Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Microenvironmental and Building Services Engineering 125 YMCB MICROENVIRONMENT and Architecture 4 th Lecture Pavla Dvořáková A226 [email protected]
Czech Technical University in PragueFaculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Microenvironmental and Building Services Engineering
125 YMCBMICROENVIRONMENT and
Architecture4th Lecture
Pavla Dvořáková
A226
125 YMCB 2013/2014 3
Indoorenvironment of
buildings
Elmgfield
Heat -moisture
Air
Lighting
Acoustics
Psychic
4
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
IAQ = „…an indicator of the types and amounts of pollutants
in the air that might cause discomfort or risk of adverse
effects on human or animal health, or damage to vegetation.“
(ISIAQ)
Acceptable IAQ = “air in which there are no harmful
concentrations of contaminants as determined by cognizant
authorities and with which 80% or more the exposed
occupants do not express dissatisfaction“ (ASHRAE)
Rehva GB14
125 YMCB 2013/2014
Factors affecting the quality of indoor air
coming from the external environment of
the building
- Natural sources (backgroundpollution)
- Human activity (industrialplants, vehicles, emissionsfrom cooling towers)
- Pollutants from soil
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Factors affecting the quality of indoor air
coming from inside the building
- Combustion Processes
- Existing Materials
- Human activity
- People, animals and plants
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Toilet:Mold, fungi,
viruses, detergents
Living Room:Carbon monoxide,
tobacco smoke, VOCs (from carpets,
furniture, glue, paints), pets
Bedrooms:Dust, bacteria, viruses, pets
Attic:Dust, asbestos, formaldehyde
Yard:Pollen, dust,
fertilizer, pesticides
Kitchen:Carbon dioxide,
detergents, formaldehyde,
smoke
Garage:Carbon monoxide,
paints, solvents, mold and fungi,
car exhaust gases, fertilizer,
pesticides
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Thermalcomfort
• Temperature
• Air-velocity
• Humidity
IndoorAir
Quality
• Odours
• Toxic
• Aerosols
• Microbial
• Odour MICROENVIRONMENT is environmentalcomponent, consisting of odors in the air, whichaffects humans and thus help to create their overallcondition.
• Odour substances (odors) are gaseouscomponents in the air perceived as odors(unpleasant - odors, pleasant - smells). They areorganic or inorganic substances, mostlyproduced by man himself or his activities, orreleased from building structures and equipment.
10
ODOUR MICROENVIRONMENT
125 YMCB 2013/2014
SMELL (OLFACTORY) SENSE– Food intake - a selection of dishes affects the taste
and the first phase of digestion
– Safety of individuals
– Emotions, memories
– Choosing a partner
Disorders of smell - anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmie
– temporary
– permanent
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Factors affecting percieved indoorair quality
• Olfactory sense
• Humidity and temperature
• Duration of exposure(adaptation to odours, no adaptaion to irritants)
14
Rehva GB14
125 YMCB 2013/2014
Factors affecting percieved indoorair quality
• Olfactory sense
• Humidity and temperature
• Duration of exposure(adaptation to odours, no adaptaion to irritants)
Optimal sense at age 30-60
then slowly getting worse.
Women has better smell sense
than men. 15
Rehva GB14
125 YMCB 2013/2014
considerable addaptaion to bioeffluents (odours), moderate adaptaion to tabacco
125 YMCB 2013/2014
Factors affecting percieved indoorair quality
• Olfactory sense
• Humidity and temperature
• Duration of exposure(adaptation to odours, no adaptaion to irritants)
Persentage of dissatisfied with IAQ related to temperature and relative humidity
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125 YMCB 2013/2014
Factors affecting percieved indoorair quality
• Olfactory sense
• Humidity and temperature
• Duration of exposure(adaptation to odours, no adaptaion to irritants)
Perceived odors concentration rises only
until saturation of mucosa with odor
receptors, and then decreases with time -
after 5 to 15 minutes it stabilizes at a
minimum level.
Odor adaptation:
• considerable addaptaion to bioeffluents(odours)
• moderate adaptaion to tabacco smoke
• no adaptaion to building materials
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Unpleasant odoursNot direct threat to health, but loss of concentration,taste and performance.
During prolonged exposure anxiety, depression andfatigue may appear.
