15. 8. 20031 PY212 Electricity and Magnetism I. Electrostatics.

15. 8. 2003 1

PY212Electricity and Magnetism

I. Electrostatics

15. 8. 2003 2

I-1 Electric Charge

• Why Electrostatics?

• Demonstration of Electrostatic Effects.

• The Electric Charge and its Properties.

• The Coulomb’s Law.

• Some Applications of the C. L.

• Electric Field and Electric Intensity

15. 8. 2003 3

I-2 Gauss’ Law

• The Electric Flux.• The Gauss’ Law.• The Charge Density.• Use the G. L. to calculate the field of a

• A Point Charge• An Infinite Uniformly Charged Wire• An Infinite Uniformly Charged Plane• Two Infinite Charged Planes

15. 8. 2003 4

I-3 Electric Potential

• Conservative Fields.

• The Existence of the Electric Potential.

• Work done on Charge in Electrostatic Field.

• Relations of the Potential and Intensity.

15. 8. 2003 5

I-4 Electric Fields

• Relation of the Potential and Intensity

• The Gradient

• Electric Field Lines and Equipotential Surfaces.

• Motion of Charged Particles in Electrostatic Fields.

15. 8. 2003 6

I-5 Special Electrostatic Fields

• Electric Charge and Field in Conductors.

• The Field of the Electric Dipole.

• Behavior of E. D. in External Electric Field.

• Examples of Some Important Fields.

15. 8. 2003 7

I-6 Capacitance and Capacitors

• An Example of Storing a Charge.

• Capacity x Voltage = Charge.

• Various Types of Capacitors.

• Capacitors in Series.

• Capacitors in Parallel.

15. 8. 2003 8

I-7 Electric Energy Storage and Dielectrics

• Electric Energy Storage.

• Inserting a Conductor into a Capacitor.

• Inserting a Dielectric into a Capacitor.

• Microscopic Description of Dielectrics

• Concluding Remarks to Electrostatics.

15. 8. 2003 9

II. Electro-kinetics

Stationary Electric Currents

15. 8. 2003 10

II–1 Ohm’s Law

• Charges Move - Electric Currents

• Power Sources

• The Ohm’s Law

• Resistance and Resistors

• Transfer of Charge, Energy and Power

15. 8. 2003 11

II–2 Microscopic View of Electric Currents

• The Resistivity and Conductivity.

• Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators.

• The Speed of Moving Charges.

• The Ohm’s Law in Differential Form.

• The Classical Theory of Conductivity.

• The Temperature Dependence of Resistivity

15. 8. 2003 12

II–3 DC Circuits I

• Resistors in Series and Parallel.

• Resistor Networks.

• General Topology of Circuits.

• Kirchhoff’s Laws – Physical Meaning.

• The Use of the Kirchhoff’s Laws.

• The superposition principle.

• The Use of the Loop Currents Method.

15. 8. 2003 13

II–4 DC Circuits II

• Real Power Sources.

• Building DC Voltmeters and Ammeters.

• Using DC Voltmeters and Ammeters.

• Wheatstone Bridge.

• Charging Accumulators.

• The Thermocouple.

15. 8. 2003 14

III. Magnetism

Fields produced mostly by moving charges acting on moving charges.

15. 8. 2003 15

III–1 Magnetic Fields

• Introduction into Magnetism.

• Permanent Magnets and Magnetic Fields.

• Magnetic Induction.

• Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields.

• Forces on Electric Currents.

15. 8. 2003 16

III–2 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents

• Forces on Moving Electric Charges

• Biot-Savart Law

• Ampere’s Law.

• Calculation of Some Magnetic Fields.

15. 8. 2003 17

III–3 Magnetic Dipoles

• Magnetic Dipoles• The Fields they Produce

• Their Behavior in External Magnetic Fields

• Calculation of Some Magnetic Fields• Solenoid

• Toroid

• Thick Wire with Current

15. 8. 2003 18

III–4 Application of Magnetic Fields

• Applications of Lorentz Force• Currents are Moving Charges• Moving Charges in El. & Mag.• Specific charge Measurements• The Story of the Electron.• The Mass Spectroscopy.• The Hall Effect.• Accelerators

15. 8. 2003 19

III–5 Magnetic Properties of Materials

• Introduction to Magnetic Properties

• Magnetism on the Microscopic Scale.

• Diamagnetism.

• Paramagnetism.

• Ferromagnetism.

15. 8. 2003 20

IV. Electromagnetic Induction

Further relations between electric and magnetic fields

15. 8. 2003 21

IV–1 Faraday’s Law

• Introduction into Electro-magnetism.

• Faraday’s Experiment.

• Moving Conductive Rod.

• Faraday’s Law.

• Lenz’s Law.

• Examples

15. 8. 2003 22

IV–2 Inductance

• Transporting Energy.

• Counter Torque, EMF and Eddy Currents.

• Self Inductance

• Mutual Inductance

15. 8. 2003 23

IV–3 Energy of Magnetic Field

• Transformers

• Energy of Magnetic Field

• Energy Density of Magnetic Field

• An RC Circuit

• An RL Circuit

• An RLC Circuit - Oscilations

15. 8. 2003 24

V. Alternating Currents

Voltages and currents may vary in time.

15. 8. 2003 25

V–1 Alternating Voltages and Currents

• Introduction into Alternating Currents.

• Mean Values

• Harmonic Currents.

• Phase Shift

15. 8. 2003 26

V–2 AC Circuits

• Power in AC Circuits.

• R, L and C in AC Circuits. Impedance.

• Description using Phasors.

• Generalized Ohm’s Law.

• Serial RC, RL and RLC AC Circuits.

• Parallel RC, RL and RLC AC Circuits.

• The Concept of the Resonance.

15. 8. 2003 27

VI. Electromagnetic Waves

All the important physics in electromagnetism can be expressed in Maxwell’s Equations with interesting

consequences.

15. 8. 2003 28

VI–1 Maxwell’s Equations

• Generalized Ampères Law.

• Maxwell’s Equations.

• Production of Electromagnetic Waves.

• Electromagnetic Waves Qualitatively.

15. 8. 2003 29

VI–2 Electromagnetic Waves

• Properties of Electromagnetic Waves:• Relations of E and B.

• The speed of Light c.

• Energy Transport S.

• Radiation Pressure P.

15. 8. 2003 30

VII. Optics

Originally: Properties and Use of Light.

Now: Much More General.

15. 8. 2003 31

VII–1 Introduction into Geometrical Optics

• Introduction into Optics.

• Margins of Geometrical Optics.

• Fundamentals of Geometrical Optics.

• Ideal Optical System.

• Fermat’s Principle.

• Reflection and Reflection Optics.

15. 8. 2003 32

VII–2 Basic Optical Elements and Instruments

• Refraction, Dispersion and Refraction Optics.

• Thin Lenses. Types and Properties.

• Combination of Lenses.

• Basic Optical Instruments• Human Eye

• Magnifying Glass

• Telescope

• Microscope

15. 8. 2003 33

VII–3 Introduction into Wave Optics

• Huygens’ Principle and Coherence.• Interference

• Double Slit• Thin Film

• Diffraction• Single Slit• Gratings• X-Rays, Bragg Equation.• Wave Limits of Geometrical Optics.

Maxwell’s Equations I

^

dt

dIldB

dt

dldE

AdB

QAdE

eencl

m

000

0

0

• .