17. The Transformation of the West

CHAPTER 22The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

World Civilization: The Global ExperienceFifth Edition

Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as LongmanCopyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce

II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change

III. The West by 1750

Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce

A. A New SpiritFrancesco Petrarch (1304-1374)

Secular writing

B. The Italian Renaissance

Begins 14th, 15th centuries

In northern Italy

Italy

Urbanized

Merchant class

Political rivalry

Petrarch, Boccaccio

Use Italian

Secular topics

Painting

Use of perspective

Shadow, distance

Focus on humans

Western Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation

Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce

B. The Italian RenaissanceMichelango Buonarotti

Leonardo da Vinci

Nicolo Machiavelli

Humanism

Looking back to classical past

Study of texts, especially ancient

C. The Renaissance Moves Northward

By 1500, impetus moves north

Northern Renaissance

France, Low Countries, England, Germany

Thence to eastern Europe

More concerned with religious matters

William Shakespeare

Miguel de Cervantes

Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce

D. The Protestant and Catholic Reformations

1517, Martin Luther's challenge

Attacks church institutions

Bible the only authority

Vernacular translations

Protestant protest used for political gain

German opposition to the papacy

Rulers seize church lands

Henry VIII

Establishes Anglican church

Jean Calvin

Calvinism

Predestination

Catholic Reformation

Renewal

Jesuits

Missionaries

Education

Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce

E. The End of Christian Unity in the West

Religious Wars

France

Calvinists v. Catholics

1598, Edict of Nantes

Promises Protestants’ toleration

30 Years War (1618-1648)

Devastating to Germany

Netherlands independent

Literacy increases

F. The Commercial Revolution Inflation, 16th century

Gold, silver from New World

Demand outstrips supply

G. Social ProtestProletariat develops

Attitudes towards poor change

Protests

Witchcraft hysteria

Western Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation

Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change

A. Did Copernicus Copy?

Nicolai Copernicus

Polish monk

Knowledge of work of al-Urdi, al-Tusi?

Earlier Arab scientists

Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change

B. Science: The New AuthorityNew instruments add to data collectionGalileo Galilei

Uses Copernicus' work

Kepler’s observations confirm earlier work

William HarveyCirculatory system

MethodsFrancis Bacon

Empirical researchRené Descartes

SkepticismIsaac Newton

System of natural laws

DeismGod does not intervene with nature

John LockeUse of reason

Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change

C. Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies

17th century, medieval balance disrupted

France dominatesCentralized monarchyBureaucracy“Absolute monarchy"Louis XIV the best example

Nobles kept at court

Other absolute monarchsSpain, Prussia, Austria-HungaryTerritorial expansion

EnglandDifferenceCivil War

Parliament triumphant

Western Europe under Absolute Monarchies

Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change

D. The Nation-StateDefinition

Common language, culture

National literature, songs, foods

Territorial aspect

Common allegiance

Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

III. The West by 1750

A. Political Patterns

Great change in central Europe

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Religious freedom

State regulates economy

Overseas commercial networks

Continual warfare

France v. Britain

Rivalry over overseas territory

Prussia v. Austria

Territorial conflicts

Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

III. The West by 1750

B. Enlightenment Thought and Popular Culture

Scientific Revolution leads to Enlightenment

Scientific methods applied to other fields

General principles

People are good

Reason the answer

Belief in progress

Political science

Adam Smith

Laissez-faire

Criminology

Society

Women's rights

Protection of children

Attack inequities

Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

III. The West by 1750

C. Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing

Mass consumerism

AgricultureNitrogen-fixing cropsStockbreedingSwamp drainagePotatoes, etc. introduced

Domestic systemHouseholds produce finished goods

D. Innovation and InstabilityChange becomes the norm