103... · Web viewNutrition & You, 4e (Blake) Chapter 5 Fats, Oils, and Other Lipids 1) Lipids contain all the following elements except A) nitrogen. B) carbon. C) hydrogen. D) oxygen.

Nutrition & You, 4e (Blake)Chapter 5 Fats, Oils, and Other Lipids

1) Lipids contain all the following elements exceptA) nitrogen.B) carbon.C) hydrogen.D) oxygen.Answer: APage Ref: 146Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

2) The two essential fatty acids areA) monoglycerides and diglycerides.B) cholesterol and trans fatty acids.C) linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.D) PUFAs and MUFAs.Answer: CPage Ref: 148Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

3) Which of the following terms encompasses all of the other listed terms?A) LDLB) HDLC) lipoproteinD) VLDLAnswer: CPage Ref: 153Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

4) Which of the following types of lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of protein?A) VLDLB) HDLC) LDLD) chylomicronAnswer: BPage Ref: 153Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

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5) Phospholipids are made up of how many fatty acid chains?A) 4B) 3C) 2D) 1Answer: CPage Ref: 146Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

6) The phosphate-containing head of a phospholipid attracts water and is thus said to beA) polar.B) nonpolar.C) hydrophobic.D) None of the answers is correct.Answer: APage Ref: 149, 150Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

7) Sterols contain how many glycerol and fatty acid groups?A) 3B) 5C) 0D) 2Answer: CPage Ref: 150Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

8) A fatty acid that has a single double bond is called aA) unsaturated fatty acid.B) polyunsaturated fatty acid.C) monounsaturated fatty acid.D) saturated fatty acid.Answer: CPage Ref: 148Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

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9) Which of the following lipids is a precursor for both vitamin D and testosterone?A) cholesterolB) alpha-linolenic acidC) eicosanoidsD) saturated fatAnswer: APage Ref: 157Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.3Section: 5.3

10) What is the maximum number of grams of fat that can be consumed by a person who eats 2,400 calories per day and wants no more than 30 percent of her calories to be from fat?A) 720B) 30C) 80D) 100Answer: CPage Ref: 159Skill: ApplicationLearning Outcome: 5.4Section: 5.4

11) Which of the following statements regarding trans fats is correct?A) Their consumption raises both LDL levels and HDL levels.B) Their consumption raises triglyceride levels and lowers LDL levels.C) Their consumption raises LDL levels and lowers HDL levels.D) Their consumption raises blood pressure.Answer: CPage Ref: 158Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.4Section: 5.4

12) Which of the following markers in the blood is not a sign of heart disease?A) high homocysteine levelsB) elevated apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levelsC) low levels of C-reactive proteinD) high LDL levelsAnswer: CPage Ref: 170Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

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13) Which of the following substances is not a lipoprotein?A) chylomicronB) micelleC) VLDLD) LDLAnswer: BPage Ref: 153Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

14) Which of the following benefits is associated with omega-3 fatty acids?A) prevention of an irregular heart beatB) reduction of atherosclerosisC) lowering of blood pressureD) All the answers are correct.Answer: DPage Ref: 174Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

15) Which of the following lipids do not contain a glycerol backbone?A) sterolsB) phospholipidsC) triglyceridesD) monoglyceridesAnswer: APage Ref: 150Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

16) Syndrome X includes all following conditions exceptA) abdominal obesity.B) high blood pressure.C) elevated levels of HDL cholesterol.D) too much insulin in the blood.Answer: CPage Ref: 170Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

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17) Which of the following actions likely has the smallest impact on your LDL cholesterol level?A) saturated fat intakeB) dietary cholesterol intakeC) trans fat intakeD) They all have equal impact.Answer: BPage Ref: 171Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

18) Which of the following statements regarding phytosterols is incorrect?A) They raise LDL cholesterol levels as much as saturated fats do.B) They are found naturally in many vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds.C) They compete with cholesterol for absorption in the intestinal tract.D) They are found in plant cell membranes.Answer: APage Ref: 176Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

