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By the end of the lesson, cadets should be able to:
List and describe the three types of burns
Assess the severity of burn injuries
Administer first aid treatment to the victim
1.2.6
NOTES
Inform the trainees that at the end of this lesson, they are expected to achieve the three learning objectives set out as follows:-
- List and describe the three types of burns.
- Assess the severity, depth and extent of injury.
- Assess and administrate management treatment steps to the victim.
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Briefly inform the cadets of the scope of the lesson
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Definition:
Burns are injuries to the skin or mucous membrane from excessive heat or cold, chemical substances or electrical current
Burns cause most painful injuries
Accurate assessment is vital
Introduction
1.2.6
Explain the definition of burns
Explain to the trainees that burns cause some of the most painful and catastrophic injuries you will encounter in the field.
Your accurate assessment, management and rapid transport of burn victims- particularly those with inhalation injuries - is often critical to their survival.
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Warning!
1.2.6
Destroy tissues through heat
Burning in the tissues continues for about 10 minutes following the critical burn injury
Smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning
Types of Burns
State that thermal burn destroys tissue through heat.
Burning in the tissues continues for about 10 minutes following the critical burn injury.
Thermal burns are often accompanied by serious complications like smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning.
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1.2.6
Rope Burn blisters on nearly every finger
Rope Burn
extent of tissue destruction depends on duration of contact, concentration & amount of tissue exposed
Types of Burns
NOTES
State that a chemical burn results when a chemical comes in contact with the skin.
Chemicals usually destroy tissue through protein coagulation rather than heat. The extent of tissue destruction in chemical burns depends primarily on three factors:
- duration of contact
- amount of tissue exposed to the chemical
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Warning!
1.2.6
1.2.6
Electrical current passes through the body and destroys internal tissue (muscles, nerves, etc)
Can be extremely deceiving (not obvious) as there may be no significant signs of surface burns
A small surface wound may uncover widespread underlying tissue damage
May induce cardiac arrest (heart failure)
Types of Burns
NOTES
State that an electrical burn occurs some parts of the body complete the circuit between two conductors. Electrical burns can be extremely deceiving.
A small surface wound may cover widespread underlying tissue damage. As the current passes through the body, destruction of muscle, nerve, and blood vessels can occur. Tetanic muscle contractions can be strong enough to fracture long bones and the vertebrae. Further disruption of cardiac contraction or damage to myocardium can induce cardiac arrest.
Frequently, the electrical current interferes with the body’s own electrical activity, resulting in cardiac and neurogenic complications.
Arrhythmia, respiratory arrest, muscle spasm and seizures are all common conditions. In cases of cardiac arrest, defibrillation and CPR have proven to be effective. CPR must be continued until the patient is provided with ACLS.
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Warning!
1.2.6
High voltage electrical burn through the sole of a shoe
Lineman burnt while attending to electrical cable
1.2.6
NOTES
State that the depth of a thermal burn can range from a very superficial to very deep. The classifications of the depth are first, second and third degree.
First Degree: Involves only the outermost layer of skin. Superficial burns are characterised by redness, swelling, and tenderness
Second Degree: Affects the epidermis, and the skin becomes red and raw. Blisters form over the skin due to fluid released from the damaged tissues
Third Degree: All the layers of the skin are affected; there may be some damage to nerves, fat tissue, muscles, and blood vessels
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Warning!
1.2.6
- Redness, tenderness and peeling
1.2.6
NOTES
Explain that a first degree burn is a superficial partial thickness burn involving only the epidermal area.
Signs and symptoms includes redness, tenderness and peeling.
First degree burns heal within one or two weeks without scarring.
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- Characterised by red or mottled (spots) skin, often with blisters
1.2.6
NOTES
State that second degree burn is a deep, partial thickness burn involving the dermis and epidermis.
The epidermal cells, which line the hair follicles and sweat glands, are usually preserved.
A second degree burn is characterised by red or mottled skin, pain, blisters or open weeping areas and swelling. This burn heals within two or three weeks without scarring.
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NOTES
State that third degree burn is a full thickness burn which destroys the epidermis, dermis, sub-cutaneous layer, and deeper layers. All sensation is lost because the sensory organs are destroyed.
