1 The Post-PC Era: It’s All About the New Services-Enabled Internet Prof. Randy H. Katz Computer Science Division, EECS Department University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-1776 [email protected] Some slides contributed by Prof. Eric Brewer and Dr. Steve McCanne
1 The Post-PC Era: It’s All About the New Services-Enabled Internet Prof. Randy H. Katz Computer Science Division, EECS Department University of California,
Dec 22, 2015
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1
The Post-PC Era: It’s All About the New
Services-Enabled Internet
Prof. Randy H. Katz
Computer Science Division, EECS Department
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA 94720-1776
[email protected] slides contributed by Prof. Eric Brewer and Dr. Steve McCanne
2
Presentation Outline
• Convergence, Divergence, Competition• The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet• Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”• Content Delivery Networks• Summary and Conclusions
3
Presentation Outline
• Convergence, Divergence, Competition• The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet• Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”• Content Delivery Networks• Summary and Conclusions
4
Convergence? ...
Eniac, 1947
Telephone,1876
Computer+ Modem
1957
Early WirelessPhones, 1978
First Color TVBroadcast, 1953
HBO Launched, 1972
Interactive TV, 1990
Handheld PortablePhones, 1990
First PCAltair,1974
IBMPC,
1981
AppleMac,1984
ApplePowerbook,
1990
IBMThinkpad,
1992
HPPalmtop,
1991
AppleNewton,
1993
PentiumPC, 1993
Red Herring, 10/99
WinTel
5
… Divergence and Competition
PentiumPC, 1993
Atari HomePong, 1972
AppleiMac, 1998
Pentium IIPC, 1997
Palm VIIPDA, 1999
NetworkComputer,
1996
FreePC, 1999
SegaDreamcast,
1999
Internet-enabledSmart Phones,
1999
Red Herring, 10/99
Game ConsolesPersonal Digital Assistants
Digital VCRs (TiVo, ReplayTV)
CommunicatorsSmart Telephones
E-Toys (Furby, Aibo)
Proliferation of diverseend devices and access networks
6
Information Appliances
• Different design constraints based on intended use, enhances ease of use
– Desktop PC– Mobile PC– Desktop “Smart” Phone– Mobile Telephone– Personal Digital Assistant– Set-top Box– Digital VCR– …
• Implications: – Shift from computer design to consumer design– Heterogeneous “standards,” hybrid networking– Interactive networking, access on demand, QoS
7
Fast Projected Growth inNon-PC Terminal
Equipment
Red Herring, 10/99
1998 20020
15
45
60
30
MillionsUnitsShipped
All Non-PCInformation Appliances
Videogame ConsolesInternet TVs
Smart Phones
8
Presentation Outline
• Convergence, Divergence, and Competition• The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet• Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”• Content Delivery Networks• Summary and Conclusions
9
What is the Internet?“It’s the TCP/IP Protocol
Stack”
• Applications– Web– Email– Video/Audio
•TCP/IP• Access Technologies
– Ethernet (LAN)– Wireless (LMDS, WLAN,
Cellular)– Cable– ADSL– Satellite
TCP/IP
Applications
AccessTechnologies
“NarrowWaist”
Transport Services andRepresentation Standards
Open Data NetworkBearer Service
MiddlewareServices
NetworkTechnologySubstrate
10
Critical Evolution of the Internet
• NSFNet– 1st Gen (1985): 56 kbps /LSI-11s, six SC centers– 2nd Gen (1988): T1/IBM RTs, SC sites + regional nets– 3rd Gen (1991): T3/RS6000; Migration to MCI PoPs– 1993: Commercialization plan; NSF phase out by 4/95;
NCSA Mosaic– 1994-1995: Privatization of the NSFNet, ISP connectivity,
