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3. NATIONALISM IN INDIA

CONCEPT

SECTION A — THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION

The First World War (1914-1918) was a turningpoint in the history of Indian National Movement.

It created a new political and economic situation.National Movement spread to new areas,

influenced new social groups, developed new modesof struggle. Nationalists could demand newconcessions from Great Britain.

But the war did not end hardships caused by it tomillions of the poor in India.

Hardships suffered during the war – Hugedefence expenditure, rise in prices, famines or cropfailure (1918-19-20-21). Nearly 12 to 13 millionpeople died (census 1921) due to the famine.

Anger caused by forced recruitment of army inthe villages. At this stage Gandhiji emerged on thenational scene.

New Ideas – Satyagraha, a novel way of fightingthe colonial rule in India. A non-aggressive, peacefulmass agitation against oppression and injustice.Gandhiji knew India could never match the British inarms.

Satyagraha means insistence on truth. A moral

force, not passive resistance.Gandhiji organised Satyagraha Movements in

Champaran, Bihar (1916), Kheda district of Gujarat(1917) and amongst cotton mill workers inAhmedabad (1918).

These campaigns established him as the leader ofthe masses.

Rowlatt Act (1919), Jallianwala Bagh massacre(13 April, 1919) and the Khilafat Movement ledGandhiji to start his Non-Cooperation Movement in1920.

Khilafat Movement was led by two brothersShaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali; was founded tofight for Khilafat rights, and was against the harshtreatment given to the Khalifa, Emperor of theTurkish Empire, after the First World War.

Gandhiji convinced the Congress to join handswith the Khilafat Movement and start aNon-Cooperation Campaign for Swaraj.

Non-Cooperation with the British rule,programme adopted at the Nagpur Session ofCongress in 1920.

SECTION B — DIFFERING STRANDS WITHIN THE MOVEMENT

Non-Cooperation began in January 1921.Many groups joined it for their own specific

reasons.Swaraj did mean the same to all.

(i) Movement in Towns : Middle class took up thefight. Students, teachers, lawyers gave up studies,jobs, practice and joined it in thousands. Councilelections boycotted. Foreign goods boycotted. Liquorshops picketed.(ii) Movement in the Countryside : Peasants andtribals took over the struggle which turned violent attimes. In Awadh, Baba Ramchandra fought against

landlords and talukdars. In 1920, Jawaharlal Nehruand Baba Ramchandra formed Oudh Kisan Sabha.In Andhra Pradesh : The peasants of Gudem Hillsled a guerilla movement against the British. Theirleader, Alluri Sitaram Raju, advocated use of force.He was captured and executed in 1924.(iii) Movement in Plantations : Workers in Assamagitated to move freely, a protest against the InlandEmigration Act (1859) which prevented them fromleaving the plantation without permission.

The Chauri-Chaura incident of 1922 madeGandhiji call off the movement.

SECTION C — TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru founded the SwarajParty within the Congress to fight elections for theCouncils and demand reform.

The Simon Commission (1928) led to proteststhroughout India.

At the Lahore Session of the Congress (Dec.1929) the Congress adopted the resolution ofComplete Swaraj as its goal. 26th January, 1930 tobe celebrated as Independence Day.

Gandhiji gave the call for Civil DisobedienceMovement.

Assignments in Social Science Class X (Term II)

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He chose ‘Salt’ as the symbol of unity of thenation. Called the ‘Salt Tax’ as most inhuman. Themovement started on 31 January, 1930. He madeeleven demands in a letter to the Viceroy Lord Irwin.His demands covered every class from industrialiststo peasants.

Famous Dandi March began on March 12,1930. On 6th April 1930, Gandhiji reached Dandi, avillage in Gujarat and broke the Salt Law by boilingwater and manufacturing salt. Thus began the CivilDisobedience Movement.

The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22)attempted to bring the government to a standstill bynon-cooperating with the administration.

The Civil Disobedience Movement aimed atparalysing the government by performing illegal acts.

Boycott of foreign goods, non-payment of taxes,breaking forest laws were its main features.

The British Government followed a policy ofbrutal repression. Arrested all the leaders includingGandhiji and Nehru. Nearly 100,000 people werearrested.

Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, signed a pact withGandhiji on 5 March, 1931. Gandhiji agreed toattend the Second Round Table Conference and theBritish agreed to release all political prisoners.

Gandhiji returned from the Second Round TableConference disappointed in December 1931. CivilDisobedience started again.

By 1934 the movement lost its momentum.What Swaraj meant to different social groups

who joined the Civil Disobedience Movement.(i) To the Countryside : Rich peasant communitiesexpected the revenue tax to be reduced, when theBritish refused to do so, they did not rejoin themovement in 1932.(ii) The Poor were the peasants who rented the landfrom landlords. Depression made them unable to pay

rent and wanted it to be reduced. Their relationshipwith the Congress became uncertain.(iii) The Business Classes. After the war, their hugeprofits were reduced, wanted protection againstimport of foreign goods. The failure of the RoundTable Conference, curbed their enthusiasm for theCivil Disobedience Movement.(iv) The Industrial Working Class did notparticipate in a large number. They joined because oflow wages and poor working conditions. Congresswas reluctant to include workers’ demands as itwould alienate the industrialists. (v) Women and the Civil DisobedienceMovement. 1930 was the year when women enteredthe struggle for Independence on a massive scale.During Gandhiji’s Dandi March, they joined protestmarches, picketed foreign clothes and shops. ButCongress did not encourage them or gave themimportant posts in the organisation.Limits of Civil Disobedience

The Dalits or the Untouchables did not activelyparticipate in the movement, they demandedreservation of seats, separate electorates. Dr B.R.Ambedkar, the leader of the Dalits, formed anassociation in 1930, called the Depressed ClassesAssociation. He clashed with Gandhiji.

Gandhiji began a fast unto death against separateelectorate. Finally Poona Pact between the twoleaders (1932) gave reserved seats in Provincial andCentral Councils but were voted by generalelectorate.

Muslim political organisations also kept awayfrom the Movement.

Congress seemed more visibly associated withHindu religious nationalist groups. The leader of theMuslim League, M.A. Jinnah, wanted reserved seatsfor Muslims in Central Assembly. Civil DisobedienceMovement started in an atmosphere of distrust andsuspicion between the two communities.

SECTION D — THE SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING

Collective belonging comes through experiencesof common struggles. A common history and fiction,through folklore, songs and popular prints andsymbols.

