1 The Cold War From the outset of post-war peace, a strong rivalry began to grow between Communists and Capitalists of the world it would last for 45.

1 The Cold War From the outset of post-war peace, a strong rivalry began to grow between Communists and Capitalists of the world it would last for 45 years! 2 Cold War: A Time of Tension or Almost War As soon as World War II was over, the Allies split into two camps : capitalists (democracies) and communists (totalitarian government). For 45 years ( ), these two super powers (U.S. & U.S.S.R.) were in conflict all over the world: who would be the worlds primary influence. Several times, war almost broke out. Question: Why DIDNT war break out between the superpowers? (Hint: think about the cost of such a war) On each showdown, list which side seemed to be the winner in that particular conflict. Make the categories: US win; USSR win; both win; both lose; no lasting effect 3 The United Nations (1945) Following WWII, the world returned to an idea that President Woodrow Wilson had wanted: an international peace organization that could help prevent future wars. So, the League of Nations became the United Nations; the headquarters was moved from Paris to New York. 4 Animal Farm: A Predictor of Conflict to Come In 1942, George Orwell wrote a book about the potential conflict that would arise between Communists and Capitalists in the world. Orwell (whose real name was Eric Blair) had seen communisms faults in person while living in Spain. Orwell saw that the world would fall into two camps of government. 5 Animal Farm: A Predictor of Conflict to Come Orwell knew that democracy promised individual rights and private enterprise. Communists argued that this only promoted the rich to get richer while the poor got poorer. Communists would have the government control everything, limit individual rights, BUT re- distribute the wealth so all would be treated equally. Orwell warned that communism would seek to overthrow democracies throughout the world. (Workers of the world- UNITE!) Ironically, he could not find a publisher for his book until AFTER the war in Question: Why would English publishers be unwilling to criticize the U.S.S.R. during World War II? 6 Harry Trumans Containment Theory (1947) Harry Truman understood the predictions of Karl Marx that the whole world would turn to communism eventually. He proposed that the free world should not seek to wipe out communism, but keep it from spreading. The free people of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms. Harry Truman Question: How is Trumans view on communism similar to Lincolns view on slavery? The Nuremberg Trials: pg (Red book) In 1946, 24 Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against humanity. What do you think their defense strategy would have been? How many do you think were sentenced to death? 7 8 George Marshalls Plan (1947) Secretary of State (and ex- general) George Marshall proposed a plan for America to help re-build Europe. From , the U.S. gave $12 billion to Western Europe. Eastern European countries, under Soviet influence, refused to accept the aid. Communism v. Capitalism had begun to become a conflict that Orwell had predicted. 9 N.A.T.O. versus Warsaw Pact Part of the punishment for Germany causing a 2 nd world war was they were not allowed to remain a sovereign country. In essence, they were put into time-out with England, France, and the U.S. controlling West Germany while the U.S.S.R. controlled East Germany. In 1948, it was proposed to let Germany re-join, but the U.S.S.R. said it should not happen. Berlin was also split into parts. 10 N.A.T.O. versus Warsaw Pact The United States realized that world wars were a constant threat, as this was the 2 nd war in which America went to the rescue of the democracies of Europe. Isolationalism was no longer an option; The U.S. proposed to form an alliance with Europe: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). In retaliation, the U.S.S.R. formed the Warsaw Pact to oppose NATO in 1959. 11 Berlin Airlift (March, 1947) The Soviets did not like having to share Berlin with the NATO powers. So, to force the NATO forces to leave, the Soviets cut off all roads and air fields to the Allies. Stalin would try to force the evacuation of West Berlin by starvation. Truman told Stalin that he would airlift supplies to West Berlin and if Stalin shot down any planes, this would be considered an act of war. Stalin backed down after 327 days. FYI: Mr. Griffins mother was a child whose family was stationed in West Berlin at the time. Her father was a chaplain in the army. Her family was saved by the Berlin Airlift and her father talked of how close the world came to another conflict. Berlin Airlift: pg (Red), pg (Gray) Suddenly, out of the mist came a parachute with a fresh Hershey chocolate bar from America. It took me a week to eat