Pleasant odoursCalming (jasmine, lilac)
supporting performance (roses, pansies, orange, lemon)
children under 15 respond best to the smell ofchamomile, mint, melting snow and freshly mown grass
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Perceived indoor air quality
• Classification into IAQ categories:
• EN CR 1752:1998 … A, B, C, D
• EN 15251: 2007 (2011) … I, II, III, IV
Categ. Categ. Explanation
I A High level ofexpectation and isrecommended forspaces occupied by very sensitive and fragile persons
II B Normal level ofexpectations
III C An acceptablemoderate level ofexpectations
IV D Values outside thecriteria for the abovecategories
21Rehva GB14
125 YMCB 2013/2014
Perceived indoor air quality
• large differences between individuals
22
percentage of dissatisfied
Rehva GB14
125 YMCB 2013/2014
Perceived indoor air quality
• Panels of subjectjudging
• Individual judgement
• Immediately uponexposure
• 15 s, unadapted vote
• Continuousacceptability scale
25
Rehva GB14
Fanger: Indoor air quality handbook125 YMCB 2013/2014
27
Generalized comfort model
Gc - Strenght of
pollution sources: Olf
unit
1 olf = sensory
pollution a standard
person,
average adult working
in a office ,
in thermal comfort,
0.7 bath/day Rehva GB14
125 YMCB 2013/2014
• Pol unit -perceived air quality in a space with a sensory load of 1 olfventilated by 1 L/s
28
Perceived indoor air quality
Fanger: Indoor air quality handbook
125 YMCB 2013/2014
125 YMCB 2013/2014 29
Thermalcomfort
• Temperature
• Air-velocity
• Humidity
IndoorAir
Quality
• Odours
• Toxic
• Aerosols
• Microbial
Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT
• Flows of gaseous toxic substances in the air which a person is exposed to.
• Even odour substances can be toxic at high concentrations, and some toxic substances can be completely free of odor in any concentration.
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Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT
• Carbon monoxid CO
• Sources: car engines, boilers/stoves duringunperfect combustion, tobacco smoke, localheaters
• Effects: binding to hemoglobin
– hypoxia (organism suffocates)
– In cells it blocks respiratory fragments
• Symptoms: headaches, loss of coordination, inability to concentrate, lethargy, body aches convulsions, loss of consciousness, death
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http://www.deskovehry.com/s-
pribehem/34/recenze-byl-
jednou-jeden-zivot
32
http://www.destination360.com
/central-america/costa-
rica/arenal-volcano
Sulfur Oxides SOx (SO2, SO3)
• Sources: combustion of fossil fuels containing sulfur, cigarette smoke
• Effects: irritant effects, binds to the solid matter (ash, soot, dust) + fog worse effect on the airways
• Corrosion of the respiratory tract, damage to vegetation and inorganic materials
125 YMCB 2013/2014
Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT
Nitrogen Oxides NOx (NO, NO2)
• Sources: diesel engines, boiler heating plants, power plants and factories, burning gas, tobacco smoke
• Effects: Irritating to mucous membranes of eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract
• reduce immunity, toxic to the respiratory tract, cancer support
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Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT
Ozone – O3
• Sources: copiers, laser printers, electrostatic air cleaners, exhaust + UV
• At higher concentration bactericidaland deodorative effect
• Effects: Irritating to eyes and delicate lung membranes inflammation, chest pain, coughing, throat irritation
• impairs the immune system, asthma attacks, impaired lung function, negative effect on plants
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Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT
Volatile Organic Compounds ‐ VOCs
• contain carbon
• participate in photochemical reactions in the ambient air
• gaseous or easily escape from the liquid phase
• Sources: paint, solvent use, fuel storage, carpeting, adhesives, motor vehicles, tobacco smoke, bath and beauty products, cleaning supplies
• Effects: Little exposure:irritation of the throat, nose and eyes
Chronic exposure: considerable damage to the liver, kidneys and nervous system 35125 YMCB 2013/2014
Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT
Formaldehyd (CH2O)
• Sources: smoke from forest fires, car exhaust, furnaces, cigarette smoke , furniture, plywood, chipboard, synthetic carpets, textiles, furniture,
• preservative, disinfectant and antiseptic with the brand name formalin
• Effects: dries the skin, reduce immunity, carcinogen
• Symptoms: headache, sore throat, fatigue, nausea, dizziness, and irritation of the eyes and respiratory system
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Toxic MICROENVIRONMENT
Indoor Air Quality (Limits)
• Carbon monoxide (CO) : 9 ppm (8h)
• Carbon dioxide (CO2): upper limit (ASHRAE): 1001 ppm for continuous exposure
• Formaldehyde (CH2O): upper limit (WHO): 80 ppb
• Nitrous oxides (NOx): upper limit (EPA): 0.053ppm
• Ozone (O3): upper limit (EPA): 0.1 ppm
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Thermalcomfort
• Temperature
• Air-velocity
• Humidity
IndoorAir
Quality
• Odours
• Toxic
• Aerosols
• Microbial
Aerosol MICROENVIRONMENTParticulate Matter
Solid or liquid particles suspended in the air
125 YMCB 2013/2014 39
http://old.qi.com/qtube/2011/05/dust.html
http://www.bourky-tornada.wbs.cz/Druhy-oblaku.html
Sources of ParticlesNaturalvolcanic eruptions, forest fires and dust on the winddroplets of seawaterbioaerosols (viruses, bacteria, fungi and possibly parts of the animal and vegetable products (spores and pollen)).