Bharat Mata became the symbol of India.Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created the

image in his song “Vande Mataram” in his novel‘Anand Math’ (1870s). Abanindranath Tagorepainted Bharat Mata as a calm, composed, divine andspiritual figure.

Rabindranath Tagore of Bengal and Natesa

Sastri of Madras compiled songs, ballads, mythsand folklore.

Reinterpretation of History : Indians delved inthe past history and discovered India’s greatness andachievements in mathematics, literature, religion,culture, philosophy, crafts and trade.

Conclusion : Gandhiji channelised the angeragainst colonial government into a common strugglefor freedom in the first half of the 20th century. Hesaw the emergence of a nation wanting to liberateitself from the colonial rule, in spite of all itsdifferences.

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ASSIGNMENTS FOR SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 mark)

A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1. The First World War (1914-1918) affectedIndia in the economic field. How?(a) It led to huge defence expenditure met by

increased taxes(b) Custom duties and income tax were introduced(c) Prices doubled between 1913-1918, leading

to extreme hardship for common people(d) All the above

2. ‘Forced recruitment’ means the process bywhich(a) Indians were forced by the British rulers to

finance the British army(b) The Indian princes had to supply soldiers to

fight for the British(c) The colonial state forced people in rural areas

to join the army(d) None of the above

3. The growth of modern nationalism in India,as in Vietnam, is closely connected to :(a) A sense of oppression under colonialism(b) An anti-colonial movement(c) A discovery of unity in their struggle against

colonialism(d) All the above

4. Which of the following statements is not trueabout the Jallianwalla Bagh incident?(a) General Dyer blocked all exit points, and

opened fire on the peaceful crowd, killinghundreds

(b) Gandhiji went on indefinite fast to stop therepression by the British

(c) As a reaction crowds took to the streets inmany Indian towns, attacking the police andgovernment buildings

(d) Dyer’s object was to produce a demoralisingeffect of great terror and awe in the minds ofthe satyagrahis

5. The first three successful Satyagrahamovements by Gandhiji were :(a) Against the Rowlatt Act, Civil Disobedience

Movement and Quit India(b) Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil

Disobedience and Khilafat Movement(c) Peasant Movements in Champaran of Bihar,

Kheda district of Gujarat and in Ahmedabad

by cotton mill workers(d) Khilafat movement, Non-Cooperation and

Quit India movement6. When was the Non-Cooperation programme

adopted by the Congress?(a) At Surat in December 1920(b) At Nagpur in December 1920(c) At Calcutta in January 1921(d) At Bombay in December 1920

7. The various social groups that joined the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement were:(a) The rich in the cities, the poor in the villages

and the workers in plantations(b) The middle class in cities, the peasants and

the tribals in the countryside, and plantationworkers

(c) The students in cities, the farmers in villagesand the workers in the plantations

(d) The Brahmans in cities, the peasants in thevillages and workers in plantations

8. Why did Gandhiji urge the Congress to jointhe Khilafat Movement?(a) He wanted to support the Khalifat(b) He saw this as an opportunity to bring the

Muslims under the umbrella of a unifiednational movement

(c) He knew that without Hindu-Muslim unityno broad-based movement could be launched

(d) Both (b) and (c)9. The Non-Cooperation Movement was started

by Mahatma Gandhi in support of :(a) Khilafat (b) Swaraj(c) Khilafat and Swaraj (d) None of the above

10. Baba Ramchandra was :(a) A sanyasi, who was earlier an indentured

labourer(b) Leader of the peasant revolt in Awadh(c) Founder of the Kisan Sabha of Awadh in

October 1920 alongwith J.L. Nehru(d) All the above

11. Who started the Swaraj Party and why ?(a) Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose

to oppose Gandhiji’s policies(b) The young leaders in Congress who were

against mass struggles

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(c) Nehru and Bose who wanted fullindependence

(d) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru because theywanted to enter the Provincial Councils andoppose British policies

12. The two events which shaped Indian politicsin the 1920s were :(a) The setting up of the Simon Commission by

the Tory Government in Britain which didnot have a single Indian member

(b) The worldwide economic depression whichled to a fall in agricultural prices and set thecountryside in turmoil in 1930

(c) both (a) and (b)(d) The division within the Congress

13. Why did production of Indian textiles andhandloom go up during the Non-CooperationMovement?(a) Foreign cloth was burnt in huge bonfires(b) People discarded imported clothes and wore

only Indian ones(c) The import of foreign cloth was halved

between 1921-22 and the value dropped fromRs 102 crores to Rs 57 crores

(d) All the above14. Which of the following statements are not

associated with the Non-CooperationMovement in the towns?(a) Only the Brahmans and the rich took part in

the movement(b) The council elections were boycotted even

by the Justice Party of Madras(c) Both (a) and (b)(d) Thousands of students left government-

controlled schools; headmasters and teachersresigned; lawyers gave up their practice

15. Who presided over the December 1929 sessionof the Congress at Lahore and what was itsdemand?(a) Jawaharlal Nehru, the demand was for Poorna

Swaraj or full independence(b) Subhas Chandra Bose and “Poorna Swaraj”

was its demand(c) Mahatma Gandhi. He asked for peaceful

transfer of power by the British(d) Jawaharlal Nehru, the demand was for more

representation of Indians in the Councils16. Which of the following statements is true

about the Dandi March of Mahatma Gandhi?(a) It started on 11 March, 1930 and ended on

6 April, 1930

(b) Mahatma Gandhi marched over 240 mileswith 78 of his trusted followers covering 10miles a day

(c) On 6th April, Gandhiji ceremonially violatedthe Salt Law, manufacturing salt by boilingwater.