Network Access Point (NAP) Architecture– 1995- : vBNS, Internet2, Abilene
• WWW, Netscape• Telecommunications Act of 1996
– Massive mergers yielding giants like SBC, MCI-Worldcom-Sprint, AT&T-TCI, AOL-Time Warner, and new service providers like Qwest
11
Metropolitan Area Exchanges/
Network Access Points
Tier 1 Connections: High speed FDDI switches + routers with huge routing tablesTier 2 Connections: regional connection pointsMAE does not provide peering, just connection b/w to co-located ISPs
12
Various BackbonesQwest IP Backbone (Late 1999)Digex BackboneGTE Internetworking Backbone
13
14
Presentation Outline
• Convergence, Divergence, Competition• The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet• Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”• Content Delivery Networks• Summary and Conclusions
15
New Internet Business Model in the Post-PC Era
Global Packet Network
Application-specificOverlay Networks
(Multicast Tunnels, Mgmt Svrcs)
Application-specific Servers(Streaming Media, Transformation)
Internetworking(Connectivity)
Appl Infrastructure Services(Distribution, Caching,
Searching, Hosting)
Applications(Portals, E-Commerce,
E-Tainment, Media)
ISPCLEC
ASPInternet
Data Centers
AIPISV
16
The Evolution of the Enterprise
Private CorporateNetwork
Dedicated facilities/computer centers
Dedicated applications/3rd party DBMS
E.g., Oracle
Late-1980sInternal users
Limited customer/external access
17
The Evolution of the Enterprise
Private CorporateNetwork
Dedicated facilities/computer centers
Outsourced“Enterprise Resource
Planning” Appse.g., PeopleSoft, BAAN
1995Internal users
Limited customer/external access
18
The Evolution of the Enterprise
OutsourcedWeb Hosting
Dedicated FacilityOutsourcedERP Apps
1997Internal users
Internet
External Customers
Virtual Private Network
ISP Mesh
19
The Evolution of the Enterprise
OutsourcedWeb Hosting
Dedicated FacilityOutsourcedERP Apps
1997Internal users
Internet
External Customers
Virtual Private Network
ISPMesh
InternetServices
SearchCachingAdsEComm
Portal
20
The Evolution of the Enterprise
ApplicationsService Provider
1999
Customers
Content Delivery “Net”
3rd PartyFacilities Mgmt
Caching +Media Servers
InternetServices
SearchCacheAdsEComm
OutsourcedWeb Hosting
Portal
ISP Mesh
VPNs
21
Presentation Outline
• Convergence, Divergence, Competition• The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet• Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”• Content Delivery Networks• Summary and Conclusions
22
Services Within the Network: Caching and
Distribution
“Internet Grid”Parallel Network BackbonesInternet Exchange Points
Co-Location
Scalable Servers
WebCaches
23
• Move data closer to consumer
• Backbone caches save b/w
• Edge caches for QoS• 4 billion hits/day@AOL!• Even more crucial for
broadband access networks, e.g., cable, DSL
ISP Backbone
Local POP
Local POP
Local POP
Internet
Caching Advantages for Service Providers
$$
$$
Eric Brewer
24
Reverse CachingForward Proxy Cache
Cache handles client requestsReverse Proxy
CacheCache fronts origin server
Internet
$Internet
$
Eric Brewer
25
Surge Protection viaClustered Caches
Reverse caches buffer load across multiple sites
www.site 3.com
www.site 5.com
www.site 4.com
www.site 6.com
Internet
www.site 1.com
Hosting Provider Network
Reverse ProxyCluster
www.site 2.com
$ $
$ $
Eric Brewer
26
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
Content DistributionWe can connect these caches!
