1607

1607Year in which representatives of the Virginia Company of London established the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia.

MAYFLOWER COMPACT

Written in 1620 by male Pilgrims on the Mayflower. Created government where none had existed based on majority rule.

A social contract where all agreed to abide by these rules in the colonies.

FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT First written constitution in the

colonies; document that people had the right to elect governors, judges, and a legislature. Was written by the people; the fact that it was written down gave the document credibility.

MERCANTILISM Economic theory in which a nation’s

wealth is based on the amount of revenue is generated from its colonies.

The more gold and silver a nation has determine its wealth.

SLAVE TRADE

The buying and selling of millions of Africans to North America.

PLANTATION SYSTEM

System of agricultural production based on large scale landownership; depended upon slave labor; Assisted in the development of an agrarian society

in the South

TRIANGULAR TRADE ROUTE

Trade route from: Europe → Africa Africa→West Indies West Indies→Europe

HOUSE OF BURGESSES First elected body of

representatives in the American colonies; met in Williamsburg, Virginia.

Based on Parliament.

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Along the Atlantic Coast Subsistence farming Poor soil Cold climate Forests Economic factors: raw materials,

logging, fishing shipbuilding Political factors: town meetings,

representative government Social factors: small coastal towns

(Boston only large city) Religious factors: Puritans, Pilgrims

SOUTHERN COLONIES Appalachian Mountains Navigable rivers Richer soil Warm climate Raw materials Economic factors: plantations, cash

crops, tobacco, rice, cotton Political factors: more slaves, more

class-based society Social factors and small coastal

towns (Savannah, Charleston were large cities)

Religious factors: Church of England, Catholics (Maryland), more diverse

MIDDLE COLONIES

Rich soil Broad, deep rivers More natural ports River valleys Mild winters Raw materials Economic factors: large farms,

logging, fishing, shipbuilding Political factors: more

tolerance; diversity Social factors small coastal

towns (Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York were large cities)

Religious factors: Quakers, Catholics

EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON MAJOR HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVENTS

Physical geographic factors – proximity to Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created

The New England Middle colonies had access to waterways that resulted in high population and larger urban areas.

Southern colonies had an abundant amount of fertile soil that resulted in an agricultural society

Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict (ex. Georgia as a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida)

GREAT AWAKENING Religious movement in the

1730s and 1740s. Preached ideas that went

against Puritan beliefs and teachings.

JONATHAN EDWARDS – one of the best known preachers of the time – his sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”, urged believers to develop a personal relationship with God.

This movement revitalized American religion by adding emotion.

The Abolitionist Movement began in response to the Great Awakening.

WILLIAM PENN William Penn established a

colony in North America as a refuge for Quakers. The land grant from the King was called “Pennsylvania” or Penn’s Woods. Supported toleration of the Native Americans, freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require citizens to serve in the militia.

Believed that each person was equal and allowed them to elect their own government officials.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Inventor, Scientist, Founding Father

1706 – 1790

Published Poor Richard’s Almanack; sayings in his book helped shape the American character, such as “early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

Founded the first public library in the colonies, supported education; Post Master General for all the colonies

Scientist: Enlightenment: believed that through study and knowledge a person could improve his position in life

Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence

Created the Albany Plan of Union – the first attempt to unite the colonies during the French and Indian War

Considered to be the “first civilized American”

Invented the lightening rod, bifocal glasses, and the Franklin stove

EXPLAIN THE REASONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT IN COLONIAL AMERICA

Representative governments often develop to meet the political, economic, and social needs of the people who hold similar beliefs.