that candy bar. I hid it day and night. The chocolate was wonderful, but it wasn't the chocolate that was most important. What it meant was that someone in America cared. That parachute was something more important than candy. It represented hope. Hope that someday we would be free. Without hope the soul dies. Michael O. Tunnell, Candy BomberMichael O. TunnellCandy Bomber 12 13 The M.A.D. Scheme of Nuclear War The Soviets realized that their struggle with the Western democracies would be in vain if they did not develop atomic/ nuclear weapons. So, they began to build their own bomb, and on September 3, 1949, they successfully exploded their own atomic bomb. With both sides having these weapons that could destroy a whole city, neither side could hope to win a nuclear war. They both could bomb the other, but they could not stop the other side from doing the same. Thus, a nuclear war would have mutally assured destruction (M.A.D.) as neither side would survive! 14 Bomb Shelters & Survival 15 Nuclear War = Win-able? 16 China turns to Communism In October 1949, the world received a shock that communism was spreading throughout the world. Chiang Kai-sheks government was overthrown by Chinese Communists led Mao Zedong. Kai-shek fled to the island of Taiwan. Though China and the U.S.S.R. would be rivals, the land mass of the two countries was almost of the earths surface. Communism was spreading just like Karl Marx had predicted in his book, The Communist Manifesto! 17 The Korean War Korea had been a Japanese colony from Once WWII was over, Korea was split into two countries along the 38 th parallel. North Korea would be under Communist control; South Korea would be under Democratic control. In June (1950), North Koreans invaded South Korea to take it over. 18 The Korean War This was a major test for the United Nations. President Truman got the U.N. to sanction troops to be sent to liberate South Korea. General Douglass MacArthur was put in charge of the liberation. 19 The Korean War MacArthur succeeded and pushed into North Korea. China, which had become Communist in 1948, vowed to enter the war with North Korea. A potential 3 rd world war was imminent: MacArthur was ordered to cease his attack. When he complained publicly about President Trumans orders, he was relieved of his command. (The President has the power of Commander-in-Chief) 20 The Korean War In 1952, Dwight Eisenhower is elected President of the U.S. He promises to go to Korea and end the war. He gets the 38 th parallel re- established and North Korea & South Korea exist to this day. This is seen as a victory for the U.S. because South Korea was preserved. 21 The Korean War ,000 Americans and 2 million Korean and Chinese lives were lost. But the war showed that the world could unite to stop a threat in the world. The T.V. show M.A.S.H. was about the Korean War. It brought up many questions about warfare to the viewing audience. It was on during the 1970s. 22 The Red Scare American Reds (communists) are everywhere in factories, offices, butcher stores, on street corners, in private businesses and each carries in himself the germ of death for society. --Trumans attorney general HUAC versus the Hollywood 10 House Un-American Activities Committee: Communists are sneaking propaganda into films. Hollywood 10: unfriendly witnesses who decided the hearings were unconstitutional and refused to testify. They were sent to prison. 23 Alger Hiss & The Rosenbergs Alger Hiss was accused of passing documents to the USSR. He was found innocent of that charge but guilty of perjury and sent to jail. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were charged with giving atomic secrets to the Soviets. They were sentenced to death. 24 25 The Red Scare In 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy (Wisconsin) announced that he had a list of 57 State Department employees who were secretly members of the Communist Party. This led to four years of investigations into many people. 26 The Red Scare McCarthy seemed to infer that Communists were everywhere and were planning to overthrow the U.S. Men like Ed Morrow (a news broadcaster) challenged some of his beliefs. Many people who were accused of attending a single speech on Communism in college lost their job, movie role, etc. Paranoia began to spread throughout the land. 27 Hero or Glory Hound? 28 The Space Race In 1957, the Soviets launched the 1 st artificial satellite into outer space (Sputnik). Nikita Krushchev, who had replaced Joseph Stalin, claimed that new satellites would be able to soar over the United States! 