Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Prepared By Richard A. Davis PowerPoint Presentations to Accompany Psychology By John W. Santrock
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Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prepared By
Richard A. Davis
PowerPoint Presentations to
Accompany
Psychology By John W. Santrock
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 1
What is Psychology?
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What is Psychology?
Defining Psychology…
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Science
Behavior
Mental Processes
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Psychology’s Beginnings
Natural Selection
The evolutionary principle that the organisms that are best adapted to their environment are the most likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their genes to their offspring
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Psychology’s Beginnings
Structuralism
Emphasizes the importance of conscious thought and classification of the mind’s structures
Functionalism
Psychology’s role is to study the functions of the mind and behavior in adapting to the environment
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Approaches to Psychology
The Behavioral Approach
An emphasis on the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants
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Approaches to Psychology
The Psychoanalytic Approach An emphasis on the unconscious of the
mind, conflict between biological instincts and society’s demands, and early family experiences
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Approaches to Psychology
The Humanistic Approach An emphasis on a person’s capacity for
personal growth, freedom to choose his or her own destiny, and positive qualities
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Approaches to Psychology
The Cognitive Approach An emphasis on the mental processes
involved in knowing: How we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems
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Approaches to Psychology
The Behavioral Neuroscience Approach An approach that emphasizes the
importance of understanding the brain and nervous system if we are to understand behavior, thought, and emotion
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Approaches to Psychology
The Evolutionary Approach Emphasizes the importance of adaptation,
reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in explaining behavior
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Approaches to Psychology
The Sociocultural Approach Emphasizes the influences of culture,
ethnicity, and gender among other sociocultural factors, on behavior, thought, and emotion
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Psychology and Life: What Matters?
Biological processes matter
Environmental processes matter
Mental processes matter
Culture matters
Individual variations matter
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Psychology and Life: What Matters?
Science matters
Conceptual diversity matters
Controversies matter
Critical thinking matters
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Psychology Careers
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Areas of Specialization
Clinical and counseling psychology
Diagnose and treat people with psychological problems
Psychiatry
A branch of medicine practiced by physicians with a doctor of medicine (M.D.) degree who subsequently specialize in abnormal behavior and psychotherapy
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Areas of Specialization
Community psychology
Focuses on providing accessible care for people with psychological problems
Experimental psychology
Conduct basic research on areas of psychology using an experimental strategy. Areas include sensation and perception, cognitive processes, learning, motivation, and emotion
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Areas of Specialization
Physiological psychology and neuroscience
Focuses on biological processes, especially the brain’s role in behavior
Developmental psychology
Concerned with how we become who we are, from conception to death
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Areas of Specialization
Social psychology
Deals with people’s social interactions, relationships, perceptions, and attitudes
Personality psychology
Focuses on relatively enduring traits and characteristics of individuals
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Areas of Specialization
School and educational psychology
Concerned with children’s learning and adjustment in school
Industrial/organizational psychology
Deals with the workplace
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Areas of Specialization
Cross-cultural psychology
Examines the role of culture in understanding behavior, thought, and emotion
Psychology of women
Emphasizes the importance of promoting the research and study of women
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Areas of Specialization
Health psychology
Emphasizes psychological factors of health, lifestyle, and the nature of the health care delivery system
Forensic psychology
Applies psychological concepts to the legal system
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Areas of Specialization
Sports psychology
Applies psychology’s principles to improving sport performance and enjoying sport participation
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