(d) All the above17. The two reasons why Gandhiji attended the

Second Round Table Conference of December1931, were :(a) The arrest of Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal

Nehru(b) Violence of the Indian people against symbols

of the British Raj like railways, police posts(c) The signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in

March 1931(d) Both (b) and (c)

18. Name two industrial organisations establishedby Indian merchants and industrialists toprotect their business interests.(a) The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)(b) The Indian Industrial and Commerical

Congress (1922)(c) The Federation of the Indian Chambers of

Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in 1927(d) Both (b) and (c)

19. The business groups and industrialists lostenthusiasm for the Civil DisobedienceMovement because :(a) They lost faith in Gandhiji’s methods(b) They were frightened by the British repression(c) The spread of violent activities worried them

about prolonged disruption of business andthe failure of the Round Table Congress madethem afraid

(d) All the above20. One important feature of Civil Disobedience

Movement was :(a) Gandhiji’s belief that women should not join

it and remain at home.(b) The complete change in the status of women

in society.(c) The large scale participation of women in the

movements in protest marches, manufacturingsalt, picketing and boycotting foreign clothand even going to jail

(d) The large scale participation of the Dalits orHarijans

21. Who was the President of the Muslim Leaguein 1930?(a) Mr M.A. Jinnah

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(b) Maulana Azad(c) Abdul Ghaffar Khan(d) Sir Mohammad Iqbal

22. Muslim leaders and intellectuals wereconcerned about the status of Muslims as aminority within India, because :(a) There was distrust and suspicion between the

two communities(b) They feared that their culture and identity

would be submerged under the domination ofa Hindu majority

(c) Their leaders differed with the policies of theCongress

(d) The Congress was not ready to grant them aseparate electorate

23. Gandhiji’s “Swaraj flag” had :(a) Tricolours — red, green and yellow, a crescent

moon representing Hindus and Muslims andeight houses representing the 8 provinces

(b) A tricolour - red, green and yellow withAshoka’s chakra in the middle

(c) A tricolour (red, green and white) with aspinning wheel in the centre representingGandhian ideal of self help

(d) A flag with the sun in the centre24. Who was the first writer to create the image

of ‘Bharat Mata’ as an identity of India andhow?(a) Abanindranath Tagore by his paintings of a

mother figure in 1905(b) Rabindranath Tagore through his collection

of ballads, nursery rhymes and myths(c) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya in 1870, by

writing the song “Vande Mataram” and laterincluding it in his novel ‘Anand Math’

(d) None of the above25. The two great writers of Bengal and Madras

who contributed to nationalism in the latenineteenth century through folklore were :(a) Abanindranath Tagore and Ravi Verma(b) Rabindranath Tagore and Natesa Sastri

(c) Jamini Roy and Ravi Verma(d) None of the above

26. Name a leader of the Dalits and the associationformed by him.(a) Mahatma Gandhi and ‘Harijan’ association(b) Baba Amte, ‘Dalit Association’(c) Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Depressed Classes

Association in 1930(d) None of the above

27. The reason for Mahatma Gandhiji’s fast untodeath in 1932, was(a) The failure of the Civil Disobedience

Movement(b) The public resort to violence during the Civil

Disobedience Movement(c) The clash with Dr Ambedkar over his demand

for a separate electorate for Dalits which hethought would halt their integration intosociety

(d) The failure of the Second Round TableConference

28. The main features of the Poona Pact ofSeptember 1932 were :(a) No separate electorates for Dalits, to be voted

by the general electorates(b) The Dalits to be called Depressed Classes and

not Harijans(c) Reserved seats for Depressed Classes in

provincial and central legislative councils(d) Both (a) and (c)

29. Natesa Sastri expressed and proved his lovefor folklore by :(a) Believing that folklore was national literature(b) By calling it the most trustworthy

manifestation of the people’s real thoughtsand characteristics

(c) By publishing a massive four-volumecollection of Tamil folktales “The Folklore ofSouthern India”

(d) All the above

B. QUESTIONS FROM CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS

1. In which movement did Gandhi see anopportunity to bring Muslims under theumbrella of a unified national movement :

[2011 (T-2)](a) the oppressive plantation system in Champaran

movement.(b) A satyagraha movement to support the peasant

of the Kheda district of Gujarat.

(c) A nationwide satyagraha against the proposedRowlatt Act of 1919.

(d) A non-cooperation movement in support ofKhilafat as well as Swaraj.

2. Which pact resolved the issue of separateelectorates for dalits between Gandhi andAmbedkar in 1932? [2011 (T-2)](a) Lucknow pact (b) Nagpur pact

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(c) Poona pact (d) Surat pact3. Which was the main cause for boycotting

foreign goods during Non-CoopeartionMovement ? [2011 (T-2)](a) A symbol of western economic and cultural

dominations.(b) A symbol of foreign rule.(c) A symbol of western political domination.(d) A symbol of oppressive rule.

4. Which of the following was the cause forbusiness classes to participate in CivilDisobedience Movement ? [2011 (T-2)](a) To buy foreign goods without any restrictions.(b) To sell Indian goods without any restrictions.(c) Protection against import of foreign goods.(d) To export their goods.

5. Which one of the following is not trueregarding the impact of the First World Waron India ? [2011 (T-2)](a) Defence expenditure resulted in increased

taxes.(b) Forced recruitment of soldiers was introduced

in the villages.(c) Income tax was introduced and custom duties

increased.(d) The hardships ended with the war as the

British introduced the Rowlatt Act.6. Which one of the following is not true

regarding the Jallianwalla Bagh incident ?[2011 (T-2)]

(a) It took place on 10th April 1919.(b) Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on

the ground and crawl on the streets.(c) Ist aim was to create a ‘moral effect’ an the

minds of the satyagrahis(d) Its aim was to create a feeling of terror and

7. Which one of the following is not trueregarding the Rowlatt Act ? [2011 (T-2)](a) It barred Indians from carrying weapons and

arms.(b) It allowed detention of political prisoners

without trial, for two years.(c) Its aim was to give power to the government

to repress political activities.(d) It was passed by the Imperial Legislative

Councils inn1919.8. Which one of the following is not true

regarding the Khilafat Movement ?[2011 (T-2)]

(a) It aimed at bringing the Hindus and Muslimstogether in the Non-cooperation Movement.

(b) It aimed at defending the Ottoman emperor’stemporal powers.

(c) Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali led themovement in India.

(d) It resulted in the restoration of the power ofthe Khilafat of Turkey.

9. Why did the rich peasant community activelyparticipate in the Civil Disobedience movement? Choose the most appropriate answer fromthe following : [2011 (T-2)](a) Failure of talks in the 2nd round table

conference(b) The Government’s refusal to reduce the

revenue demand(c) Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill

cloth(d) Racial discrimination

10. Which one of the following leaders headedAbadh Kisan Sabha ? [2011 (T-2)](a) Jawahar lal Nehru (b) Mahtma Gandhi(c) Subhash Chandra Bose(d) Moti lal Nehru

11. Which one of the following statements is notin the with the basic concept of ‘Satyagraha’?

[2011 (T-2)](a) Emphasis on the power of truth.(b) Emphasis on the need to restrain oneself.(c) Emphasis on non-violence.(d) Emphasis on enduring the British dominance.