Anthropogenictemperature processes - mainly combustion;cement, lime kilns, quarries and mining;denuding wind particles from construction areas and deprived areas of
vegetation.
125 YMCB 2013/2014 40
http://aktualne.centrum.cz/domaci/zivot-v-cesku/clanek.phtml?id=675315#
http://bushcraft.cz/nutne-k-preziti/zajisteni-bezpeci/lesni-pozar/
http://www.pingofhealth.com/2012/07/what-is-deal-with-bee-pollen.html
Aerosol MICROENVIRONMENTParticulate Matter
125 YMCB 2013/2014 41
Solid aerosols – Dust
Organic
• Animal origin (powder horn, pearl, horsehair, feathers, hair)
• Plant origin (wood, cotton, hemp, flax, tobacco, flour, sugar, vegetable pollen)
Anorganic
• Nonmetal (silicates, SiO2, ...)
• Metal (copper, nickel, lead)
Mixed
in various industrial plants, mines, processing flax, cotton and various crops
Liquid Aerosols
• Fog - condensation of water vapor in the air when the temperature drops below the dew point
• Aerosols in industrial plants – spraypainting, wet sanding and polishing, spraying agricultural crops and trees
• - Monodisperse - particles have almost the same size- Polydisperse - particles with different sizes
- Vapors – particle size < 10 -4 μm
- Sprays – particle size > 10 μm
125 YMCB 2013/2014 42
http://www.defro.cz
http://johndeeredistributor.cz/Zemedelska-
technika/Produkty/Postrikovace/R962i
Aerosol MICROENVIRONMENTParticulate Matter
Particulate Matter• Inhalable Particles
upper respiratory tract and nasal cavity
< 10 μm (PM10)
• Fine Particles
lower airways and alveoli
< 2,5 μm (PM2,5)
• Ultrafine particles
alveoli, transfer into the blood
< 1 μm (PM1)125 YMCB 2013/2014 43
125 YMCB 2013/2014 44
Particles Size
http://www.stateoftheair.org/2012/health-risks/health-risks-particle.html
• Dust concentration map in CR
125 YMCB 2013/2014 46
Particulate Matterhttp://chmu.cz/portal/dt?portal
_lang=cs&menu=JSPTabCon
tainer/P1_0_Home
• Dust concentration depending on the height of building facades
125 YMCB 2013/2014 50
Particulate Matter
Number of
particles
He
igh
ta
bo
ve
roa
d
The effect of aerosols on the human body
• Physical - mechanical: the skin, conjunctival sac, mucousmembranes, blocked lymph ways in the lungs
• Chemical - toxic: e.g. lead poisoning after inhaling lead dust
• Physico-chemical - fibrogenic: it leads to newly formed tissue- characteristic of fibrous dust (asbestos, silicates)
• Biological - carcinogenic: induce malignant growth on the skin or in the airways
- Allergenic: the emergence of skin hypersensitivity, conjunctivitis, respiratory tract (rash, hay fever, bronchialasthma)
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Aerosol MICROENVIRONMENT
Allergens
• Mainly dust of organic origin -animal dander, dust mites, cockroaches, pollen
• Alternatively metal dust
• In the southern regions is the most dangerous source of cockroach allergens (feces, corpses) - allergic to almost 40% of children
• Here: mites + pollen
125 YMCB 2013/2014 52
Aerosol MICROENVIRONMENThttp://w
ww.exte
nsion.u
mn.edu/
distributi
on/housi
ngandcl
othing/d
k1003.ht
ml
http://www.svetremesel.cz/clanky/Alergie_na_roztoce.html
http://therustybi
cycle.blogspot.c
z/2012/05/bikin
g-in-time-of-
pollen.html
125 YMCB 2013/2014 53
Thermalcomfort
• Temperature
• Air-velocity
• Humidity
IndoorAir
Quality
• Odours
• Toxic
• Aerosols
• Microbial
Microbial MICROENVIRONMENT
Microorganisms - bioaerosols:
Bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores,
endotoxins, mycotoxins
Entrance to the interior:
• from outdoor air
• from ventilation (A/C) systems
• produced directly by a human
• from building structures
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http://www
.thecoast.