MAJOR ERAS AND EVENTS IN U.S. HISTORY – COLONIAL AMERICA

Exploration and Colonization Establishment of the 13

colonies Representative Democracy Mercantilism Religious Freedom

WHAT ARE SOME REASONS FOR EUROPEAN COLONIZATION OF NORTH AMERICA

Reasons for Colonization: Religious freedom Political freedom Economic opportunity

(mercantilism) Social mobility A better way of life

WHAT ARE SOME REASONS FOR EUROPEAN EXPLORATION

Reasons for Exploration: Religion Wealth Fame National pride Curiosity Faster, cheaper trade routes to

Asia

POLITICAL REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING THE 13 ENGLISH COLONIES

Political Reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

Political Competition with Spain and France

who already had many colonies in North America

Increase trade and markets for English exports (mercantilism)

Source of raw materials

RELIGIOUS REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING THE 13 ENGLISH COLONIES

Religious reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

Seeking religious freedom

Freedom from persecution for religious beliefs

REASONS FOR GROWTH OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD

Distance from England created a need for colonists to make their own laws and keep peace and order

Colonists were accustomed to English traditions and structures (Parliament)

Most colonies were self-governing, electing members of their community to a general assembly, which made their laws

SOCIAL REASONS FOR ESTABLISHINGTHE 13 ENGLISH COLONIES:

Social reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

Opportunity for adventure and a better way of life

England was overcrowded and settlers desired their own land.

HOW DID RELIGION AND VIRTUE CONTRIBUTE TO THE GROWTH OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES

Religious freedom was a cause for the establishment of the American colonies.

Religious groups: Quakers, Pilgrims, Puritans, and others) creating communities that were self-governed.

Penn colony (Pennsylvania) was an experiment in the possibility of equality and citizens involved in the government.

EFFECTS OF POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL FACTORS ON SLAVES DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD

Slaves During the Colonial Period: Political – no political voice; no rights Economic – labor of the Plantation

System; considered property; children considered property and sold with no regard to parents

Social – viewed as property; viewed as outside the American identity

PHYSICAL AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON COLONIZATION:

Proximity to the Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created

Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict; for example, Georgia was a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida.

EFFECTS OF POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL FACTORS ON FREE BLACKS DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD

Free Blacks During the Colonial Period:

Political – no political voice; limited / restricted rights

Economic – low wage earners Social – lowest social class; limited

access to education; socially isolated

PHYSICAL AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON COLONIZATION:

Proximity to the Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created

Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict; for example, Georgia was a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida

AMERICAN REVOLUTION ERA, 1775 - 1783

Taxation without Representation Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Unalienable Rights Battles of Lexington and

Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown

Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation

CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Proclamation of 1763 Stamp Act Intolerable Acts Mercantilism Lack of representation in

Congress British economic policies

following the French and Indian War

1776 *Adoption of the Declaration

of Independence *Main Author: Thomas

Jefferson *Committee Included: Ben

Franklin, John Adams, Roger Livingston

*“Common Sense” Written by: Thomas Paine

PROCLAMATION OF 1763 *British Parliament law; colonists

were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, *Britain wanted a buffer zone between the colonists and the Native Americans, but the colonists wanted to settle the fertile Ohio River Valley

STAMP ACT, 1765

Required all legal documents and papers have an official stamp showing that a tax had been paid.

British used this to generate revenue to help cover the cost of the French and Indian War;

colonists reacted by rioting through groups such as the Sons of Liberty;

Stamp Act Congress meets in October, 1765, to take action and ask Parliament to repeal the act.

MERCANTILISM A system by which a nation increases its

wealth and power by obtaining from its colonies gold, silver, and other raw materials.

It includes a favorable balance of trade. The colonies became a source of raw

materials for the mother country (England.) The colonies are expected to be the

purchasers of manufactured goods from the mother country.

Belief that a colony exists for the economic benefit of the mother country.

COERCIVE / INTOLERABLE ACTS, 1774British reaction to the Boston Tea Party Closed the port of Boston until tea was paid

for Restructured Massachusetts government by

taking away local control Troops were quartered in Boston and British

officials accused of crimes were sent to England or Canada for trial

Colonists reacted by boycotting British goods First Continental Congress is formed,

September, 1774

TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION Since the formation of the colonies, the

colonists had set up their own legislative assemblies.