12. Which one of the following was the mainreason behind the start of the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920 ? [2011 (T-2)](a) To fulfil the demand for Swaraj.(b) To oppose the arrival of Prince of Wales.(c) To surrender the titles vested by British.(d) To Boycott the civil services, army, police,

courts and legislative councils.13. The event that marked the beginning of the

Civil Disobedience Movement was :[2011 (T-2)]

(a) The demand for Poorna Swaraj of 1929(b) The independence day pledge of 1930(c) The violation of Salt Law in 1930(d) All of these

14. In 1916, Gandhiji travelled to Champaran inBihar to inspire the peasant to struggle againstthe : [2011 (T-2)](a) Upper caste people(b) Landless agriculture labourers(c) Oppressive plantation system(d) None of them

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15. Who was the President of Muslim League in1930 ? [2011 (T-2)](a) Muhammad Ali Jinnah(b) Muhammad Iqbal(c) Muhammad Ali(d) Shaukat Ali

16. In 1905 who painted the image of Bharat Matashown as dispensing learning, food andclothing? [2011 (T-2)](a) Rabindranath Tagore(b) Abnindranath Tagore(c) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya(d) None of these

17. Why did General Dyer open fire on thepeaceful gathering at Jallianwala Bagh on13th April, 1919 ? [2011 (T-2)](a) General Dyer wanted to enforce martial law

very strictly in Amritsar.(b) He wanted to create feeling of terror and awe

in the minds of satyagrahis.(c) He wanted to demoralise the local congress

leaders.(d) He wanted to gain prominence in the eyes of

British government.18. Gandhiji began fast unto death when Dr. B.R.

Ambedkar demanded separate electorate forDalits because : [2011 (T-2)](a) Separate electrorates would create division in

the society.(b) Separate electrorates would slow down the

progress of integration into society.(c) With separate electrorates, dalits would gain

respect in society.(d) The condition of dalits would become better.

19. ‘Hind Swaraj’ was written by : [2011 (T-2)](a) Abul Kalam Azad(b) Mahatma Gandhi(c) Sardar Patel(d) Subhash Chandra Bose

20. Who amongst the following led the civildisobedience in Peshawar ? [2011 (T-2)](a) Abdul Gaffar Khan(b) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad(c) Lala Lajpat Rai(d) Jawaharlal Nehru

21. The resolution of Poorna Swaraj was adoptedat which Session of the Congress ?

[2011 (T-2)](a) Karachi (b) Haripur(c) Lahore (d) Lucknow

22. Who led the peasant movement in Oudhduring the Non-co-operation Movement ?

[2011 (T-2)](a) Motilal Nehru (b) Mahatma Gandhi(c) Baba Ramchandra (d) Sardar Patel

23. The Simon Commission was boycotted in Indiabecause : [2011 (T-2)](a) There was no Indian member in the

Commission.(b) It supported the Muslim League(c) Congress felt that people deserved Swaraj(d) There were differences among the members

24. Which of the following best describesSatyagraha as an idea ? [2011 (T-2)](a) Practising civil disobedience(b) Resignation from official posts(c) Appealing to the conscience of the adversary

without physical force(d) Boycott of schools and colleges

25. Which of the following in not true about theRowlatt Act ? [2011 (T-2)](a) It allowed the detention of prisoners for five

years without trial.(b) Gave the government powers to repress

political activity.(c) It passed despite opposition from the Indian

members in the Imperial Legislative Council.(d) Led to the launch of a movement under

Gandhiji’s leadership.26. Which of the following was a cause for the

withdrawal of the Non-CooperationMovement? [2011 (T-2)](a) Lack of coordination among the satyagrahi.(b) Outbreak of violence at Chauri Chaura.(c) Gandhiji wanted to start Civil Disobedience.(d) Other nationalists persuaded Gandhiji.

27. Gandhiji in his work ‘Hind Swaraj’ said that:[2011 (T-2)]

(a) The British must Quit India(b) Indians must not cooperate with the British(c) The Government must concede the right to

make salt(d) Indians must be involved in the governance

of India28. Which one of the following is not true

regarding the Gandhi Irwin Pact of 1931?[2011 (T-2)]

(a) Mahatma Gandhiji decided to call off the CivilDisobedience Movement.

(b) Gandhiji consented to participate in a RoundTable Conference.

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(c) The British government agreed to release thepolitical prisoners.

(d) The British government agreed to grantindependence.

29. Who among the following was the author ofthe famous novel ‘Anandmath’ ? [2011 (T-2)](a) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya(b) Abanindranath Tagore(c) Natesa Sastri(d) Rabindranath Tagore

30. Who among the following were associated with‘Swaraj Party’ formed during India’s freedomstruggle ? [2011 (T-2)](a) C.R. Das and Jawaharlal Nehru(b) Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das(c) Motilal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose(d) Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali

31. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India fromSouth Africa in : [2011 (T-2)](a) 1920 (b) 1913 (c) 1910 (d) 1915

32. The concept of non-cooperation was turnedinto a movement through the : [2011 (T-2)](a) surrender of Government awarded titles(b) boycott of foreign goods and schools(c) boycott of civil services, army, police, courts

and legislative councils(d) all of these

33. How did the Indian people belonging todifferent communities, regions or languagesdevelop a sense of collective belonging ?

[2011 (T-2)](a) Through the experience of united struggles(b) Through cultural process(c) Through the several of Indian folklores.(d) All of these

34. Indians boycotted the Simon Commissionbecause : [2011 (T-2)](a) It was an all British Commission(b) It was formed in Britain(c) It was set up in sharing to the nationalist

movement(d) None of these

35. What was the effect of the Non-CooperationMovement on the plantation workers inAssam? [2011 (T-2)](a) They left the plantation and headed towards

home(b) They went on strike(c) They destroyed the plantations(d) They started using violence

36. By whom was the song ‘Vande Mataram’Composed ? [2011 (T-2)](a) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay(b) Rabindranath Tagore(c) Sarat Chandra(d) Natesa Sastri

37. Name the Sanyasi who was an indenturedlabourer in Fiji : [2011 (T-2)](a) Baba Ramchandra (b) Baba Ramdev(c) Baba Sitaraman (d) Baba Jaidev

38. The Peasants of Kheda district could not paythe revenue because they were affected by :

[2011 (T-2)](a) extreme poverty (b) the crop failure(c) a plague epidemic (d) all the above

39. Justice Party of Madras was a party of :[2011 (T-2)]

(a) non-Muslims. (b) non-Brahmins.(c) non-Tamils. (d) judges.

