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The Basic Principes of Integrated Weed ManagementWeed control is
essential for successful crop production, as weeds are ever present
in the soil and can potentially reduce crop yields every year.
Integrated Weed Manegement (IWM) therefore includes the
application of many types of technology and supportive knowledge in
the deliberate selection, integration, and implementation of
effective weed control strategies, which consideration of economic,
ecological, and sociological consequences.
IWM is a component of integrated pest management (IPM).
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An IWM system for a single crop in a single year is relatively
simple; however, for long-term IWM to be successful, it must link
the fermers attitude, knowledge, preferences, and abilities with
available tools that best fit each situation.
A successful IWM system is effective, economically and
ecologically sound, stresses integration of control tactics with
other practices that influence th ecosystem, and links weed control
to the larger picture of ecosystem management.
Weed management practices are grouped into three
levels:prevention controleradication.
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Weed control has always been a combination of rotational and
individual crop approches and farmers control weeds for six major
reasons:
*To protect crop yield*To protect crop quality*To ensure ease of
haarvest*To prevent problems in following crops*To reduce spread of
pests and deseases*Pride
There is therefore a need to provide farmers and advisers with
better guidance on how to optimise levels of weed control.
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Integrated Weed Management (IWM)
IWM as a means combining effective, safe and economic methods
for weed control/management which considered all prevention and
direct weed management methods.
Important actions in the development of an IWM strategy
are1.Ensure correct identification of the weed species which are
present2.Evaluate the role of crop residue management 3.Consider
the different effects of soil cultivation methods on the weed seed
bank and on weed populations4.Consider incorporating stale seedbeds
before sowing5.Choose a more competitive crop variety6.Consider
mechanical methods of weed management7.Use an economic threshold,
not a cosmetic one8.Map heavy infestations or recurrent
infestations to allow for speciaaliesed patch treatment9. Consider
the role of weeds in harbouring beneficial species 10.Consider
weeds as a wildlife resource
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A key approach in IWM is to try to minimise the occurence of
weed problems in crops, and to manage weed populations using
cultural an biological as well as chemical solutions.Management
decisions contributing to development of IWM on a farm are:crop
rotations, soil and cultural practices, crop nutrition strategy,
othe aspects of crop protection
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Soil and cultivation practicesCrop rotationsChoice of
varietySeed purityCrop establishmentCrop nutrition strategy (luxury
application of nutrients may simply help to grow bigger weeds which
produce more seeds)Herbicide applicationOther aspects of crop
protectionNatural biological controlWildlife and landscape
management (these can provide habitats for small weed populations
and play a part in conserving rural biodiversity)Pollution
control
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ConclusensIt is not necessary to eradicate weeds.Farmers are
businesses whose outputs are primary products. It is tempting to
maximise output and there is much technical information to assist
with this.
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Integrated Weed Management in PotatoSolanum tuberosum ssp.
tuberosum (S. tuberosum ssp. eutuberosum), tetraploid with
2n=48)
Originated from Andy (South America) (growth there before 8 000
years).
In Serbia potato planting on about 70-80 000 ha.
Serbia is on 37 position in Europe . mestu u Evropi po prinosu
krompira. Average yield of potato in Serbia is around 11 t/ha, that
is about 45% lass manje od ostvarenog evropskog proseka.Prosean
svetski prinos je 17,9 t/ha, sa Holandijom na prvom mestu (46
t/ha).
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Preduslov za dobru proizvodnju krompira *Plodored*Sadnja
kvalitetnog semenskog krompira*Pravilno djubrenje 100-140 kg/ha N,
110-150 jg/ha P2O5, 160-260 kg/ha K2O-- za rani krompir. 140 do 200
kg/ha N, 110-150 kg/ha P2O5, 200-350 kg/ha K2O--za kasni krom.
Primena stajnjaka 30t/ha.*Kvalitet zemljita (duboka, laka i
rastresita zemljita) Slabo kisela zemljita (5,3 do 6,0 pH)*Dobra
priprema zemljita*Ako ima potrebe i navodnjavanje Potrebno oko
350-400 mm vode u toku vegetacije
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Procena gubitka prinosa pojedinih useva od pojedine grupe tetnih
organizama (Agrios, 1997) U Srbiji !!!
Usev% gubitka prinosa prouzrokovanUkupan % gubitka
prinosakorovibolestitetoinekrompir4,021,86,532,3itarice11,49,213,934,5.
repa5,810,48,324,5povre8,910,18,727,7voe3,012,67,823,4duvan8,112,310,430,8
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Najee korovske vrste povra
Jednogodinje irokolisne vrsteJednogodinje travne vrstePortulaca
oleracea Lactuca serriolaGalinsoga parviflora Descurainia
sophiaPolygonum sp. Diplotaxis muralisChenopodium sp. Sinapis
arvensisAmaranthus sp. Atriplex patulaSolanum nigrum Fumaria
officinalisDatura stramonium Lamium purpureumXanthium strumarium
Lamium amplexicauleAnagallis arvensis Nigella arvensisStellaria
media Kickxia eletineHibiscus trionum Kickxia spuriaCuscuta sp.
