Geographic Information Systems and Science SECOND EDITION Paul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Maguire, David W. Rhind © 2005 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd 12. Cartography and Map Production
Geographic Information Systems and ScienceSECOND EDITIONPaul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Maguire, David W. Rhind © 2005 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd
12. Cartography and Map Production
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
OutlineNature of maps and cartographyPrinciples of map design
CompositionSymbolization
Map seriesApplicationsConclusions
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
IntroductionOutput is the pinnacle of GIS projectsTwo main types of output
MapsVisualizations
Maps are good at summarizing and communicatingCartography is the art, science and techniques of making maps
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Maps and CartographyMap – ‘digital or analog output from a GIS showing information using well established cartographic conventions’
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
GIS Processing Transformations
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Characteristics of MapTwo main types
TopographicThematic
Some map problemsCan miscommunicateEach map is just one of all possible mapsComplex maps can be difficult to understand
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Limitations of Paper MapsFixed scaleFixed extentStatic viewFlat and hence limited for 3D visualizationOnly presents ‘complete’ world viewMap producer-centric
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
TitleLegend
Projection
Grid
Data Source
Inset map
Map Body
Author
North Arrow
Scale
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Bertin's Graphic Primitives
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Choropleth Class Schemes
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Map Production System Information Flows
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ConclusionsCartography is both an art and a scienceMaps are fundamental to GIS projectsModern advances in cartography make it easy to produce good and bad mapsNew technology and especially the Internet has change the content and techniques of GIS-based cartography