40. Why was Simon Commission sent to India in1928 ? [2011 (T-2)](a) To look into the functioning of Indian

Constitutional system and suggest reforms.(b) To try Indian revolutionary leaders.(c) To frame a new Constitution for India.(d) To persuade Gandhiji to attend the Round

Table Conference.41. In what order did the following three

movements take place during 1916-1918 byGandhiji ? [2011 (T-2)](a) Champaran, Kheda, and Ahmedabad.(b) Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda.(c) Kheda, Champaran, and Ahmedabad.(d) Ahmedabad, Champaran and Kheda.

42. Who among the following organised the dalitsin the Depressed Classes Association in 1930?

[2011 (T-2)](a) Gandhiji (b) Alluri Sitarm Raju(c) Kansi Ram (d) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

43. In the Countryside, rich peasants and Jats ofUttar Pradesh actively participated in the CivilDisobedience Movement because :

[2011 (T-2)](a) They wanted Poorna Swaraj(b) They were very hard hit by the trade

depression and falling prices.(c) They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord

to be remitted(d) The government was forcing land ceiling

44. Which one of the following provision is relatedto Gandhi-Irwin Pact ? [2011 (T-2)]

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(a) Not to arrest Gandhiji(b) To release the political prisoners(c) To abolish Salt Act(d) To arrest Sir John Simon

45. The relationship between the poor peasantsand the congress remained uncertain duringthe Civil Disobedience Movement because

[2011 (T-2)](a) The poor peasants were interested in the

lowering of the revenue demand(b) They launched a no rent campaigns(c) They were hard hit by the depression(d) All of the above

46. Who said, “The Swaraj would not come for ahundred years if untouchability is noteliminated.” [2011 (T-2)](a) Motilal Nehru(b) Subhash Chandra Bose(c) Mahatma Gandhi (d) B.R. Ambedkar

47. ‘Swaraj’ for the plantation workers in Assammeant : [2011 (T-2)](a) political freedom (b) more wages(c) retaining a link with the village from which

they had come.(d) none of the above.

48. Which one of the following was the mainreason for calling off the ‘Non-cooperationMovement’ by Gandhiji in 1922 ?[2011 (T-2)](a) The Chauri Chaura incident(b) The passing of the Rowlatt Act(c) Khilafat Movement(d) The Jallianwala Bagh incident

49. Who one of the following took command, whenmartial law was imposed in Amritsar in 1919?

[2011 (T-2)](a) General Dyer (b) Lord Dalhousie(c) William Bentinck (d) Sir John Simon

II. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 marks)

A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwideSatyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act1919? Explain any three reasons. [2010]

2. Discuss the importance of Khilafat Movement inIndia.

3. What was the programme outlined by theCongress before launching the Non-CooperationMovement?

4. Why is the Chauri Chaura incident so importantin the history of the national movement?

5. Why did Gandhiji begin the Salt March? Howdid it affect the national movement?

6. Give reasons why the Dalits and the Muslims didnot support Civil Disobedience Movement.

7. Why did Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Duttthrow a bomb in the Legislative Assembly?Explain the reasons.

8. The business class and industrialists firstsupported the Civil Disobedience Movement andthen lost interest in it after 1932. Give reasonsfor this change of attitude.

9. Write a short note on the peasant movement inAwadh during the Non-Cooperation Movement.

10. Discuss the grievances of the working class inIndia.

B. QUESTIONS FROM CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS

1. Explain the circumstances in which Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowed downin cities. [2008]

2. Mention three main proposals with reference toNon-Cooperation Movement, as suggested byMahatma Gandhi. [2008]

3. Mention three reasons by which the rich peasantcommunities took active participation in theCivil Disobedience Movement. [2008]

4. Describe any three features of the CivilDisobedience Movement of 1930. (2009)

5. Study the given passage and answer thequestions that follow. [2009]The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January1930“We believe that it is the inalienable right of theIndian people, as of any other people, to havefreedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil andhave the necessities of life, so that they may havefull opportunities of growth. We believe also thatif any government deprives people of these rightsand oppresses them, the people have a furtherright to alter it or to abolish it. The British

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Government in India has not only deprived theIndian people of their freedom but has baseditself on the exploitation of the masses, and hasruined India economically, politically, culturally,and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that Indiamust sever the British connection and attainPurna Swaraj or Complete Independence.”

(i) Why was it the inalienable right of the Indianpeople to have freedom?

(ii) How did the British exploit the Indians?Explain.

6. Mention any three efforts made by Gandhiji toget Harijans their rights. [2009]

7. Describe briefly any three economic effects ofNon-Cooperation Movement. [2009]

8. Study the given passage carefully, and answerthe questions that follow : [2009]Mahatma Gandhi on Satyagraha“It is said of “passive resistance” that it is theweapon of the weak, but the power which is thesubject of this article can be used only by thestrong. This power is not passive resistance;indeed, it calls for intense activity. Themovement in South Africa was not passive butactive ...“Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahidoes not inflict pain on the adversary; he doesnot seek his destruction ... In the use ofsatyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever.“Satyagraha is pure soul force. Truth is the verysubstance of the soul. That is why this force iscalled satyagraha. The soul is informed withknowledge. In it burns the flame of love. ...Non-violence is the supreme dharma ...“It is certain that India cannot rival Britain orEurope in force of arms. The British worship thewar-god and they can all of them become, asthey are becoming, bearers of arms. Thehundreds of millions in India can never carryarms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own...”

(i) What is the main difference between physicalforce and soulforce?