The third degree burn is characterized by white or charred skin, a loss of skin, and an absence of pain except around the burn margins. Healing is paralyzed with scar tissue formation.
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Reduce the spread of heat, pain and swelling by placing the burnt area under cold running water or immersing it in cold water for at least 10 minutes
Gently remove any rings, watches, belts or constricting
clothing from the injured area before it starts to swell
Cover the injured area with clean, preferably sterile, non-
fluffy material
A burnt face may be covered with a gauze mask, with holes cut into it to assist the victim in breathing.
Treating Burns and Scalds
NOTES
The instructor explains the treatment and management of a burn victim should follow the patient assessment method
Removal of casualty from danger area: The medic must remove the casualty from any immediate danger.
Primary survey:
- Ensure an open airway and adequate breathing. If unconscious, airway obstruction must be removed by head-tilt- chin-lift method. Give artificial ventilation if necessary.
- Ensure adequate circulation. In case of severe haemorrhage, arrest it immediately. Check carotid pulse and note shock signs.
- Fluid resuscitation in a burn casualty. Intravenous infusion is important. Lost fluids should be replenished immediately to prevent further dehydration.
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sticking to a burn.
Do not apply lotions, toothpaste, ointments or grease to the injured area.
NOTE:
emergency ambulance.
First Aid
1.2.6
Question 1
Burns are injuries to the skin or mucous membrane from excessive heat or cold, chemical substances and electrical current
1.2.6
Question 2
Thermal Burns
Chemical Burns
Electrical Burns
Question 3
Characterised by red or mottled (spots) skin, often with blisters
1.2.6
Page *
While some burns may be treated with first aid, most burns are severe injuries that require immediate medical attention.
In general, if you are unsure of the severity of any burn, seek medical attention promptly.
Conclusion
1.2.6
The instructor will revise the main sections of the topic:
- Definition
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By the end of the lesson, cadets should be able to:
List and describe the three types of burns
Assess the severity of burn injuries
Administer first aid treatment to the victim
1.2.6
NOTES
Inform the trainees that at the end of this lesson, they are expected to achieve the three learning objectives set out as follows:-
- List and describe the three types of burns.
- Assess the severity, depth and extent of injury.
- Assess and administrate management treatment steps to the victim.
RESTRICTED
1-12
RESTRICTED
Briefly inform the cadets of the scope of the lesson
RESTRICTED
1-13
RESTRICTED
Page *
Definition:
Burns are injuries to the skin or mucous membrane from excessive heat or cold, chemical substances or electrical current
Burns cause most painful injuries
Accurate assessment is vital
Introduction
1.2.6
Explain the definition of burns
Explain to the trainees that burns cause some of the most painful and catastrophic injuries you will encounter in the field.
Your accurate assessment, management and rapid transport of burn victims- particularly those with inhalation injuries - is often critical to their survival.
RESTRICTED
1-14
RESTRICTED
RESTRICTED
1-15
RESTRICTED
Warning!
1.2.6
Destroy tissues through heat
Burning in the tissues continues for about 10 minutes following the critical burn injury
Smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning
Types of Burns
State that thermal burn destroys tissue through heat.
Burning in the tissues continues for about 10 minutes following the critical burn injury.
Thermal burns are often accompanied by serious complications like smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning.
1-16
RESTRICTED
1.2.6
Rope Burn blisters on nearly every finger
Rope Burn
extent of tissue destruction depends on duration of contact, concentration & amount of tissue exposed
Types of Burns
NOTES
State that a chemical burn results when a chemical comes in contact with the skin.
Chemicals usually destroy tissue through protein coagulation rather than heat. The extent of tissue destruction in chemical burns depends primarily on three factors:
- duration of contact
- amount of tissue exposed to the chemical
1-17
RESTRICTED
RESTRICTED
Warning!
1.2.6
1.2.6
Electrical current passes through the body and destroys internal tissue (muscles, nerves, etc)
Can be extremely deceiving (not obvious) as there may be no significant signs of surface burns
A small surface wound may uncover widespread underlying tissue damage
May induce cardiac arrest (heart failure)
Types of Burns
NOTES
State that an electrical burn occurs some parts of the body complete the circuit between two conductors. Electrical burns can be extremely deceiving.
