11 - qualitative research data analysis ( Dr. Abdullah Al-Beraidi - Dr. Ibrahim Althonayan - Dr.Ramzi)

Research suggests that There are a range of different techniques

available for qualitative data collection and analysis, but qualitative management researchers often focus on using just a small selection of them.

Researchers need to be more aware of the variety of qualitative techniques of data collection and analysis that are available

This may lead to more diverse ways of addressing contemporary theoretical and practical issues.

• The process of systematically arranging and presenting information • to find meaning in the information collected (making sense of human action)• to conceptualise data into theory• Three stages:

• coding• discovering themes • developing propositions

• Analytic induction

– developing a general hypothesis

– collecting data, analysing

– modifying and revising the hypothesis as data are collected and analysed

– developing a satisfactory explanation

• Interpreting and theorising data– forging connections between codes

– significance of findings for the lives of people studied

– importance of findings for the research question and the research literature

• Typologies (conceptualising situations with similar/different characteristics)

• Case study analysis (case summaries)

• Thematic analysis (themes and illustrations; headings)

If you are doing research for a project or dissertation you may not have the resources to pay for professional transcription and unless you are an accurate touch typist, it may take you a lot longer than the suggested five to six hours per hour of speech. If you have access to a transcription machine with a foot operated stop-start mechanism this will make the task of transcription somewhat easier. However, the important thing to bear in mind is that you must allow sufficient time for transcription and be realistic about how many interviews you are going to be able to transcribe in the time available.

Usage of pre-defined dictionaries سابقا معرفة قواميس استخدام only applicable for prescriptive codings المنظوري الرصد في فقط سارية وهذه

Types of text analysis النصوص تحليالت أنواعLanguage use اللغة استخدامات- linguistic اللغوي الجانب- compare to databank of words (from a dictionary)

- ) قاموس ) من الكلمات من بنك مع المقارنة

Content of Analysis التحليل محتوى- qualitative نوعي- event analysis (looking for sequences) ( عن البحث الحدث تحليلتبعات(- quantitative كمي

Manual or automated coding of transcripts documents

المكتوبة للوثائق األتوماتيكي أو اليدوي التسجيل Example: Measure popularity of politician

by counting how often their name appears on the first page of national newspapers

:مرات عدد بحساب السياسيين أحد شعبية قياس مثالالرسمية الجريدة من األولى الصفحات على اسمه ظهور

Define the population of sources and a sampling frame

العينات أخذ وإطار المعلومات مصادر مجتمع تعريفpopulation: national newspapers

: الرسمية الجرائد المعلومات مصادر مجتمعsample: random sample of 50 issues published in 2007

العام: في صادرة الجريدة من نسخة خمسين من عشوائية عينة 2007العينة Define coding procedure والتسجيل الرصد اجراءات تعريف

prescriptive (define certain words or phrases): Hillary Clinton :) كلينتون ) هيالري معينة تعابير أو كلمات تعريف المنظور

open coding (distill message of the text): How positive is the text about Hillary Clinton

:) حق ) في إيجابيا النص كون مدى ما النص من الرسائل استخالص المفتوح التسجيلكيلنتون هيالري

Usage of pre-defined dictionaries سابقا معرفة قواميس استخدام

only applicable for prescriptive coding

المنظوري الرصد في فقط سارية وهذه

Segments األقسام Abstract statement مجردة عبارة Orientation segments: when (time) and where (place) who (participants)

of the story ) ( ) ( ) ( : القصة في من والمشتركين أين والمكان متى الزمان الموجهة األقسام Complicating action: sequence of events (antecedents and cause) ) ( : واألسباب المقدمات األحداث من سلسلة األحداث تركيب

Evaluation: provide the meanings of the actions from the respondent’s perspective.للدراسة: المستجيبين نظر وجهة من الحدث معاني ويقدم التقييم Resolution: what happened and what is the conclusion : النتائج هي وما جرى الذي ما والتفصيالت القرارات Coda: importance of story for phenomena investigated الدراسة: قيد للظواهر بالنسبة القصة أهمية الخاتمة

