1491 – 1607 On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a.

PERIOD ONE1491 – 1607

On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the

peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world

KC 1.3

Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews

of each group.

Altered Views

Expansion into New World + contact with NAs & Africans new views of nonwhite peoples Social, political, economic relationships Role of whites in relation to nonwhites

Euro. Claims in America

Needs of Nation-states? $$ & support of Church (justification to rule)

Power of monarchy search for riches, spread Xnty

Spain

Height of power for F&I, unified Xn Spain GLORY for CC!

Little gold, little spices, no path to Asia Vs. Portugal: overlap in Americas

disputes Pope ruling in 1493 (line of demarcation & T of T in ‘94)

Domination of of Americas by Spain Conquistadors supremacy Gold, silver Encomienda System

High death W. African slaves Florida

St. Augustine (1565) New Mexico

Santa Fe (1610) Pueblo revolt after attempt to Xnize, Spanish out in

1692 Texas

1700s growth as resistance to French in MS RV CA

San Diego, 1769 & San Francisco, 1776, missions established, 1784

Treatment of natives DISEASE Forced labor

Few families from Spain intermarriage class system

De Las Casas, 1542 Valladolid Debate = de Las Casas vs.

Sepulveda

Spanish POV on NAs

JUAN DE SEPULVEDA BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS

England

John Cabot- 1497, Newfoundland No follow-up

Distractions- break w/ RCC by KHVIII QE I challenged Spanish shipping, 1570s-

80s Drake Raleigh (1587)

Treatment of Natives Settlements not near large NA empires Families to New World Initial coexistence, trade conflict, war

NA = savages English seen as changing life of NA (increase in

population loss of land, tribes scattered NAs expelled, not subjugated

France

1530s-40s Claims based on Jacques Cartier (St. Lawrence R.)

No follow-up European wars, religious conflicts (RCC vs. Huguenots

Treatment of Natives NAs = economic/military allies

Trade & aid in war (Huron + Fr. Vs. Iroquois) Good relationship w/ tribes Few colonists, towns, farms = less threat to NA Desire control of fur trade trading posts

St. Lawrence RV, Great Lakes, MS River

The Netherlands

1600s- voyages out for exploration Henry Hudson up river (NY) to claim area

for Dutch, 1609 formation of New Amsterdam Dutch West India Co.

Cultivation of Racism

NAs = inferior, exploited for economic gain, converted to Xnty, military allies

Little experience dealing with people who were different lack of understanding of NAs So…

How should NAs have been treated? How civilized are these groups compared to Eur.

Standards?

White Superiority

Why did it develop? Justification of slavery What else?

Explain how conceptions of group identity emerged out of cultural interactions

between colonizing groups, Africans, and American Indians in the colonial era.

Africans

Religion important in society N. Africa, coast/ports- Islam S of Sahara- isolated societies, animism, polytheist

W. Africa = Kingdoms based on trade, AG (sorghum, millet), copper, iron Kings (divine), some monotheism

Many polytheist, ancestor worship, celebration of virility/fertility

Empires: Ghana, Mali, Songhai GOLD = power

Further SW- kingdoms based on trade, rich in resources, AG (yams), much fighting between “ministates”

Trade based on gold, salt, copper, slaves , ivory Difficult for smaller states to trade ($$)

Mid-1450s coastal trade w/ Euros Many states, languages, goods along coast Grain, Ivory, Gold, Slave Coasts

Trading Posts on coast, islands Disease inland Experiments w/ crops, livestock on islands

Slave Trade Beginnings

Slavery widespread in Africa Coerced labor common in societies around

world Africans- enslaved b/c of debt, sold by family

for food, war captives Sold as: AG laborers, concubines, military

recruits Euros more interested in commodities

until realize value of human trafficking. diaspora of African peoples

Slavery

Robin Blackburn: The “dark side of progress” Contradiction faced

Old World order of unfree labor dying Those opposed settle in New World development of unfree labor on massive

scale resolved issue by “racialization” of slavery

British Slavery

Slavery expanded Profits from slavery increased industrialization

($$, capitalism) Colonial development increased industrialization AG (small farms large, capitalistic farms)

Creates “landless workers” Can emigrate to New World labor force (3, 5, 7 yrs)

Difficult work, seen as property Harsh conditions, low life expectancy Value based on crop production during span of

servitude

An Economic Cause

Problems? Demand for exports increased demand for

laborers increased IS from GB voluntary, low numbers crossing =

demand not met Stories from across Atlantic

shift to Africans = secure supply of labor

Eric Williams (1943) Slavery not racial, but economic (cheapness) Racism a consequence/effect of slavery

Problem? Fear of revolt Heightened by idea of whites + blacks = joint

action Ex: 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion Slaves + servants + freeman

laws of racial segregation solidarity among whites idea of “privileged class” Poor whites still have rights (GB citizens)

Fear of labor resistance/rebellion white fear of black rebellion

New identity develops based on racial structures slavery = black Africans

GB difference from Sp/Fr/Dutch? No blurring of racial lines (intermarriage)

NA Reaction

NA = distinct, independent = no unified response

Euro goods (iron, copper, guns) interaction w/ NAs

Violence, disease causes NA to find new way of life

Experience of Euro. wars on continent tribal alliances w/ Euro. For support in survival Some migrate west

Attempt at Autonomy

NAs & Africans try to maintain culture, core beliefs, political independence Challenge by Euro.

Euro. try to change NA beliefs, worldviews Religion Gender roles Family Role of natural environment Ownership NA resistance, conflict

Spanish Mission System

Florida- Apalachee Matriarchal vs. primogeniture H-G + AG (Three sisters) Nature gods

Mission San Luis Spanish conquest

Rule by Country& Church

Missionaries taughtXnty, Euro. farming, loyalty to King

Collect wealth (food forpeople/soldiers)

African Adaptations

Language, culture adapt to W. Hemisphere Some preservation, autonomy

Oral tradition Group worship

Ex: Xnty + African religions Some reject Xnty- religion of slaverholders Others hold on to promises of freedom in New

Testament, Moses from Old Testament Music, Song

Food Sweet potato (yams), rice, okra, sorghum, black-

eyed peas, peanuts