Viola arvensisAbutilon theophrasti Bidens tripartitusAmbrosia
artemisiifolia Erigeron canadensisSonchua oleraceusS. asper
(dvogodinja)Daucus carota (dvogodinja)Reseda luteaSetaris
sp.Panicum crus-galliDigitaria sanguinalis
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Najee korovske vrste povra
Viegodinje irokolisne vrsteViegodinje travne vrsteSonchus
arvensisConvolvulus arvensisCalystegia sepiumCirsium
arvenseEquisetum arvensisLathyrus tuberosusMentha arvensisCichorium
intybusTussilago farfaraSymphytum officinaleLinaria
vulgarisAristolochia clematitisSorghum halepenseCynodon
dactylonAgropyrum repens
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Suzbijanje korova u krompiru-plodored-kvalitetna sadnja-nega
useva, intenzivna meuredna obrada-pravilno ubrenje i
navodnjavanje-primena raznih maleva (pvc folije najee)-primena
plamena -primena herbicida
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SUZBIJANJE KOROVA HERBICIDIMA U krompiru Specifinosti U jednoj
godini na istom zemljitu esto se gaje dve pa i tri vrste. Potrebna
vea panja kod izbora herbicida Vei broj vrsta, sorata i hibrida
Karence- vei znaaj ea primena stajskog ub. i navodnjavanje pospeuju
zakorovljen. U odnosu na druge zemlje manji broj registrovanih
herbicida
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KROMPIR (Solanum tuberosum L.)
- Ne na zemljita gde je prethodne 2 godine bio primenjivan
imazetapir ( Pivot 100 E 0,8 l/ha)- Izbor herbicida zavisi od :
vremena proizvodnje (mlad ili kasni krompir) vremena zagrtanja
(jednovremeno sa sadnjom, odmah posle sadnje, pred nicanjem ili
posle nicanja) - Greka- zagrtanje posle primene herbicida
- U mladom krompiru ne primenjivati herbicide!!!
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Kasni krompir ima dugu vegetaciju.
- Najeu primenu ima metribuzin (Sencor i sl.) zbog irokog
spektra delovanja i duine delovanja. < 75% na Xanthium, Galium
aparine, Solanum nigrum. Moe se koristiti pre i posle nicanja
krompira.
- Metribuzin i linuron je najbolje primenjivati kada korovi
poinju da niu.
- Radi poboljanja delovanja na S. nigrum metribuzinu se moe
dodati: prometrin (Gesagard 1,5- 2,5 l/ha) ili dimetenamid
(Frontier 1,2-1,4 l/ha), acetohlor, metolahlor...
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Pre sadnje krompira unoenjem u zemljite
- EPTC ( Beskor E-77, Stopkor 4-6 l/ha). >90% na Echinochloa
crus galli, Setaria spp, Amaranthus spp, Chenopodium album, Solanum
nigrum.
Posle sadnje, pre nicanja krompira
-acetohlor (Relay plus...1,8- 2,2 l/ha). >90% na Echinochloa
crus galli, Setaria spp, Amaranthus spp, Chenopodium album, Solanum
nigrum.- flurohloridon (Racer 25-EC 2-4 l/ha). >90% na Sinapis
arvensis, Amaranthus spp, Chenopodium album, a < 75% na
Polygonum spp.AB
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Posle sadnje, pre nicanja krompira
- pendimetalin (Stomp 330-E 4-5 l/ha). >90% suzbija
Echinochloa crus galli, Setaria spp, Amaranthus spp, Chenopodium
album.
- metribuzin (Sencor WP-70 i sl. 0,75- 1,5 kg/ha). Vodei
herbicid u krompiru.
- metolahlor (Dual gold 960-EC 1,4-1,6 l/ha). >90% suzbija
Echinochloa crus galli, Setaria spp, Amaranthus spp, Galinsoga
parviflora.
B
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Posle sadnje, pre nicanja krompira
- linuron (Afalon...1,5- 2,2 l/ha). irok spektar delovanja na
irokolisne korovske vrste.
- prometrin (Gesagard 500-FW, 2-3 l( kg)/ha). Dobro suzbija:
Amaranthus retroflexus, Solanum nigrum, Chenopodium album, Datura
stramonium, a polovino Sinapis arvensis.
- dimetenamid (Frontier super 1,2-1,4 l/ha). Suzbija Echinochloa
crus galli, Setaria spp, Amaranthus spp., Solanum nigrum, Polygonum
lapathifolium.B
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Posle nicanja krompira i korova
- metribuzin (Sencor WP 70 ... 0,5-0,75 kg/ha).