Action research comparedالنشط البحث مقارنة

Action Research النشط البحث

Other research methodsللبحث أخرى طرق

Addresses real-life problems and is bounded by the context

مقيد وهو الفعلية الحياة مشاكل تخاطببالسياق

Addresses real-life as well as scientific problems, and attempt to identify general principles and their contingencies

و العلمية، والمسائل الحياتية المشاكل تخاطباحتماالتها و عامة مبادئ وضع الى تهدف

Collaborative venture of researchers, participants and practitioners

والمشاركين الباحثين بين مشترك مشروعوالممارسين

Clear division of roles between researchers, participants and practitioners

الباحثين بين لألدوار واضح تقسيموالممارسين والمشاركين

Continuous reflecting process of research and action

والنشاط للبحث مستمرة عكس عملية

Usually, clear division between the research process and implementation processes

البحثية العملية بين واضحا فصال تكون ما عادةالتطبيقية والعملية

Credibility – the validity of action research is measured on whether the actions solve the problems and realize the desired change

النشط – البحث مصداقية تقاس المصداقيةوتحقيق المشاكل حل على العمل قدرة بمدى

المرجوة التغييرات

Credibility – the validity of research is established by statistical core figures and successful replications

طريق – عن مصداقيتها تقاس المصداقيةالناجحة التكرارت و الهامة االحصائية األرقامللبحث

Pattern Matching- between prediction and facts

Explanation Building- initial theoretical statement- compare findings with statement- revise statement- compare other details against revision

Time Series Analysis- investigate differences along time not across subjects

• Codes enable us to retrieve and reorganise the data according to conceptual themes

• codes can be derived from:

– the interviewees’ stories

– research question

– theoretical framework

• Codes are tentative

• Codes are the first step in generating theory

• de-contextualising what is said

• losing the context

• fragmenting the data

• losing the narrative flow

• coding may be unsuited for particular forms of data (e.g. narrative interviews, focus groups)

• ‘code and retrieve’

• computer takes over the manual labour involved – the researcher must still interpret the data!

• packages: The Ethnograph, NVivo, Atlas.ti, NUD*IST

• alternatively use word processing package (e.g. MS Word)

• Advantages:

•Fast and efficient

• Helpful in developing explanations (e.g. use of socio demographic variables to create different cases; use of ‘trees’)

Concerns:

• Fragmentation, de-contextualisation of data

• Not suitable for certain forms of data (narrative interviews, focus group data)

These data were collected from students who, as part of a class on Writing and Writer’s Block, were set the following preparatory work: “Describe in detail how you write. Pay particular attention to the details. There must be no conferring with other people. Bring your written piece to the next class.”

The data were obtained from a convenience sample of ten students. Permission to use these data in a suitably anonymised form for teaching purposes was obtained. Thus, the total data set available for this exercise for the analysis of qualitative data comprises ten individual data files, each containing a short narrative.

 تدرس ) صفية شعبة من جزء هم الطالب من مجموعة من البيانات هذه جمع تم

الكاتب وعقبات تجلس( " الكتابة كيف بالتفصيل صف التالي السؤال سئلوا الذينوأحضر اإلجابة طريقة في أحدا تشاور ال التفاصيل، أدق تقديم الى وانتبه للكتابة،

." القادمة محاضرتنا الى المكتوبة اجابتكتم وقد طالب عشر من مكونة مناسبة مجموعة من البيانات على الحصول تم

مع علمية ألغراض المالئم النحو على المعلومات استخدام على الموافقة تحصيلهذا في المستخدمة الكلية البيانات فإن ، وعليه المعلومات، سرية مراعاةكل فردية، ملفات عشر من تتكون النوعية األبحاث بتحليل الخاص التمرين

الكتابة لعملية سرديا وصفا تحوي منها واحدة

How does the technique link in with my epistemological position? Data analysis needs to link in with the underlying philosophical stance of the research

How structured are my research aims? For example is the research aiming to develop hypotheses, answer research questions, or explore sensitising concepts?

What kind of data are being analysed? What are my personal preferences re structured/

unstructured techniques? Will I be using a computer package to enable my analysis?