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Graphical aspects of visualization II

Above all elseshow the data.Tufte, 1983

Edward Tufte: ›The visual display of quantitative Information‹, 1983

90Visualisierung¶

·presentquantitiesdirectlyproportionaltothenumbersrepresented

·applyclear,detailedlabelingpreferablyinthegraphicitself

·showdatavariations,notdesignvariations

·thenumberofvisuallydefineddimensionsinthegraphicshouldequalthenumberofdimensionsinthedata

(abbreviated)

Edward Tufte: Graphical Integrity ¶

Time Magazine: Ölpreisanstieg, 1979; aus Tufte: ›The visual display of quantitative Information‹

New York Times, 2009 (interactive): How Different Groups Spend Their Day in 2008

New York Times, 2009 (interactive): How Different Groups Spend Their Day in 2008

John Snow (dot map): Deaths from Cholera in Central London, 1854

John Snow: Deaths from Cholera. Two aggregations over timeGruppierungen in der Zeit verändern die Aussage. (redrawn Tufte)

Other example for aggregation over time (redrawn Tufte)

Mathew Bloch; New York Times: Zwangsenteignungen in New York Region 2005–08, 2010 (interactive)

Kartogramme —maps with data

Martin Waldseemüller: Globussegemente aus Cosmographiae Introductio, 1507 (erste Nennung Americas)

Satellitenweltkarte nach Mercator Projektion(Gerardus Mercator 1512–1594)

Jost Murers: Karte des Zürichgaus, 1566; Holztafeldruck; Schattenschraffuren; Seitenansicht

Michel Turgot/Louis Bretez: Plan de Paris, 1739; Holztafeldruck; Schattenschraffuren; Seitenansicht

Constantine Anderson: Isometric map of midtown Manhattan, 1989; The Manhattan map company

Google Maps, 2012

Use of color

aus: Josef Albers: Interaction of color, 1963

Same color is influenced by different surrounding colors

aus: Josef Albers: Interaction of color, 1963

Contrasting hues (Farbton) and similar lightness (Hell- Dunkelstufe) create visual vibration

aus: Josef Albers: Interaction of color, 1963

Colors of similar lightness next to one another, are less distinguishable, even if they differ in saturation or hue.

·avoidbrightorstrongcolorsinlargeareas;usethemforhighlightingimportantdetails

·avoidbrightcolorsnexttowhite(visualvibration)

·usemutedorsubtlecolorsonbackgroundsandlargeareas

·unitetwoormorelargeandenclosedcolorareasusingtintsofthesamecolor

QUADRAAT(FREDSMEIJERS1995)

106Use of Color  in Cartography¶Visualization¶ 

Eduard Imhof: Cartographic Relief Presentation. Berlin, 1982(nach Tufte: ›Envisioning Information‹, 1990)

Landeskarte der Schweiz 1 : 100 000, 1965 Eduard Imhof: Schweizerischer Mittelschulatlas, Kartendarstellung Frankreich 1 : 4 000 000

Charles Joseph Minard: Weinexport Frankreich, 1864; Illustration from ›Envisioning Information‹ (Redesign)

Charles Joseph Minard (flow map): World immigration in 1858, 1862

1500 Personen = 1 Millimeter

Santos Henarejos (Detail): Supplies Unchained, Makeshift Magazine 02, 2012

Santos Henarejos: Supplies Unchained, Makeshift Magazine 02, 2012

Vincent Meertens: Time maps, 2010 (interactive)

Use of shapes and lines

Edward Tufte: Marshalling signals, 1983; Illustration from ›Envisioning Information‹ ( Redesign)

·1+1=3·Visualperceptionactively

constructsmeaning

115Use of shapes and lines ¶Visualization¶ 

Gaetano Kanizsa: Cognitive Contours, 1974(nach Tufte: ›Envisioning Information‹, 1990)

Gestalt psychology (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler); frist half of 20th century

Gesetz der Geschlossenheit

116Use of shapes and lines ¶Visualization¶ 

Gestalt psychology (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler) frist half of 20th century

Gesetz der Nähe

Gesetz der Ähnlichkeit/Gleichheit

Gesetz der guten Fortsetzung

Masaru Kazumie: Piktograms Olympic Games Tokyo 1964

Western Europe Recommended Main International Highways, 1948 > Figur und Grund-Problem

Tschechoslowakische Luftverkehrsgesell.: Flugplan, 1933; > zeigt zeitliche und räumliche Bezüge

It might be possible to tidy it up.Beck, 1968

Quad royal map, 1926 Beck’s first card folder edition, 1933

Four main Underground railways: First combined map, 1906

F. H. Stingemore: Underground card folder, 1926

F. H. Stingemore: Underground card folder, 1932

Harry C. Beck : Presentation Visual of a first diagram, 1931

Harry C. Beck : First quad poster of the diagram, 1933

Harry C. Beck : Quad poster of the diagram, 1935

Harry C. Beck : Formal variations of the diagram, 1937–54

1937 1940 1954

Harry C. Beck (not commissoned anymore): Pencil sketches on two complex interchanges, 1961

Internal diagram with planned lines, 1994

132Corporate Identity ¶  Schema ¶

Hans P. Brandt; Jancees van Westering: ›Form fabricates function‹. in: Total Identity. Amsterdam, 2003

Suggested readings• EdwardTufte:The visual display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire,1983• EdwardTufte:Envisioning Information. Cheshire,1990

Links• https://adobe.kuler.com