net.nz/life/
health/dr-
frances-
pitsilis---
sick-
building-
syndrome
http://stavba.tzb-
info.cz/tepelne-
izolace/6541-reseni-
problematiky-
povrchove-
kondenzace-vodni-pary
Microbial MICROENVIRONMENT• From outdoor air
– directly
– on particulate
matter
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Place The number of microbes in 1 m3 of
air
Free landscape 150 - 300
Village 250
Small town 400
City 1000 - 1500
Building interior 200 - 900
From air conditioning
• Ventilation, air-conditioning, hot air systems(Filters, Humidifiers – e.g. spray chambers, Dehumidifiers, Air ducts)
Produced by man
• Directly - respirable viruses, aerosol particles on the skin, clothing
• Talk, coughing, sneezing, movement - distance to 2-3 m is critical
125 YMCB 2013/2014 56
Microbial MICROENVIRONMENT
From building structures
• Molds – beams, wood, masonry, underside of floor coverings, interior plaster, wallpaper, laminate mats in bathrooms, plastic window frames, ...
• Spores are released into the air human organism
• Typical concentrations of fungal spores
– 100 to 500 per m3
• In rooms where there were mold
– 500 - 2000 per m3
• Up to 75 different types of fungi125 YMCB 2013/2014 57
Microbial MICROENVIRONMENT
The optimum requirements for microbial MICROENVIRONMENT
No condensation of water vapor on the surface of structures
Concentration of microbes
Up to 500 bacteria per m3
Mold spores in up to 500 m3
(for operating rooms from 35 to 70 per m3)
Is the complete elimination of microbes from the interior desirable?
125 YMCB 2013/2014 58
Microbial MICROENVIRONMENT
OPTIMIZATION OF IAQ
• Intervention
– to pollution sources
– in the transmission (to air)
– on a human user of the environment
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Intervention to pollution sources
125 YMCB 2013/2014 61
M. Jokl :Zdravé obytné a pracovní prostředíIlustr.: Milan Fridrich
It is not nostalgia but yourtheory about elimination ofunpleasant odors from theapartment !
125 YMCB 2013/2014 62
INTERVENTION IN THE TRANSMISSION FIELD
M. Jokl :Zdravé obytné a pracovní prostředíIlustr.: Milan Fridrich
Gentlemen, betrayal! Smokebecomes thinner here! Someone has probablyturned on the ventilation!
Intervention in the transmission field
– Prevention or restrictions of the spread of pollutants in the building
– Sufficient air exchange in the interior
– Air Filtration
– Plants
– Deodorising
– Disinfection
– Intensive air ionization
– Air Purifiers
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IAQ OPTIMIZATION
• Intervention on a human user of the environment
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http://health.uml.edu/thc/HealthIssues/jons%20folder/defaultfinalwebsite.html
IAQ OPTIMIZATION
• Jokl, M. : Zdravé obytné a pracovní prostředí, Academia, 2002
• Bluyssen Philomena M.: The Indoor Environment Handbook How to
Make Buildings Healthy and Comfortable, Earthscan ltd (United
Kingdom), 2009, ISBN-13: 9781844077878
• CORGNATI, S.P., GAMIERO da SILVA: Indoor climate quality
assessment, Rehva Guidebook 14, REHVA 2011
• P. Ole Fanger : Indoor air quality handbook, Ch 22 : Perceived air
qualityand ventilation requirements, McGraw-Hill
(www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)
Literature
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