Colonists were unhappy about Britain’s insistence on the supremacy of Parliament (taxation).

The debate turned into one regarding representation in Britain’s law-making body (Parliament).

Britain argued that the colonies had “virtual representation.”

ABIGAIL ADAMS

Wife of John Adams Served as John Adams’ confidant and

support while he served in the Continental Congress, when John and others were considering a declaration of independence.

Abigail reminded him to “remember the ladies”; take care of the women who could not hold themselves bound by laws in which they had no voice.

Advocate for women’s rights.

JOHN ADAMS

Lawyer and politician Defended the British soldiers after the

Boston Massacre A member of the Continental

Congress (representing Massachusetts)

Strong supporter of independence Member of the committee that wrote

the Declaration of Independence

WENTWORTH CHESWELL

African American Patriot Like Paul Revere, he made an

all-night ride back from Boston to warn his community to the impending British invasion

Served in the Continental Army Fought at the Battle of Saratoga

MERCY OTIS WARREN

Wife of a Massachusetts Patriot

Anonymously wrote several propaganda pieces supporting the Patriot cause

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

*A member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence.

*Spent most of the time during the American Revolution in France.

*He represented the colonies as the American envoy starting in 1776 and returned in 1785.

*He negotiated the alliance with France for support after the victory at Saratoga.

*Member of the committee that negotiated the terms for the Treaty of Paris in 1783 that ended the war.

JAMES ARMISTEAD

*Slave in Virginia *Marquis de Lafayette recruited him

as a spy for the Continental Army. *Posed as a double agent, forger

and servant at British headquarters. *He moved freely between the lines

with vital information on British troop movements for Lafayette

*Contributed to the American victory at Yorktown.

BERNARDO DE’ GALVEZ *Spanish nobleman *Became governor of the

Spanish province of Louisiana (January 1777)

*protected American ships in the port of New Orleans

*helped transport war supplies *took up arms to fight the British

and protect Louisiana

CRISPUS ATTUCKS African American male Unemployed dockworker in Boston, MA Became the first casualty (first to die) of the American Revolution Shot and killed in what became known as the Boston Massacre,

March 5, 1770

HAYM SOLOMON Polish-born Jewish immigrant to America Played an important role in financing the American Revolution Arrested by the British as a spy Used by the British as an interpreter with their German troops Helped British prisoners escape and encouraged German soldiers to desert the

British Army Became a broker to the French consul and paymaster to French troops in the

American Revolution

KING GEORGE III *King of England during the Revolutionary Era *Feared the loss of one group of colonies would lead to the loss

of others and the eventual decline of the empire. *To prevent this, the Crown maintained an aggressive policy

against colonial resistance. George III struggled to enforce royal authority throughout his

reign.

PATRICK HENRY Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses Spoke against the Stamp Act Famous quote, “Give me liberty, or give me death!” During the American Revolution he served in the

Continental Army

THOMAS JEFFERSON Virginian Early leader in the American

Revolution Delegate to the Continental

Congress in Philadelphia in 1776

Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence

Chief author of the Declaration of Independence

THOMAS PAINE

Propagandist Journalist In January, 1776,

published a pamphlet, “Common Sense”

Persuaded many Americans to join the Patriot cause.

MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE *French aristocrat who joined

Washington and his troops at Valley Forge, PA

*Played a leading role in both the American and French Revolutions

*Respected the concepts of liberty and freedom and a constitutional government

*Commanded forces under George Washington as a major-general in the Continental Army

GEORGE WASHINGTON *Virginian *surveyor, planter *a soldier in the French

and Indian War *a delegate to the First and

Second Continental Congresses

*commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution

ISSUES SURROUNDING IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Declaring Independence Writing the Articles of Confederation Battles of Lexington and Concord Battle of Saratoga Battle of Yorktown Enduring the winter at Valley Forge Signing the Treaty of Paris 1783