19) Of the following actions, the most effective way to improve HDL cholesterol levels is toA) lower saturated fat intake.B) lower polyunsaturated fat intake.C) engage in routine exercise.D) drink green tea.Answer: CPage Ref: 178Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

20) Which of the following foods should provide the majority of fat in the Mediterranean diet?A) olive oil and olivesB) dairyC) cheeseD) eggsAnswer: APage Ref: 172Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

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21) The current AMDR recommendation for fat in the American diet isA) 10 to 15 percent.B) 20 to 35 percent.C) 25 to 30 percent.D) 35 to 50 percent.Answer: BPage Ref: 157Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.4Section: 5.4

22) The energy content of fat is ________ calories per gram.A) 4B) 7C) 9D) 11Answer: CPage Ref: 154Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.3Section: 5.3

23) Which of the following types of seafood should pregnant women not consume?A) scallopsB) codC) flatfishD) swordfishAnswer: DPage Ref: 176Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

24) Which of the following is not a component of arterial plaque?A) foam cellsB) plateletsC) calciumD) fluorideAnswer: DPage Ref: 167, 168Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

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25) Which of the following substances has the FDA mandated be added to foods containing olestra?A) fat-soluble vitaminsB) waterC) zinc and calciumD) vitamins C and KAnswer: APage Ref: 165Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.6Section: 5.6

26) What percent of total calories should come from linoleic acid?A) 5 to 10 percentB) 0.6 to 1.2 percentC) 0.5 to 1 percentD) 6 to 12 percentAnswer: APage Ref: 158Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.4Section: 5.4

27) High levels of C-reactive protein in the blood indicate thatA) a person's risk of type 2 diabetes is low.B) there is inflammation in the walls of the arteries.C) a person's HDL will rise in the next few weeks.D) a person needs to consume more linoleic acid.Answer: BPage Ref: 170Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

28) Which of the following does not raise HDL cholesterol?A) losing weightB) quitting smokingC) getting regular exerciseD) eating more fiberAnswer: DPage Ref: 169Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

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29) Which of the following substances is not an eicosanoid?A) cholesterolB) prostaglandinsC) leukotrienesD) thromboxanesAnswer: APage Ref: 156Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.3Section: 5.3

30) Which of the following substances is a saturated fatty acid?A) linoleic acidB) alpha-linolenic acidC) oleic acidD) stearic acidAnswer: DPage Ref: 147Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

31) Fat is the common name for which of the following substances?A) cholesterolB) triglyceridesC) phospholipidsD) sterolsAnswer: BPage Ref: 146Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

32) Sterol has four connecting rings made of which of the following elements?A) carbon and oxygenB) hydrogen and oxygenC) calcium and hydrogenD) carbon and hydrogenAnswer: DPage Ref: 150Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

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33) Which of the following substances is a major component of cell membranes?A) cholesterolB) triglyceridesC) sterolsD) phospholipidsAnswer: DPage Ref: 149Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

34) Which of the following lipoproteins delivers fat made in the liver to the tissues?A) chylomicronB) VLDLC) LDLD) HDLAnswer: BPage Ref: 153Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

35) Which of the following lipoproteins has the highest cholesterol content?A) HDLB) chylomicronC) VLDLD) LDLAnswer: DPage Ref: 154Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

36) HDLs remove cholesterol from the cells and deliver it to theA) liver.B) pancreas.C) gall bladder.D) heart.Answer: APage Ref: 153Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

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37) Chylomicrons transports lipids via which body system?A) cardiovascular systemB) lymphatic systemC) integumentary systemD) endocrine systemAnswer: BPage Ref: 153Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

38) Which of the following substances is produced by hydrogenating an unsaturated fatty acid?A) a trans fatty acidB) a saturated fatty acidC) a polyunsaturated fatty acidD) a monounsaturated fatty acidAnswer: APage Ref: 158Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.4Section: 5.4

