19 th century Nationalism & Imperialism
Dec 18, 2015
Age of Diplomacy
• Will govern by accord, diplomatic balance of power within Europe.
• Decides to restore order in the old, conservative ways – with KINGS.
• No wars between the states of Europe• Promotion of national interests– WHAT IS NATIONALISM? How do you get people
behind it?
European Imperialism
• Imperialism becomes intricately tied to Nationalism both economically and politically.– An expression of a nation’s wealth and influence– Furthering the previous colonial interests to
supply raw goods for production of finished goods through industrialization.
– Primary areas: Africa, Asia, Latin America
Imperial Problems
• German and Italian Unification in the 1860-70s.
• Attempts to control the rate of change and prevent political upheaval.
• Nationalism fuels unification through “non-wars.”
• Franco-Prussian War, Austrian-Prussian War.• Crimean War 1855
Concerns over Russia’s expansion in Crimean War (1855) •Declining Ottoman Empire, including SE Europe.•Access to Mediterranean•Shift of balance of powerFr & Eng. Help the Ottomans AGAINST Russia
French English venture for access to the Red Sea from Mediterranean; crucial for access to Asia by Europe.
akg-images
Opening of Suez Canal, 1869
Congress of Berlin 1872
•Gathered to apportion the empires of Europe•Competition for colonies among non-empires sets up alliances for WW I•Otto von Bismarck sets up this conference to try to deal with •Partitioning of Africa•Decline of the Ottoman Empire•Territories in Asia•Stop expansion of Russia
•Ottoman Empire declines over several centuries•Attempts to save by reforming Sultans over the 19th century•Major Problems:•Provincial structure, unruly army (Janissaries)•Economic threat from European industrialization as well as colonial interests•Some Ottoman provinces resist colonization by Europeans.•Egypt is critical to England’s overseas trade.•Egypt is semi-autonomous, under governer Muhammad Ali (after napoleon)
Muhammad AliBorn: Macedonia, 1769
Led Albanian contingent against Napoleon: 1799
Granted title of Pasha and made governor of Egypt: 1805
Conquered Sudan: 1822-1823
Put down insurrection in Crete: 1824
Conquered Ottoman provinces of Palestine, Syria: 1831
Treaty of London denies Ali rule over Levant but forces emperor to recognize Ali’s dynastic rule over Egypt
Died: 1849
Mahmud IIBorn: 1785
Became Sultan: 1808
Abolished Jannisaries: 1826
Initiated Tanzimat reforms: 1839
Died: 1839
Young Turks
• Calls for a new Ottoman constitution• 1876: radicals seize power and force Sultan
Abdul Hamid II to grant constitution• Hamid then suspended the constitution and
ruled without parliament• Committee/Society of Union and Progress
formed in 1889 – Wanted restoration of constitutional rule
Russia at the end of the 19th century•Autocratic, antiquated military, under-industrialized.•Sergei Witte urged Nicholas II to accelerate industry, refused.•1905 Russo-Japanese War, navy destroyed•Shocking blow; the “last war” had been the Napoleonic, which the Russians “won” against Nap.•Little social reform since liberation of serfs 1861•No constitution under Nicholas II•Finally forced to call the Duma in 1905, disbands shortly thereafter (aborted revolution)
Romanov Dynasty
Russia enters WW I as part of the Triple Entente (England, Russia, France) against Germany, Italy and Austro-HungaryAfter 3 years and massive destruction, Bolshevik Revolution breaks out at home; Russia forced to withdraw.Romanov family exiled, later killed.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gets Russia out of the war; tremendous losses to Russia.
• Most of western lands that were industrialized, natural resources, agricultural lands.