WRITING OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION Occurred at the Second Continental Congress Created a new form of government for the independent colonies Included one branch – a Congress Each state had one vote Created a very weak government with no executive

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Reaction to King George III’s refusal to

acknowledge the colonial requests/demands, “dissolve the political bands” with Britain, provided philosophy for the establishment of the new nation

“…all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”

Listed grievances against the King of England

Written by Thomas Jefferson July 4, 1776 Second Continental Congress;

Philadelphia

MAJOR BATTLES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Lexington and Concord:

Shot ‘heard round the world; first battles of the American Revolution; April 19, 1775

Saratoga: turning point of the war; France joined the colonists after this victory, tipping the scales in their favor

Yorktown: surrender of Cornwallis to the British

ENDURING THE WINTER AT VALLEY FORGE

Winter, 1777 After suffering several

defeats, Washington took his army to Valley Forge for the winter of 1777

Outbreak of small pox Martha Washington came to

help care for the men The men were trained by

Frederick von Steuben to become a more professional army rather than militias

Thomas Paine wrote “American Crisis” to encourage the men to stay the course and follow through with the revolution to the end

COLONIAL GRIEVANCES LISTED IN THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND HOW THOSE GRIEVANCES WERE ADDRESSED IN THE U.S. CONSTITUTION

Grievance in Declaration of Independence

Constitution

Taxation without representation.

All states have representation in Congress, which sets taxes.

King has absolute power. Congress has the power to override Presidential veto.

Colonists not allowed to speak out against the King.

1st Amendment – Freedom of Speech.

Quartering Act forced colonists to house troops.

3rd Amendment – No quartering of Troops.

allowed homes to be searched without warrants.

4th Amendment – No unwarranted search & seizure.

No trial by jury of peers. 6th amendment—Speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury 7th amendment—Right of trial by jury.

TREATY OF PARIS, 1783

Peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized American independence

Great Britain gave up almost all of its land claims in North America

Boundaries extended to Canada in the north, the Mississippi River in the west, and Florida in the South

UNALIENABLE RIGHTS

Fundamental rights, or natural rights, guaranteed to people naturally instead of by the law.

In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson said these are the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE *The concept of refusing to follow laws within

a community or ignoring the policies and government of a state or a nation when a person considers the laws unjust.*Refusing to follow laws considered to be unlawful and/or unconstitutional.

*Examples include boycotts, protests, refusal to pay taxes

*Boston Tea Party is an example of civil disobedience.

DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW OF INTEREST GROUPS DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Patriots were colonists who favored breaking away from Great Britain and becoming an independent country

DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW OF INTEREST GROUPS DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Loyalists – these were colonists who remained loyal to the British monarchy and did not feel taxation was a reason to declare independence or break away from the mother country.

JOHN PAUL JONES

Founder of the United States Navy Led raids on British vessels during

the American Revolution During a fight with a British vessel

he was told to surrender. Instead, Jones said, “I have not yet begun to fight” and was able to defeat the attacking British ship.

BOSTON MASSACRE Engraving of the Boston Massacre by Paul

Revere March 5, 1770 Event in which British soldiers fired into a

crowd of unarmed citizens of Boston Killed five This engraving was used as propaganda to

encourage patriotic sympathies and support for American Independence

Paul Revere, a silversmith and engraver, was also a member of the Boston Sons of Liberty

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR *Fighting between the British and

the French for control of North America.

*Allies of the French were the Native Americans, or Indians.

*Broke out in the Ohio River Valley in 1756. Throughout the world it was known as the Seven Years’ War

*Ben Franklin suggested that the colonies join together to fight against the French in the Albany Plan of Union.*This was the first attempt to unify the colonies

*French and Indians were defeated.

* British became in debt because of the war and taxed the colonists as a result.

YANKEE DOODLE *Song sung by British military to mock the

unorganized colonial “Yankees” who served in the French and Indian War with British soldiers.

*The meaning of the song implies that the Americans are so “simple” they think simply sticking a feather in a cap would make them fashion leaders.