(ii) Why can’t Indians carry arms? Explain.9. Describe briefly various problems in unifying

people in India by the end of the 19th century.[2009]

10. Describe briefly the ‘Salt March’ undertaken byMahatma Gandhi [2009]

11. ‘Some icons and symbols were used forunifying the people and inspiring within them thefeeling of nationalism.’ Give two evidences insupport of the statement. [2011 (T-2)]

12. How did Mahatma Gandhi successfully organiseSatyagarh movements in various places just afterarriving in India ? Explain by giving threeexamples. [2011 (T-2)]

13. How was the Civil Disoobedience Movementdifferent from the Non-Cooperation Movement ?State any three points of difference. [2011 (T-2)]

14. Explain the features of the Boycott and SwadeshiMovement. [2011 (T-2)]

15. What was the impact of the First World War onthe economic conditions in India ? [2011 (T-2)]

16. Why did the Non-Coopeartion Movementgradually slow down in the cities ? Give threereasons. [2011 (T-2)]

17. How did the idea of nationalism develop througha movement to revive Indian folklore ? Givethree points. [2011 (T-2)]

18. Why did Mahatma Gandhi perceive ‘salt’ as apowerful symbol to unite the nation ?

[2011 (T-2)]19. Evaluate any three features of the peasant

movement during Civil Disobedience Movementin India. [2011 (T-2)]

20. What were the three local issues in whichGandhiji experimented his technique ofsatyagraha during the years 1917-1918 ? Howwere these issue resolved ? [2011 (T-2)]

21. What was Rowlatt Act ? How did the Indiansshow their disapproval towards this Act.

[2011 (T-2)]22. Describe the three satyagraha movements

organised by Gandhiji between 1916-1918.[2011 (T-2)]

23. What was the main issue behind the KhilafatMovement ? Why did Gandhiji support this ?

24. Why did the initial enthusiasm of the merchantsand industrialists fade away during the laterstages of the Civil Disoobedience Movement ?

25. Explain the idea of Satyagraha. [2011 (T-2)]26. Explain the immediate effects of the Lahore

session of Indian National Congress ofDecember 1929. [2011 (T-2)]

27. How was the Salt March an effective symbol ofresistance against colonialism ? Explain anythree facts. [2011 (T-2)]

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28. Why did the peasants join the CivilDisoobedience Movement in India ? [2011 (T-2)]

29. “Method of reinterpretation of history wasfollowed to encourage feeling of nationalism.”Give any three arguments to support thisstatements. [2011 (T-2)]

30. What led to the spread of Non-Cooperationmovement to the countryside ? Explain any threefactors. [2011 (T-2)]

31. Describe the stages of the Non-operationMovement ? [2011 (T-2)]

32. Why did Gandhiji decided to launch a nation

wide ‘Satyagraha’ against the proposed RowlattAct 1919 ? Explain any three reasons.

[2011 (T-2)]33. Hos did a variety of cultural processes play an

important role in developing a sense ofnationalism in India ? Explain with any threeexamples. [2011 (T-2)]

34. What were the limitation of the CivilDisobedience Movement ? [2011 (T-2)]

35. What was the effect of the world wide economicdepression of the 1920s on Indian economy ?Explain. [2011 (T-2)]

III. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 marks)

A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS1. How were Gandhiji’s methods different from

those of the leaders who came before him?2. Discuss the role of at least three social groups in

the Non-Cooperation Movement.3. “A pinch of salt that shook a mighty nation.”

Describe the importance of the“Salt Satyagraha” in the history of nationalmovement.

4. Describe the activities of the following duringthe Civil Disobedience Movement.(i) The workers in the plantations.

(ii) Women’s participation.5. Discuss the tribal movement in Andhra Pradesh

and its impact on nationalism.6. Discuss the role of atleast three social groups

who participated in the Civil DisobedienceMovement.

7. Write short notes on :(i) The idea of Satyagraha.

(ii) Role of icons and symbols in creating afeeling of unity and belonging to a nation.

B. QUESTIONS FROM CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS

1. Describe the extent of poeples participation inthe Non-cooperation Movement in the towns.What were its economic effects ? [2011 (T-2)]

2. Describe the main events leading to Salt Marchand Civil Disoobedience Movement in 1930.

[2011 (T-2)]3. Explain the two most important factors that

shaped Indian politics towards the 1920s.[2011 (T-2)]

4. What were the solutions suggested by B.R.Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi to improve theconditions of the untouchables in India ? What isthe significance of the Poona Pact in this regard?

[2011 (T-2)]5. How did the ‘Reinterpretation of history’ created

a feeling of nationalism in India ? Give fourpoints. [2011 (T-2)]

6. State any two hopes and expectations of theindustrial working class from the CivilDisobedience Movement. Explain any two

reasons why the Congress was not interested inincluding their demands. [2011 (T-2)]

7. Explain any four facts to show how did the FirstWorld War help in the growth of the NationalMovement in India. [2011 (T-2)]

8. Analyse any four features of Gudem rebellion ofAndhra Pradesh. [2011 (T-2)]

9. How did Gandhiji convert the nationalmovement into a mass movement ? [2011 (T-2)]

10. Analyse the circumstances which led Gandhiji tochoose abolition of salt tax as the most importantdemand of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

[2011 (T-2)]11. How did the people belonging to different

communities, regions or languages develop asense of collective belonging during the Indianfreedom struggle ? [2011 (T-2)]

12. Explain the contribution of the various socialgroups in the Civil Disoobedience Movement ?

[2011 (T-2)]

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13. How did people in the urban areas participate inthe Non-cooperation Movement ? Why did themovement slow down here ? [2011 (T-2)]

14. How did the tribals of the Gudem Hills ofAndhra Pradesh interpret ‘Swaraj’ ? What wasthe differences between the beliefs and practicesof the leaders, Alluri Sitaram Raju ?[2011 (T-2)]

15. “Ideas of nationalism also developed through amovement to revive Indian folklore.” Support thestatement with four examples. [2011 (T-2)]

16. What was Satyagraha ? Explain the three mainsatyagrahas launched by Gandhiji in India.

[2011 (T-2)]17. Mention three main proposals with reference to

Non-Co-operation Movement as suggested byMahatma Gandhi. Which incident led to thecalling off the movement ? [2011 (T-2)]

18. Explain any four factors which were responsiblefor the growth of nationalism in nineteenthcentury in India. [2011 (T-2)]

19. What was an Rowlatt Act ? Explain the reactionsof the people against this Act. [2011 (T-2)]

20. Mention any two main features of Gudemrebellion. What methods did the tribals adopt togain Swaraj ? [2011 (T-2)]

21. Explain any four features of Civil DisobedienceMovement of 1930. [2011 (T-2)]

22. Evaluate the success of Salt March as aneffective symbol of resistance againstcolonialism. [2011 (T-2)]

23. Examine the role of different groups of peopleduring the Non-Cooperation Movement.

[2011 (T-2)]24. ‘Large sections of Muslims did not respond to

the call for a united struggle, during the CivilDisobedience Movement’. Explain withexamples. [2011 (T-2)]

25. Describe any four economic effects of theNon-Cooperation Movement. [2011 (T-2)]

26. Describe the Khilafat Movement in India.[2011 (T-2)]

V. IN-TEXT AND PICTURE BASED QUESTIONS1. Read the following passage carefully.

In 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, as president ofthe Muslim League, reiterated the importance ofseparate electorates for the Muslims as animportant safeguard for their minority politicalinterests. His statement is supposed to haveprovided the intellectual justification for thePakistan demand that came up in subsequentyears. This is what he said:

“I have no hesitation in declaring that if theprinciple that the Indian Muslim is entitled to fulland free development on the lines of his ownculture and tradition in his own Indian homelandis recognised as the basis of a permanentcommunal settlement, he will be ready to stakehis all for the freedom of India. The principlethat each group is entitled to free developmenton its own lines is not inspired by any feeling ofnarrow communalism ... A community which isinspired by feelings of ill-will towards othercommunities is low and ignoble. I entertain thehighest respect for the customs, laws, religionsand social institutions of other communities.Nay, it is my duty according to the teachings ofthe Quran, even to defend their places ofworship, if need be. Yet I love the communal

group which is the source of life and behaviourand which has formed me what I am by givingme its religion, its literature, its thought, itsculture and thereby its whole past as a livingoperative factor in my present consciousness ...

‘Communalism in its higher aspect, then, isindispensable to the formation of a harmoniouswhole in a country like India. The units of Indiansociety are not territorial as in Europeancountries ... The principle of Europeandemocracy cannot be applied to India withoutrecognising the fact of communal groups. TheMuslim demand for the creation of a MuslimIndia within India is, therefore, perfectlyjustified...

‘The Hindu thinks that separate electorates arecontrary to the spirit of true nationalism, becausehe understands the word “nation” to mean a kindof universal amalgamation in which nocommunal entity ought to retain its privateindividuality. Such a state of things, however,does not exist. India is a land of racial andreligious variety. Add to this the generaleconomic inferiority of the Muslims, theirenormous debt, especially in the Punjab, andtheir insufficient majorities in some of the

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provinces, as at present constituted and you willbegin to see clearly the meaning of our anxiety toretain separate electorates.’

(i) What is Sir Muhammad Iqbal famous for inIndia? (Find out from your teacher.)

(ii) Why does he think that Communalism inIndia is “indespensable to form a harmoniouswhole in a country like India”?

(iii) Do you agree with his views? Why? Whynot?

(iv) What was the ultimate result of “Separateculture, identity etc. on the history of India?”

2. Study the passage given below and answer thequestions that follow :

On 6 January 1921, the police in UnitedProvinces fired at peasants near Rae Bareli.Jawaharlal Nuhru wanted to go to the place offiring, but was stopped by the police. Agitatedand angry, Nehru addressed the peasants whogathered around him. This is how he laterdescribed the meeting :

“They behaved as brave men, calm andunruffled in the face of danger. I do not knowwhat they felt but I know what my feelingswere. For a moment my blood was up, non-violence was almost forgotten – but for amoment only. The thought of the great leader,who by God’s goodness has been sent to lead usto victory, came to me, and I saw the kisansseated and standing near me, less excited, morepeaceful than I was – and the moment ofweakness passed, I spoke to them in all humilityon non-violence – I needed the lesson morethan they – and they heeded me and peacefullydispersed”.

(i) How did the peasants who gathered aroundNehru near Rae Bareli behave when headdressed them?

(ii) Explain what did Nehru mean when he said, “Ineeded the lesson more than they.”

3. (i) Whose portrait is given in this picture?

(ii) Look at the pictures given in the border.What do they symbolise?

(iii) What was the artist trying to depict throughthis portrait?

(iv) Did the picture succeed in its objective?Why? Why not?

4. (i) Whose portrait has the artist drawn? Whatdoes it signify?

(ii) Explain the importance of the elephant, thetiger and the Trishul in the portrait.

(iii) In what ways is this painting different fromthe one painted by Abanindranath Tagore in1905?

(iv) Give two other examples from Europeanhistory to show how a female figurebecame the symbol of a nation.

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VI. MAP WORK

A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

A

B

1. On the given outline political map of India,locate and label the following with the year inwhich it occurred.(a) The place where Gandhiji took up the cause

of Indigo planters.(b) The city where the Jallianwala Bagh

massacre took place.(c) The city where the decision was taken in

Congress session to launch Non-CooperationMovement and Khilafat Movement.

(d) Place of calling off the Non-CooperationMovement.

(e) Congress Session where the Extremists andModerates split.

(f) Place where Prince of Wales landed but hadto face hartal.

2. On the given outline political map of India,locate and label the following places associatedwith India’s Freedom Struggle. Also mention the

year in which the incident occurred.(a) The states associated with Champaran and

Bardoli Satyagraha.(b) The state where the Jallianwala Bagh

massacre took place.(c) Two places associated with important events

of India’s struggle for freedom.(d) The Congress Session where the Civil

Disobedience Movement was launched.(e) Place where Sardar Patel led a satyagraha of

the farmers.(f) Place where Civil Disobedience Movement

started.3. On an outline map of India, identify and label

eight places associated in the Indias freedomstruggle.

4. On a political map of India identify and label thefour centres of Indian National movement.

B. QUESTIONS FROM CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS

1. Two features A and B are marked in the givenoutline political map of India. Identify thesefeatures with the help of following informationand write their correct names on the lines markedin the map. [2011 (T-2)](A) The place of peasants, Satyagraha in

Gujarat(B) The place where Salt Satyagraha ended.

OR

Locate and label the following items withappropriate symbols on the same map.(i) Bardoli

(ii) Amritsar

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2. Two features A and B are marked in thegiven outline political map of India.Identify these features with the help offollowing information and write theircorrect names on the lines marked in themap. [2011 (T-2)](A) The place responsible for calling off

the Non-Cooperation Movement.(B) The place where the session of the

Indian Congress was held inDecember 1920.

ORLocate and label the followingitems with appropriate symbols onthe same map.(i) Dandi

(ii) Champaran

3. Two features A and B are markedin the given outline political map ofIndia. Identify these features withthe help of following informationand write their correct names onthe lines marked in the map.

[2011 (T-2)](A) The place where the

December 1920 Session ofthe Indian National Congresswas held.

(B) The place where a peasantSatyagraha took place in1916.

ORLocate and label thefollowing items on the samemap.(i) Dandi, where Gandhiji

symbolically broke theSalt Law to mark CivilDisobedience Movement.

(ii) Chauri-Chaura, where aviolent incident resulted incalling off the non-coopeartion movement.

(A)

(B)

(A)

(B)

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4. Two features A and B are markedin the given outline political mapof India. Identify these featureswith the help of followinginformation and write their correctnames on the lines marked in themap. [2011 (T-2)](A) The place remembered for

the no-tax campaign.(B) The place where the

September 1920 session ofthe Indian National Congresswas held.

