle to show participation

First New Deal• Relief Programs

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – offered jobs to young men 18 – 25 years old building national parks, working in forests, and constructing dams

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) – gave money to states to administer through their relief programs

Public Works Administration (PWA) – began public construction projects like dams and roads. Required companies to hire blacks

First New Deal Civil Works

Administration (CWA) Hired workers directlyEmployed over 4 million

peopleBuilt airports, schools,

playgrounds & parks, and playing fields

CWA abolished in 1934 and workers fired

Why?

The Second New Deal• New Deal programs had

not significantly impacted the Great Depression• Unemployment still high• Government in deficit

spending – government borrowing money to operate • FDR gaining opposition

from other groups

The Second New Deal• Huey Long

Most serious threat Democratic senator from

Louisiana Populist / Boss of political

machine Attacked the rich Established 27,000 “Share Our

Wealth” clubs nationwide If third party candidate in 1936

election could split Democratic vote and give election to Republicans

Assassinated 1935

The Second New Deal• Father Coughlin

Catholic Priest – Detroit Populist Popular radio show Called for heavy taxes on

wealthy and nationalization of banking system

1935 established National Union for Social Justice – Democrats feared would become 3rd party

The Second New Deal• The Townsend Plan

Dr. Francis Townsend Proposed federal

government pay pension of $200 to every citizen over age 60

Recipients would have to retire and spend entire pension check each month

What would this accomplish?

Elderly politically mobilized – threatened 1936 election

The Second New Deal• First New Deal failed to

generate economic recovery• Second New Deal launched

to speed up recovery• Works Progress

Administration (WPA) Employed workers in public

works projects (roads, dams, airports, etc.)

Artists hired to create murals in public buildings

Actors & musicians employed

The Second New Deal• The Supreme

Court New Deal meeting

resistance in Congress

Supreme Court struck down NIRA in Schecter v. United States

The Second New Deal• Rise of Labor Unions

1935 National Labor Relations Act (aka Wagner Act) – guaranteed right of labor to organize and bargain collectively

Law established National labor Relations Board – organized factory elections by secret ballot

Set up process of Binding Arbitration – neutral party would listen to both sides and decide the issue

The Second New Deal• The Committee for Industrial

Organization (CIO) – organized labor where it did not yet exist especially in auto and steel industries• Sit-Down Strikes – workers

stop working but refuse to leave the factory• CIO grew to largest union –

changed name to Congress of Industrial Organizations

The Second New Deal• 1935 Social Security Act

Goal to provide security for elderly and unemployed workers

Workers paid into the program

Provided monthly retirement benefit at age 65

Provided unemployment insurance

Left out farmers and domestics (65% of black workers)

The New Deal Coalition• Blacks and women

supported by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt• FDR appointed first

female cabinet member – Frances Perkins (Secretary of Labor)• Great Depression turned

the black vote to Democrats

The New Deal Coalition• The Election of 1936

Republican nominee Alfred Landon

Left-wing threats to FDR weak (Huey Long assassinated in 1935)

Union Party formed with Townsend and Coughlin but had no leadership

Landslide victory for FDR

The New Deal Coalition• Court-Packing Plan

Supreme Court declared the AAA unconstitutional

FDR developed plan to retire some judges and increase number from 9 to 15

Public saw this as power play – hurt FDR’s reputation

• Roosevelt Recession 1937 unemployment surged FDR cut spending – economy

tanked Keynesian Economics – deficit

spending

The New Deal Coalition• Last Reforms

National Housing Act – help for low-cost housing

Farm Security Administration – gave loans to tenant farmers so they could purchase farms

Fair Labor Standards Act – established protection for workers, abolished child labor, and established 40-hour work week

The New Deal Coalition• Legacy of New Deal

Late 1930’s saw more resistance to FDR from Republicans and Southern Democrats

New Deals had limited success in dealing with Depression

FDR did NOT end the Depression Federal government had taken far

greater powers Broker State – US government

working out conflicts between different groups

Safety Net – safeguards and programs that protected Americans from economic disaster