39) More women in the United States die each year from breast cancer than from heart disease.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 167, 169Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

40) When describing lipids, the term hydrophobic means that they can readily dissolve in water.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 146Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

41) Lecithin and bile are examples of emulsifiers.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 150Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

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42) Long-chained fatty acids are not absorbed into the bloodstream directly and must be transported by carriers called chylomicrons.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 153Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

43) LDL is a type of lipoprotein that carries digested fat from the GI tract through the lymphatic system.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 153Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

44) VLDL is a lipoprotein that delivers fat made in the liver to various tissues.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 153Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

45) The heart, liver, and resting muscles prefer fat as their fuel source, which spares glucose to be used by the nervous system and by red blood cells.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 154Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.3Section: 5.3

46) Unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature because they pack together more tightly than saturated fatty acids.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 148Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

47) Trans fats raise LDL and do not affect HDL levels.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 158Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.4Section: 5.4

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48) Carbohydrate-based fat substitutes use plant polysaccharides to help retain moisture and provide a fatlike texture.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 164Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.6Section: 5.6

49) All fat-free foods are healthy for you.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 166Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.6Section: 5.6

50) Fat-free versions of cookies always have fewer calories than their full-fat counterparts.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 166Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.6Section: 5.6

51) High blood levels of cholesterol and fat are among the likely contributors to atherosclerosis.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 167Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

52) The decrease in estrogen in postmenopausal women plays a part in the increased risk of heart disease in older women.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 167, 169Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

53) High blood cholesterol levels can be partly determined by your genetic makeup.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 169Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

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54) The primary risk factor for heart disease is an elevated LDL cholesterol level.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 167Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

55) Having an HDL level of 40 mg/dl or less is considered a protective factor for heart disease.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 169Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

56) Having type 1 diabetes is a preventable risk factor for heart disease.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 169Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

57) Americans eat more fat now than they did 50 years ago.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 157Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 5.4Section: 5.4

58) Eating an egg a day may not be associated with an increased risk of heart disease in healthy individuals.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 171Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

59) Metabolic syndrome and syndrome X are two names for the same syndrome.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 170Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

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60) Fatty acids consist of a chain of carbon and nitrogen atoms with an acid group at one end.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 146Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

61) Real butter has less trans fat than stick margarine.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 171Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

62) DHA and EPA are omega-6 fatty acids that are found in fish and are protective against heart disease and stroke.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 174Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

63) It is recommended that you consume at least one serving of fish per week to obtain the necessary omega-3 fatty acids.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 174Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

64) Naturally occurring sterols found in plants are called phytosterols.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 176Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

65) Normal blood pressure is considered more than 120 mm/Hg for the systolic pressure and more than 80 mm/Hg for the diastolic pressure.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 169Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

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66) Green tea is high in catechins (a flavonoid), which are antioxidants.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 177Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

67) A diet that limits unsaturated fat and trans fat can reduce your risk of heart disease.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 171Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

68) The Mediterranean Diet Pyramid recommends eating red meat only occasionally.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 172Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

69) Most of the fat in the Mediterranean diet comes from fish oil.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 172Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

70) The hydrogenation of an unsaturated fatty acid produces trans fatty acids.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 158Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.4Section: 5.4

71) Sterols contain glycerol or fatty acids.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 150Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

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72) Your body needs cholesterol as the precursor for vitamin A, bile acids, and sex hormones.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 157Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.3Section: 5.3

73) The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is primarily made up of phospholipids.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 149Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

74) Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are called oils.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 149Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

75) Triglycerides contain a glycerol backbone attached to four fatty acids.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 149Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

76) Lecithin is a phospholipid that is used as an emulsifier in many foods.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 150Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

77) Carriers that transport fat and cholesterol in the blood and lymph are known as lipoproteins.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 153Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

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78) The greater the amount of cholesterol, the higher the density of the transport carrier.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 153Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