ORLocate and label thefollowing items on thesame map.(i) Champaran whre the

Indigo workers went onSatyagraha.

(ii) Kheda where thepeasant Satyagraha tookplace.

5. Two features A and B are marked inthe given outline political map ofIndia. Identify these features with thehelp of following information andwrite their correct names on the linesmarked in the map. [2011 (T-2)](A) The place from where Civil

Disobedience Movement wasstarted.

(B) The place where IndianNational Congress Session washeld in September 1920.

ORLocate and label the followingitems with appropriate symbolson the same map.(i) Bardoli - The place of ‘no

tax campaign’(ii) Champaran - The place

where ‘the movement ofindigo planters strarted’

(A)

(B)

(A)

(B)

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6. Two features A and B are marked inthe given outline political map of India.Identify these features with the help offollowing information and write theircorrect names on the lines marked inthe map. [2011 (T-2)](A) The place from where the

beginning of Civil DisobedientMovement was started.

(B) The place, where, the IndianNational Congress Sessions washeld in 1920.

ORLocate and label the followingitems with appropriate symbolson the same map.(i) Champaran Movement of

Indigo Planter.(ii) BArdoli - No Tax Campaign

7. Two features A and B are markedin the given outline political mapof India. Identify these featureswith the help of followinginformation and write their correctnames on the lines marked in themap. [2011 (T-2)](A) The place of peasants,

Satyagraha in Gujarat(B) The place where Salt

Satyagraha ended.

ORLocate and label thefollowing items withappropriate symbols on thesame map.(i) Bardoli

(ii) Amritsar

(A)

(B)

(A)

(B)

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ASSIGNMENTS FOR FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

1. PROJECTS

Project 1

Topic : Was Mahatma Gandhi’s unique mode ofstruggle against colonialism a success? (with specialreference to Non-Cooperation Movement)

Objectives : To create awareness of the newweapons chosen by Gandhiji to fight the British Raj.

To make learners think how successful he was or ifhe failed; why?

Skills developed : Critical and creative thinking,Communication skills, Problem solving andDecision-making

Time : One week

Method : Study political conditions in India from1915 - 1922

Understand the real meaning ofSatyagraha and Non-Violence.

Collect pictures of the Non-Cooperationmovement and the various forms of non-violent protests.

Prepare a web chart about its progress.

The different social groups of peoplewho joined and why?

Effect on the British Raj.

Read newspapers report, interviewpeople who have direct knowledge ofthe movement.

Project 2

Topic : How a sense of collective belonging wasbuilt up in India, a comparison with other nations,e.g. France, Vietnam etc.

Objectives : To create awareness of factors thatdevelop a sense of collective belonging amongpeople belonging to different communities, regionsor language groups.

Skills developed : Critical and Creative thinking,Empathy, Communicative skills, Planning, ProblemSolving.

Time : 3 days

Method : Role of Symbols - Figures, Flag.(a) Who is represented in this figure (1)?(b) Name the painter.(c) What do all the symbols represent?

Fig. – 1 Fig. – 2 Fig. – 3

(a) Who is the artist in fig. (2)?(b) How is this figure (2) different from the

figure (3)?(c) Role of language (songs, literature)(d) Role of leaders (Tilak, Nehru, Gandhi)(e) Reinterpretation of History.

(f) Comparison in the Europe (France,Germany, Britain, Vietnam)

(g) Similarities and differences. Significance.(h) Who are the two people in Fig-2 and Fig-3?(i) What do they represent?(j) How did they create the feeling of collective

belonging and encourage nationalism?

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II. ASSIGNMENTS1. Gandhiji issued an ultimatum to the British

Government in a letter, before his famous ‘SaltMarch’ in 1930.‘On the 11th day of this month (March) I shallproceed with such co-workers of the Ashram. Ican take to disregard the provisions of the Saltlaws.It is open to you to frustrate my design byarresting me. I hope there will be tens ofthousands ready in a disciplined manner, to takeup the work after me.’Imagine that your father was a freedom fighterwho participated in the famous Salt March. Hewrote a first-hand account of the Salt March inthe Independence Issue of the Hindustan Times

in 1947, under the heading —“A golden movement in the history of IndianNational Movement”. Reproduce that article,written in First person. It should cover the (i)reason for the march (ii) the whole march(iii) reaction of the people (iv) The BritishGovernment (v) The Moment of Triumph.

2. Write a note on the “Limitations of the CivilDisobedience Movement” with special referenceto the views of the(a) Untouchables(b) Muslim political organisations(c) Role of Dr. B.R Ambedkar(d) Views of Sir Muhammad Iqbal, President of

the Muslim League.

III. ACTIVITIES

1. Suppose you were a participant in the threemajor movements started by Gandhiji between1920 - 1930. You noted down in your diary theinfluence of Gandhiji on the women of India.Reproduce your dairy note on the role of womenin the (i) Non-Cooperation (ii) Salt March and(iii) the Civil Disobedience Movement.

2. Discuss in class the reasons for national

movement spreading to new areas, new socialgroups and developing new modes of success.

3. Make a Time-Line of all the important eventsfrom 1919 till 1932.

4. Collect as many pictures you can of CivilDisobedience Movement, Salt March and Non-Cooperation Movement. Make a collage anddisplay the best ones for a week in class.

IV. GROUP ACTIVITY

Divide the class into 4 groups.Group A : Find, out the similarities between the

National Movements of India, Indo-China and France.

Group B : Find, out the difference between theNational Movements of India, Italy andGermany.

Group C : Takes up a new country, say fromAfrica. (e.g. S. Africa or Algeria.)

It collects information on their struggle for

nationalism and independence.All three groups read out their findings inclass.

Group D : Prepares a comprehensive note on(i) Similarities in national struggles

(ii) Differences in the method(iii) What India learnt and can learn from the

struggle.Circulate it in class or put it on the NoticeBoard for everyone to read.

V. MAKING A POSTER1. Make a large poster showing Mahatma Gandhi’s

career from 1915 till his participation in the QuitIndia Movement.

2. Let each student prepare a poster of what he/shethinks represents modern India. Display the bestposter.

VI. DEBATE1. Have a class debate on the topic “Communalism

is a divisive force which destroys unity andpeace of a nation”.

2. “Gandhiji’s principles and ideals are as importanttoday as they were during the national struggle.”