Internet
Hosting Provider Network
Reverse ProxyCluster
ForwardCaches
ISP Network
Push content out to the edge
Eric Brewer
27
Isolatedmulticast
clouds
Traditionalunicastpeering
multicastcloud
multicastcloud
multicastcloud
multicastcloud
multicastcloud
Example: Application-level Multicast
Solve the multicast management and peering problems by moving up the protocol stack
Steve McCanne
28
Example: Application-level Multicast
Solve the multicast management and peering problems by moving up the protocol stack
Steve McCanne
29
Multicast as anInfrastructure Service
• Global multicast as an “infrastructure service”, not a core network primitive
– Circumvents technical/operational/business barriers of no interdomain multicast routing, management, billing
• No coherent architecture for infrastructure services, because of end-to-end principle
• Needed: Service stack to complement the IP protocol stack
– Open redirection– Content-level peering
Steve McCanne
30
The Service Stack
TCPservice
IP service
ApplicationsEndHost
Router
Network
Services
End host
Services
End-to-endargument
here
Steve McCanne
31
The Service Stack
IP service
Applications
DNS
EndHost
Overlay
Router
Network
Services
End host
Services
Infrastructure
Services
TCPservice
DNSstub
Steve McCanne
32
The Service Stack
TCPservice
IP service
CacheServices
ProxyServices
Applications
DNS
EndHost
Overlay
Router
Network
Services
End host
Services
Infrastructure
Services
DNSstub
Steve McCanne
33
The Service Stack
IP service
CacheServices
ProxyServices
Applications
DNS
redirection
EndHost
Overlay
Router
Network
Services
End host
Services
Infrastructure
Services
TCPservice
DNSstub
Steve McCanne
34
Service Elements for Internet Broadcast
TCPservice
IP and Scoped IP Multicast
Network
Services
End host
Services
Infrastructure
ServicesBroadcast Redirection
DNSstub
Applications
DNS
EndHost
Overlay
Router
redirectionstub
Steve McCanne
35
Incremental Path
TCPservice
IP and Scoped IP Multicast
Network
Services
End host
Services
Infrastructure
ServicesBroadcast Redirection
ApplicationsEndHost
Overlay
Router
DNS
DNSstub
G2, WMT, QT4RTSP, RTP
Steve McCanne
36
Broadcast Overlay Architecture
Clients
Broadcasters
Content Broadcast
ManagementPlatform and
Tools
Steve McCanne
EdgeServers
Load Balancing ThruServer Redirection;
Content BroadcastNetwork
Content DistributionThrough MulticastOverlay Network
RedirectionFabricInter-ISP Redirection
Peering
37
A New Kind of Internet
• Actively push services towards the edges: caches, content distribution points
• Manage redirection, not routes• New applications-specific protocols
– Push content to the edge– Invalidate remote content for freshness– Collate remote logs into a single log– Internet TV/Radio: streaming media that works
• Twilight of the end-to-end argument– Trusted service providers/network intermediaries– Service providers create own application-specific overlays,
e.g., cache and streaming media content distribution
38
ApplicationServices
Web Site CachingComparison ShoppingInteractive TV GuideLocal Ad InsertionStreaming Media
A New Kind of Internet
InfrastructureServices
Terminal Equipment &Access Network
PC, Set-top Box.Smart Phone, GameConsole, E-toys
Server Computing
Web HostingServer “Platform”ISP CachingSearch Engine
Applications Web, E-mail, Chat, E-commerce,E-tainment
Regional Communications ISP
Wide-Area Communications High PerformanceBackbone
Customer
39
Presentation Outline
• Convergence, Divergence, Competition• The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet• Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”• Content Delivery Networks• Summary and Conclusions
40
The Post-PC Era
• Services spanning access networks, to achieve high performance and manage diversity of end devices
• Not about specific Information Appliances • Builds on the New Internet: multiple application-
specific “overlay” networks, with new kinds of service-level peering
• Pervasive support for services within “intelligent” networks
– Automatic replication– Document routing to caches– Compression & mirroring – Data transformation
41
Edge Services vs. Core Services
• Potentially high local b/w over access networks• Wide-area bandwidth efficiency• Fast response time (and more predictable)• Integrate localized content• Associated with client (actually ISP), not server• Examples:
– Caching: exploits response time, b/w efficiency, high local b/w– Filtering: form of local content transformation– Internet TV: b/w efficiency, high local b/w, predictable response– Transformation: adapt content for end user/diverse access devices– Software Rental: sxploits high local b/w– Games, chat rooms, ….
42
The Post-PC Research Agenda
• New Definition of “Quality of Service”– Perceived quality depends on services in the network– Manage caches, redistributors, NOT bandwidth
• Bandwidth Issues– Tier 1 ISP backbones rapidly moving towards OC 192 (9.6 gbs!)– Better interconnection: hops across ASs decreasing over time– Emerging broadband access networks: cable, DSL, ...– End-to-end latency/server load dominate performance
• Supporting Old Services in the New Internet– IP Multicast, DNS, …– Rethinking the End-to-End Principle– Service/content-level peering, just like routing-level peering– Secure end-to-end connection compatible with service model?
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