Chap. 10. Fourier Series, Integrals, and Chap. 10. Fourier Series, Integrals, and Transforms Transforms - Fourier series: series of cosine and sine terms - for general periodic functions (even discontinuous periodic func.) - for ODE, PDE problems (more universal than Taylor series) 10.1. Periodic Functions. Trigonometric Series 10.1. Periodic Functions. Trigonometric Series - Periodic function: f(x+p) = f(x) for all x; period=p - Examples) Periodic instabilities in rheological processes Periodic instabilities in rheological processes Spinning process Tubular film blowing process Flow direction film thickness at die at take-up
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Chap. 10. Fourier Series, Integrals, and TransformsChap. 10. Fourier Series, Integrals, and Transforms
- Fourier series: series of cosine and sine terms - for general periodic functions (even discontinuous periodic func.) - for ODE, PDE problems (more universal than Taylor series)
10.1. Periodic Functions. Trigonometric Series10.1. Periodic Functions. Trigonometric Series- Periodic function: f(x+p) = f(x) for all x; period=p- Examples) Periodic instabilities in rheological processesPeriodic instabilities in rheological processes
Spinning processTubular film blowing process
Flow direction
film thickness
at die
at take-up
- f(x + np) = f(x) for all x (n: integer)
- h(x) = af(x) + bg(x) (f & g with period p; a & b: constants) h(x) with period p.
Trigonometric SeriesTrigonometric Series- Trigonometric series of function f(x) with period p=2: (ak,bk: constant coefficients)
10.2. Fourier Series10.2. Fourier Series- Representation of periodic function f(x) in terms of cosine and sine functions
Euler Formulas for the Fourier Coefficients
0 1 1 2 2f (x) a a cosx b sin x a cos2x b sin 2x
0 n nn 1
f (x) a (a cosnx b sin nx)
These series converge, its sum will be a function of period 2 Fourier SeriesFourier Series
0 n nn 1
f (x) a (a cosnx b sin nx)
(Periodic function of period 2)
(1) Determination of the coefficient term a0
(2) Determination of the coefficients an of the cosine terms
0 n nn 1
0 n n 0n 1
f (x)dx a (a cosnx b sin nx) dx
a dx a cosnx dx b sin nx dx 2 a
01a f (x)dx2
0 n nn 1
0 nn 1
nn 1
f (x)cosmx dx a (a cosnx b sin nx) cosmxdx
1 1a cosmxdx a cos(n m)xdx cos(n m)xdx2 2
1 1a sin(n m)xdx sin(n m)xdx2 2
m1a f (x)cosmx dx (m 1,2,3,...)
(Except n=m)(Except n=m)
(3) Determination of the coefficients bn of the cosine terms
Summary of These Calculations: Fourier Coefficients, Fourier SeriesFourier Coefficients:
(See Figure. 238 for partial sums of Fourier series )
x5sin51x3sin
31xsink4)x(f
,...5k4b,0b,
3k4b,0b,k4b
)ncos1(nk2dxnxsin)k(dxnxsin)k(1dxnxsin)x(f1b
0dxnxcos)k(dxnxcos)k(1dxnxcos)x(f1a
0dx)x(f21a
54321
0
0
n
0
0
n
0
k
- x
f(x)
-k
Orthogonality of the Trigonometric SystemOrthogonality of the Trigonometric System- Trigonometric system is orthogonal on the interval - x
Convergence and Sum of Fourier SeriesConvergence and Sum of Fourier SeriesTheorem 1Theorem 1: A periodic function f(x) (period 2, - x ) ~ piecewise continuous ~ with a left-hand derivative and right-hand derivative at each point Fourier series of f(x) is convergent. Its sum is f(x).
)nmincluding(0dxnxsinmxcos
)nm(0dxnxsinmxsin),nm(0dxnxcosmxcos
)M)x(''f(dxnxcos)x(''fn1
nnxcos)x('f
dxnxsin)x('fn1
nnxsin)x(fdxnxcos)x(f1a
22
n
2n222n nM2b,
nM2Mdx
n1dxnxcos)x(''f
n1a
22220 3
131
21
2111M2a~)x(fConvergent !