29 The Space Race This led to an increase in education in the United States, as students were encouraged into taking more science and math classes. Also, the National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) was started in The Space Race was on! 30 The Space Race The United States quickly got men into orbit like John Glenn, and the Space Race became the focal point of the 1960s. John F. Kennedy, who was elected in 1960, predicted that we would put a man on the moon by the end of the decade! Neil Armstrong made that prediction come true! 31 U-2 Incident (1959) Because of the fear of the technological advances by the Soviets, President Eisenhower ordered high- flying U-2 planes to fly over the USSR. When one got shot down, we denied it had been there. The Soviets then provided the pilot, Gary Powers, who had survived the plane crash. Israel & The Suez Canal In 1948, Israel was created by splitting Palestine into 2 states: Jewish & Arab. The creation of Israel was supported by both the U.S. & USSR to create a nation for the survivors of the Holocaust. In 1955, President Nasser wanted to build a dam on the Nile River. He tried to play US v. USSR for money. When he was denied, he shut down the Suez Canal. France, England, and Israel responded with force until the U.N stepped in to solve it. 32 Eisenhower and the Interstate Highway Act of 1956 President Eisenhowers greatest domestic creation had a military sub-point. Highways were to be designed to also serve as emergency runways, if needed 33 34 Fidel Castro: Communist King of Chaos In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgenci Batista as dictator of Cuba. Castro then told the U.S. that he would no longer want the U.S. as an ally, but would accept aid from the Soviet Union. Cuba, which is 90 miles south of Miami, would become a major hotbed of controversy for the U.S. Presidents for many years. FYI: Calvin Griffith, owner of the Minnesota Twins said that his biggest regret in baseball was letting a young lefty go when his arm got hurt. That young man went back to his native Cuba and led a revolution- Fidel Castro! 35 Bay of Pigs On April 17, 1961, exiles from Cuba returned to the Bay of Pigs to overthrow Castro. President John F. Kennedy had promised air support, but changed his mind; he did not want to risk war with the Soviet Union. Castro defeats the Cuban exiles easily and boasts of victory. 36 Berlin is Split: West & East When the Berlin Wall was built, JFK went to visit to inspire the German people and to denounce the wall. The crowd went wild when he said, I am a Berliner in German! 37 Berlin Wall is Built By the 1960s, many East Germans were leaving for West Germany; in essence, they were choosing a democratic life over a communistic one. So, barriers were built between the two nations and even through the city of Berlin! 38 Berlin Wall 39 Cuban Missile Crisis In October of 1962, JFK learned that the USSR was sending nuclear missiles to Cuba AND Castro was allowing missile sites to be built. From there, most cities of the eastern US could be attacked by nuclear weapons. JFK ordered a blockade of Cuba and told Kruschev that the missiles would NOT be allowed into Cuba. The US made its case with the United Nations. During those 13 days, the world was close to World War III. However, Kruschev backed down when the US agreed to leave a base in Turkey if the USSR left Cuba 40 Cuban Missile Crisis 41 Showdown at the Castro Corral 42 Reality v. Virtual Reality 43 Vietnam War ( ) The Communists revolution then spread to Vietnam. The North Vietnamese (Vietcong) were supported by the USSR & China in their communist revolution. South Vietnam was supported by the United States when the Vietcong invaded and wanted to re-unite the country under the banner of Communism. 44 Vietnam War ( ) From Presidents Eisenhower, JFK, and LBJ, it was decided that military advisors and troops would be sent in to stop the attacks of the Vietcong. The Tet Offensive and the fall of Saigon were two downfalls for the U.S. 45 Vietnam War ( ) 46 Vietnam War ( ) To combat the guerilla tactics of the Vietcong, new weapons were invented such as Agent Orange and napalm. Agent Orange is sprayed on the foliage to kill it (and remove hiding places); napalm is a jellied explosive that is hard to remove off a person. Weapons had to adjust to the jungle terrain and the hit & run tactics of the Vietcong. 47 Iraqi War = New Vietnam ??? (Secretary Donald Rumsfeld is driving) 48 Dtente: A lessening of tension Nixon Ends Vietnam War, Makes Visit to Communist China Besides ending the Vietnam War, President Nixon also wanted to reduce the tensions with Communist China. Up to this point, the U.S. had recognized the island of Taiwan as the official China. Communist China recognized Taiwan as a renegade island that was part of Communist China. Nixons visit to China lowered tensions that had built up during the Vietnam War. 49 Dtente: Communication Among the Super Powers of the World! 50 Nixon & Watergate On June 17, 2:30 a.m., 5 men were caught breaking into the Watergate Hotel to steal Democratic strategy for the upcoming election & to place wiretaps. Nixons own White House tapes supplied evidence that he knew of the break-in and the cover-up in the Congressional investigation. 