79) The type of lipoprotein made in the liver to transport just-eaten fat is the chylomicron.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 153Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

80) Lipids are hydrophilic, which means they do not dissolve in water.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 146Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

81) Name the three main types of lipids.Answer: triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, and sterolsPage Ref: 146Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

82) What is an emulsifier?Answer: An emulsifier is a compound that keeps incompatible substances, such as oil and water, mixed together. Bile and lecithin are two examples.Page Ref: 150Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

83) What are the components of a phospholipid?Answer: a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphate groupPage Ref: 149Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

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84) Why is it unnecessary to consume cholesterol?Answer: You need not consume cholesterol because the body can make all the cholesterol it needs.Page Ref: 150Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

85) If each day you consume 2,500 calories and want no more than 30 percent of your calories to come from fat, how many grams of fat can you eat per day? Show your work.Answer: (2,500 × 0.3) / 9 calories/gram = 83.3 grams of fat as the maximum allowed per dayPage Ref: 159Skill: ApplicationLearning Outcome: 5.4Section: 5.4

86) Name at least four roles of fat in the body.Answer: Fat insulates the body and helps maintain body temperature; cushions certain organs; facilitates absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K; is the main source of stored energy in your body and provides nine calories per gram; in the form of phospholipids, are the main component of cell membranes.Page Ref: 154, 156Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.3Section: 5.3

87) What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid? Discuss the effects of saturated fats and unsaturated fats on health.Answer: A saturated fatty acid is filled to capacity with hydrogen, whereas an unsaturated fatty acid is missing at least one hydrogen and thus has at least one double bond between carbons. Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature, and unsaturated fatty acids are liquids at room temperature. Saturated fats should be limited in the diet; by contrast, replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats has a beneficial effect on health.Page Ref: 147, 148Skill: AnalysisLearning Outcome: 5.1Section: 5.1

88) What is syndrome X?Answer: Syndrome X is a group of risk factors that collectively increase the risk for heart disease. The risk factors include abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, elevated blood levels of triglycerides, a low level of HDL cholesterol, too much insulin in the blood, and smaller and denser LDL cholesterol particles.Page Ref: 170Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

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89) Describe the process by which plaque forms within arteries.Answer: LDLs deposited along an injured artery's lining become oxidized; immune cells attracted to the site engulf the oxidized LDLs and transform into foam cells, which stick to the artery wall; foam cells accumulate, and with the arrival of platelets and various other circulating substances, thick deposits of plaque form. As the plaque deposit becomes larger, the artery becomes stiffened and narrowed internally, reducing blood flow through the vessel.Page Ref: 168Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 5.7Section: 5.7

90) Describe the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid.Answer: This graphic displays a plant-based diet that includes minimal amounts of saturated fat and high-sugar foods and is coupled with daily physical activity. Its bottom level features fruits, vegetables, grains (mostly whole), olive oil, beans, nuts, and legumes. The second tier is fish and seafood. The third tier contains poultry, eggs, cheese, and yogurt in moderate portions. The top of the pyramid consists of meat and sweets, which should be consumed less often. Wine is also included in the diet in moderation.Page Ref: 172, 173Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 5.8Section: 5.8

91) Describe the digestion process of fat, beginning in the stomach.Answer: Note first that fat digestion begins in the mouth. In the stomach, gastric lipase breaks some of the fat into a fatty acid and a diglyceride. The digesting food then travels to the small intestine, where the majority of fat digestion occurs. Bile produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder is secreted into the small intestine, where bile acids emulsify the fat and break it into smaller globules. Pancreatic lipase then breaks down these fat globules into monoglycerides, glycerol, and free fatty acids, which are then packaged into micelles for transport through the cells of the intestinal wall. Short-chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream directly; long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and other remnants are repackaged into chylomicrons for transport via the lymphatic system.Page Ref: 151, 152, 153Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 5.2Section: 5.2

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