A small surface wound may cover widespread underlying tissue damage. As the current passes through the body, destruction of muscle, nerve, and blood vessels can occur. Tetanic muscle contractions can be strong enough to fracture long bones and the vertebrae. Further disruption of cardiac contraction or damage to myocardium can induce cardiac arrest.
Frequently, the electrical current interferes with the body’s own electrical activity, resulting in cardiac and neurogenic complications.
Arrhythmia, respiratory arrest, muscle spasm and seizures are all common conditions. In cases of cardiac arrest, defibrillation and CPR have proven to be effective. CPR must be continued until the patient is provided with ACLS.
RESTRICTED
1-18
RESTRICTED
Warning!
1.2.6
High voltage electrical burn through the sole of a shoe
Lineman burnt while attending to electrical cable
1.2.6
NOTES
State that the depth of a thermal burn can range from a very superficial to very deep. The classifications of the depth are first, second and third degree.
First Degree: Involves only the outermost layer of skin. Superficial burns are characterised by redness, swelling, and tenderness
Second Degree: Affects the epidermis, and the skin becomes red and raw. Blisters form over the skin due to fluid released from the damaged tissues
Third Degree: All the layers of the skin are affected; there may be some damage to nerves, fat tissue, muscles, and blood vessels
1-23
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Warning!
1.2.6
- Redness, tenderness and peeling
1.2.6
NOTES
Explain that a first degree burn is a superficial partial thickness burn involving only the epidermal area.
Signs and symptoms includes redness, tenderness and peeling.
First degree burns heal within one or two weeks without scarring.
1-24
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- Characterised by red or mottled (spots) skin, often with blisters
1.2.6
NOTES
State that second degree burn is a deep, partial thickness burn involving the dermis and epidermis.
The epidermal cells, which line the hair follicles and sweat glands, are usually preserved.
A second degree burn is characterised by red or mottled skin, pain, blisters or open weeping areas and swelling. This burn heals within two or three weeks without scarring.
RESTRICTED
1-25
RESTRICTED
NOTES
State that third degree burn is a full thickness burn which destroys the epidermis, dermis, sub-cutaneous layer, and deeper layers. All sensation is lost because the sensory organs are destroyed.
The third degree burn is characterized by white or charred skin, a loss of skin, and an absence of pain except around the burn margins. Healing is paralyzed with scar tissue formation.
1-26
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Page *
Reduce the spread of heat, pain and swelling by placing the burnt area under cold running water or immersing it in cold water for at least 10 minutes
Gently remove any rings, watches, belts or constricting
clothing from the injured area before it starts to swell
Cover the injured area with clean, preferably sterile, non-
fluffy material
A burnt face may be covered with a gauze mask, with holes cut into it to assist the victim in breathing.
Treating Burns and Scalds
NOTES
The instructor explains the treatment and management of a burn victim should follow the patient assessment method
Removal of casualty from danger area: The medic must remove the casualty from any immediate danger.
Primary survey:
- Ensure an open airway and adequate breathing. If unconscious, airway obstruction must be removed by head-tilt- chin-lift method. Give artificial ventilation if necessary.
- Ensure adequate circulation. In case of severe haemorrhage, arrest it immediately. Check carotid pulse and note shock signs.
- Fluid resuscitation in a burn casualty. Intravenous infusion is important. Lost fluids should be replenished immediately to prevent further dehydration.
1-29
RESTRICTED
sticking to a burn.
Do not apply lotions, toothpaste, ointments or grease to the injured area.
NOTE:
emergency ambulance.
First Aid
1.2.6
Question 1
Burns are injuries to the skin or mucous membrane from excessive heat or cold, chemical substances and electrical current
1.2.6
Question 2
Thermal Burns
Chemical Burns
Electrical Burns
Question 3
Characterised by red or mottled (spots) skin, often with blisters
1.2.6
Page *
While some burns may be treated with first aid, most burns are severe injuries that require immediate medical attention.
In general, if you are unsure of the severity of any burn, seek medical attention promptly.
Conclusion
1.2.6
The instructor will revise the main sections of the topic:
- Definition
1-31
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