At discontinuous point, Fourier series converge to the average, (f(x+)+f(x-))/2)
10.3. Functions of Any Period p=2L10.3. Functions of Any Period p=2L- Transition from period p=2 to period p=2L- Function f(x) with period p=2L: (Trigonometric SeriesTrigonometric Series)
)v(g)x(f
LxLLvxvLnv
,...)2,1n(dxLxnsin)x(f
L1b
,...)2,1n(dxLxncos)x(f
L1a,dx)x(f
L21a
L
Ln
L
Ln
L
L0
0 n nn 1
n nf (x) a a cos x b sin xL L
,...)2,1n(dvnvsin)v(f1b
,...)2,1n(dvnvcos)v(g1a,dv)v(g21a
n
n0
0 n nn 1
g(v) a a cosnv b sin nv
Ex.1Ex.1) Periodic square wave f(x) = 0 (-2 < x < -1); k (-1 < x < 1); 0 (1 < x < 2) p=2L=4, L=2
Ex. 2Ex. 2) Half-wave rectifier u(t) = 0 (-L < t < 0); Esint (0 < t < L) p = 2L = 2/
k
-1 1 x
f(x)
0dx2xnsink
21b
,...)11,7,3n(nk2a,...),9,5,1n(
nk2a
2nsin
nk2dx
2xncosk
21a,
2kdxk
41dx)x(f
L21a
1
1n
nn
1
1n
1
1
L
L0
x25cos
51x
23cos
31x
2cosk2
2k)x(f
k
-/ 0
u(t)
/
10.4. Even and Odd Functions. Half-Range Expansions10.4. Even and Odd Functions. Half-Range Expansions- If a function is even or odd more compact form of Fourier series
Even and Odd FunctionsEven and Odd Functions Even function y=g(x): g(-x) = g(x) for all x (symmetric w.r.t. y-axis) Odd function y=g(x): g(-x) = -g(x) for all x
Three Key FactsThree Key Facts(1) For even function, g(x),
(2) For odd function, h(x),
(3) Production of an even and an odd function odd function let q(x) = g(x)h(x), then q(-x) = g(-x)h(-x) = -g(x)h(x) = -q(x)
x
g(x)
Even function
x
g(x)
Odd function
L
0
L
Ldx)x(g2dx)x(g
0dx)x(hL
L
In the Fourier series, f(x) even f(x)sin(nx/L) odd, then bn=0
f(x) odd f(x)cos(nx/L) odd, then a0 & an=0
Theorem 1Theorem 1: Fourier cosine series, Fourier sine seriesFourier cosine series, Fourier sine series(1) Fourier cosine series for even function with period 2L
(2) Fourier sine series for odd function with period 2L
L
0n
L
00 ,...)2,1n(dxLxncos)x(f
L2a,dx)x(f
L1a
1n
n0 Lxncosaa)x(f
0n00 ,...)2,1n(dxnxcos)x(f2a,dx)x(f1a
1n
n0 nxcosaa)x(f
For even function with period 2
L
0n ,...)2,1n(dxLxnsin)x(f
L2b
1n
n Lxnsinb)x(f
0n ,...)2,1n(dxnxsin)x(f2b
1n
n nxsinb)x(f
For odd function with period 2
Theorem 2Theorem 2: Sum of functionsSum of functions- Fourier coefficients of a sum of f1 + f2 sums of the corresponding Fourier coefficients of f1 and f2.- Fourier coefficients of cf c times the corresponding coefficients of f.
Ex. 1Ex. 1) Rectangular pulse
Ex. 2Ex. 2) Sawtooth wave: f(x) = x + (- < x < ) and f(x + ) = f(x)
for f2 = :
for odd f1 = x
x5sin
51x3sin
31xsink4)x(f + k+ k
previous result by Ex.1 in 10.2
2k
- x
f(x)
- x
f(x))f,xf(fff 2121
ncos2bn
x3sin
31x2sin
21xsin2)x(f
Half-Range ExpansionsHalf-Range Expansions
Ex. 1Ex. 1) “Triangle” and its-half-range expansions
x
f(x)
L
f(x)
L x
even periodic extension feven periodic extension f11
10.7. Approximation by Trigonometric Polynomials10.7. Approximation by Trigonometric Polynomials- Fourier series ~ applied to approximation theoryapproximation theory
- Trigonometric polynomial of degree N:
- Total square error:
- Determination of the coefficients of F(x) for minimum E
N
1nnn0 nxsinbnxcosaa)x(f
N
1nnn0 nxsinBnxcosAA)x(F (Minimize the error by usage of the F(x) !)
dx)Ff(E 2
dxFfFdx2dxfE 22
2N
21
2N
21
20
2 BBAAA2dxF
0dx)mx)(sinnx(cos;nxdxsinnxdxcos 22
NN11NN1100 bBbBaAaAaA2fFdx
,dxnxcos)x(f1a,dx)x(f
21a n0
N
1n
2n
2n
20
N
1nnnnn00
2 )BA(A2)bBaA(aA22dxfE
nnnn
N
1n
0n
0n
20
2* bB,aAwhen)ba(a2dxfE
N
1n
2nn
2nn
200
* )bB()aA(aA2EE (E - E* 0)(E - E* 0)
Theorem 1Theorem 1: Minimum square error- Total square error, E, is minimum iff coefficients of F are the Fourier coefficients of f. - Minimum value is E*