51 Nixon & Watergate Nixon was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court to surrender the tapes; there were several erased sections. Nixon resigned when it became apparent that Congress was preparing to impeach him and remove him from office. 52 President Carters Plan to Reduce Nuclear Weapons: SALT II Treaty In 1976, Jimmy Carter was elected as President of the United States. Besides being the 1 st Georgian to be elected to that office, Carter met with Leonid Brezhnev to have a strategic arms limitation treaty (SALT). Because each side had enough weapons to destroy each other many times over, both countries agreed to limit new weapons and dismantle many old ones. 53 Carter & Camp David Accords President Carter invited Anwar Sadat of Egypt & Menachem Begin of Israel to a 12 day meeting to establish the 1 st signed peace treaty between Israel & an Arab country. 54 The Iran Hostage Crisis The Ayatollah Khomeni led a revolt against the Shah in Iran. The Shah fled in exile to the U.S. for cancer treatments. On 11/04/79, the U.S. Embassy is attacked & 52 hostages are held- to demand the Shah to be returned to Iran. They were held for 444 days- until a new president (Reagan was elected). 55 Soviets Invade Afghanistan In 1979, The Soviets invaded Afghanistan. The U.S. began to help with weapons, machinery, and expertise. This war lingers for many years; some called it the USSRs Vietnam In 1979, The Soviets invaded Afghanistan. The U.S. began to help with weapons, machinery, and expertise. This war lingers for many years; some called it the USSRs Vietnam (Charlie Wilsons War, starring Tom Hanks, is about a U.S. Congressman who sends supplies to Afghanistan). 56 Diplomacy, Boycotts, Cold Front Returns for U.S. & USSR President Carter also refused to allow our athletes to attend the 1980 Moscow Olympics as a response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In retailation, the USSR refused to attend the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. FYI: During the Cold War, there were two German teams and Korean teams: North (communist) and South (capitalist). Question: Who was hurt the most by these boycotts? 57 President Reagan: The Soviet Union is The Evil Empire In the 1980s, President Reagan took a tough approach to the Soviet Union- he even called them the evil empire. He also called on the new Russian leader, Mikail Gorbachev to bring down the Berlin Wall. Question: Do you remember what president spoke out when it was built in the early 1960s? 58 Reaganomics and Iran-Contra Reagonomics, or supply side economics believed in tax cuts for the rich, and the effects would trickle down to the poor. Oliver North, testifying about the weapons given to free the Iranian hostages minutes after President Reagan was sworn into office. Money was also sent to the Contra Rebels in Nicaragua without Congressional approval. : The Wall Comes A Tumblin Down! 60 Georgia Congressman (Lanny McDonald) dies when Soviets shoot down Korean Airliner in their airspace! (Accident or Conspiracy?) 61 U.S. Increases Spending to Build Star Wars!!! President Reagan persuaded Congress to spend billions of dollars on Star Wars- the satellite defense system (not the movie)! Star Wars would allow satellites to shoot Soviet missles out of the sky. This would end the M.A.D. scenario (mutally assured destruction), and it forced the Soviets to increase their spending on defense to catch-up at a time when the Soviet economy was collapsing. This proved to be the straw that broke the camels back, as new Soviet leaders ended communism in their country & changed their name back to Russia. FYI: Ironically, the United States never completed the Star Wars defense system. In essence, the threat of such an advantage for the Americans led to the USSR collapse 62 Free Enterprise + Democracy = Incentive to Do Well The major economic problem that communism faced was that people had no incentive to work hard: they didnt benefit from their hard work and ingenuity- the government got all the benefits. Also, Communism was not able to treat everyone equally. A few still got richer while many got poorer. So, people in a communistic society had the same problems as a capitalistic society with NONE of the individual benefits or freedoms! 63 Chinese Students Protest Communism in Tienamen Square (1989) 64 President Clinton & NAFTA The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was a trade treaty between Canada, US, and Mexico. It was to strengthen the ties between the three countries. 65 NAFTA Trade Data 66 Russian Leaders: Mikail Gorbachev & Boris Yeltsin 67 Communism Today: Cuba, China, Vietnam, North Korea 68 What Is The Future of Communism? 69 Fighting New Enemies: Terrorists 70 Remembering the Past, Moving Towards the Future